NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Oktobha 12, 2020
“Singabokuqala!” IUnited States idumile lwaphela ukukhokelela kwihlabathi kuyo nayiphi na into enqwenelekayo, kodwa ikhokelela kwihlabathi kwizinto ezininzi, kwaye enye yazo ijike ibe yityhefu yePacific kunye neziqithi zayo. Kwaye nge-United States, ndithetha umkhosi wase-United States.
Incwadi entsha kaJon Mitchell, ebizwa Ukutyhefa iPacific: Ukulahlwa kweMfihlo kweMikhosi yaseMelika ePlutonium, izixhobo zeMichiza kunye neAgent Orange, ubalisa eli bali. Njengazo zonke ezi ntlekele, le inyuke kakhulu ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi kwaye iqhubekile ukusukela ngoko.
UMitchell uqala ngesiqithi sase-Okunashima apho iJapan yavelisa izixhobo zemichiza ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Emva kwemfazwe, i-United States ne-Japan bayilahla loo nto elwandle, bayifaka emqolombeni bayitywina bayivala, bayingcwaba emhlabeni-kwesi siqithi, kufutshane nayo, nakwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zase Japan. Ukubeka into ngaphandle kwamehlo kwakuza kuyenza inyamalale, okanye ubuncinci umthwalo kwizizukulwana ezizayo kunye nezinye iintlobo ngayo - ekubonakala ukuba yayiyanelisa.
"Phakathi kowe-1944 nowe-1970," utshilo uMitchell, “Umkhosi wase-US walahla i-29 yezigidi zeekhilogram ze-mustard kunye neearhente zemithambo-luvo, kunye neetoni ezingama-454 zenkunkuma eqhumayo elwandle. Kwelinye lamagama athandwayo yiPentagon, iOperation CHASE (Sika iiHole kunye neSink 'Em) yayiquka ukupakisha iinqanawa ngezixhobo eziqhelekileyo kunye nezixhobo zemichiza, ukuzikhuphela elwandle, nokuzisasaza kulwandle olunzulu. ”
I-United States ayikhange ihlasele nje izixeko ezibini zaseJapan kunye nomhlaba obanzi osasazeka ngemitha, kodwa nezinye iziqithi ezininzi. IZizwe eziManyeneyo ziye zanikezela iziqithi e-United States ukuze zigcinwe zikhuselekile kwaye ziphuculwe “ngentando yesininzi,” kwaye yabenza babamdaka-kubandakanya ne-Bikini Atoll ilizwe elalinesidima sokuthiya isuti yokuqubha emva koko, kodwa hayi ukuyikhusela, kwaye hayi ukubuyekeza abantu abanyanzelwe ukuba bafuduke kwaye bangakwazi ukubuya ngokukhuselekileyo (bazama ukusuka ngo-1972 ukuya ku-1978 ngeziphumo ezibi). Iziqithi zee-atoll ezahlukeneyo, xa zingatshatyalaliswanga ngokupheleleyo, zonakaliswe yimitha: umhlaba, izityalo, izilwanyana, kunye nolwandle olungqongileyo kunye ne-sealife. Inkunkuma eqhumayo ayizange ibenangxaki, enkosi ngokulunga!, Kuba yonke into eyayifunwa yayikukuyifihla ukuze ingabonakali, umzekelo, phantsi kwedome yekhonkrithi e-Runit Island eyayiqinisekisiwe ukuba iza kuhlala iminyaka engama-200,000 kodwa sele iqhekeka.
E-Okinawa ezinye iitoni ezingama-2,000 70 ze-WWII engachazwanga zihlala emhlabeni, zibulala ngamanye amaxesha, kwaye zinokuthatha iminyaka engama-250,000 ngaphezulu ukucoca. Kodwa yeyona ngxaki incinci. Xa i-United States yayigqibile ukulahla iNapalm kunye neebhombu, yajika i-Okinawa yaba yikholoni eyayibiza ngokuba yi "junk heap of the Pacific." Ihambisa abantu kwiinkampu zoqeqesho ukuze ikwazi ukwakha iziseko kunye neendawo zokugcina izixhobo kunye neendawo zokuvavanya izixhobo. Ifudusile i-675,000 kubantu abangama-XNUMX, besebenzisa iindlela ezinobunkunkqele njengegesi yezinyembezi.
