Ngeminyaka engama-70 yokufika kwe-D-Day, uBrian Williams ukhokele kwi-NBC Nightly News. Le ndlela: “Kusasazo lwethu ngokuhlwanje, sikhahlela kumajoni ahlasele iilwandle apha eNormandy…” Yindawo eqhelekileyo kwihlabathi lethu laseMelika, elo gama elithi “amagorha” kwabo basemkhosini wase-US okanye, njengoko kuthethwa rhoqo, “amajoni ethu angxwelerhekileyo” kwabo benzakele kwenye yeemfazwe zethu ezininzi. Noko ke, ngeli xesha, ngenxa yokuba yayisetyenziswa koogqirha beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, imfazwe kabawo, yandimisa endleleni. Okomzuzwana nje, andizange ndikwazi ukuzibamba ndicinga ukuba utata wam wayenokuthini, ukuba kukho umntu ombizeleyo — okanye nawaphi na ama-commandos asemoyeni e-Burma “abeligosa lemisebenzi” - igorha lawo. Nangona sele kungamashumi amathathu eminyaka eswelekile ngoku, andinamathandabuzo okomzuzwana okuba ebeya kucinga ukuba bubudenge. KwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, amajoni aseMerika ayesaziwa ngokuba “ngamakhwenkwe atya ukutya.” KwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, babebizwa rhoqo (kwaye ngokuzingca) bebizwa ngokuba “zinja” okanye i-GI (“ngomcimbi karhulumente”) ooJoes, kwaye ukufana kwabo kwabemi kunye nejoni kwakubonakaliswa kumanani anzima kodwa akhutshiweyo kaWilly noJoe, UBill Mauldin's ixesha lemfazwe elithandekayo amajoni eenyawo zekhathuni kwisiqubulo eside esiya eBerlin.
Yaye oko kwakufanelekile kumkhosi ongekho mkhosini, umkhosi oyilwayo. Yayiphantsi emhlabeni. Yayiyindlela ochaze ngayo abantu abashiye ubomi boluntu ngenjongo zonke zokubuyela kubo ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ababecinga ukuba umkhosi uyimfuneko eyoyikisayo kwimbali kunye nemfazwe, indlela embi kodwa eyimfuneko yokuhamba. Ngezo mini, amagorha ayeza kuba ligama elingaqhelekanga, uhlobo owawunxulumana nalo, masithi, amaPrussia.
Ubawo wavolontiya nje emva kohlaselo lweZibuko lasePearl kwaye akazange athotyelwe de yaphela imfazwe, kodwa