Xa yayitshiza izigidi zeelitha zeAgent Orange kunye nezinye izitshabalalisi ezibulalayo eVietnam, umkhosi waseMelika wawuthumela imikhosi kunye nezixhobo zaseOkinawa, apho isikolo esiphakathi safumana ingozi yezixhobo zemichiza ngaphakathi kweeyure ezingama-48 zemikhosi yokuqala ithunyelwe ukuya eVietnam, kwaye kwaba kubi ngakumbi ukusuka apho. I-USA yavavanya izixhobo zamachiza kunye nezebhayoloji eOkinawans nakwimikhosi yase-US e-Okinawa. Ezinye zezixhobo zemichiza ezigcinwe zithunyelwa zaya kuJohnston Atoll emva kokuba iOregon neAlaska bazigatyayo. Abanye bayiphosa elwandle (kwizikhongozeli ezigugileyo ngoku), okanye batshiswe, okanye bangcwatywa, okanye bathengiselwa abahlali abangalindelanga. Iphinde yaphosa izixhobo zenyukliya elwandle kufutshane neOkinawa ngengozi, kabini.
Izixhobo ezenziweyo zavavanywa e-Okinawa zathunyelwa eVietnam, kubandakanya ne-napalm eyomeleleyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba ingatshisa inyama phantsi kwamanzi, kunye ne-CS enamandla. Amayeza okubulala ukhula asetyenziswa ngokufihlakeleyo ekuqaleni, kuba i-United States ibingazi ukuba inokulithemba ilizwe ukuba lamkele ibango lalo ekujoliseni izityalo kunabantu (ngaphandle komonakalo wesibambiso) kwenza ukuba kube semthethweni ukusebenzisa izixhobo zeekhemikhali. . Kodwa amayeza okubulala ukhula abulala bonke ubomi. Benza amahlathi ukuba athi cwaka. Babulala abantu, babagula, kwaye babanika iziphene zokuzalwa. Basenjalo nangoku. Kwaye ezi zinto zafafazwa eOkinawa, zigcinwa eOkinawa, zaze zangcwatyelwa eOkinawa. Abantu baqhankqalaza, njengoko abantu bezokwenza. Kwaye ngo-1973, kwiminyaka emibini emva kokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwezichazi ezibulalayo eVietnam, umkhosi wase-US wawasebenzisa ngokuchasene nabaqhankqalazi abangenabundlobongela e-Okinawa.
Ewe umkhosi wase-US uxokile, waxoka, kwaye waxoka okunye malunga nolu hlobo lwento. Kwi-2013, e-Okinawa, abantu abasebenza ebaleni lebhola ekhatywayo bemba imiphanda eyi-108 ye-Agent le kunye naloo mbala wetyhefu. Ukujongana nobungqina, umkhosi wase-US uqhubeke nje uxoka.
"Nangona amagqala aseMelika ethe chu esifumana ubulungisa," ubhale watsho uMitchell, "khange kubekho ncedo olunje kubantu baseOkinawans, kwaye urhulumente waseJapan akenzanga nto ukubanceda. Ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam, amawaka angama-XNUMX abantu baseOkinawans basebenza kwiziseko, kodwa khange bavavanyelwe iingxaki zempilo, kwaye abalimi baseIejima okanye abahlali abahlala kufutshane neCamp Schwab, iMCAS Futenma, okanye indawo yokulahla inkundla yebhola ekhatywayo. ”
Umkhosi wase-US uxakekile uphuhlisa ungcoliseko oluphezulu lweplanethi. Ilahla umhlaba, kubandakanya i-United States, ene-dioxin, i-uranium ephelileyo, i-napalm, iibhombu ezisebenzisanayo, inkunkuma yenyukliya, izixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nomgaqo ongachazwanga. Iziseko zayo ngokubanzi zibanga ilungelo lokusebenza ngaphandle komthetho. Indawo yayo yomlilo (ukuziqhelanisa nemfazwe) iisayithi ezinetyhefu kwiindawo ezijikeleze amanzi abulalayo. Phakathi kowe-1972 nowama-2016, iiNkampu uHansen kunye neSchwab eOkinawa zikwabangele nemililo engama-600 ehlathini. Emva koko kukho ukulahla ipetroli ngaphezulu kweendawo zokuhlala, iinqwelomoya eziphazamisayo kwizakhiwo, kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zee-SNAFUs.
Kwaye kukho amagwebu okucima umlilo kunye neekhemikhali ezingapheliyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-PFAS, kwaye zibhaliwe malunga noPat Elder Apha. Umkhosi wase-US utyhefe amanzi amaninzi aphantsi e-Okinawa ngokungakhathali, nangona besazi malunga neengozi ukusukela nge1992 okanye ngaphambili.
UOkinawa akahlukanga. I-United States ineziseko kumazwe ajikeleze iPacific nakwii-16 iikholoni apho abantu babambe inqanaba lesibini-indawo ezinje ngeGuam. Ikwanazo neziseko ezonakalisayo kwiindawo ezenziwe ilizwe, njengeHawaii neAlaska.
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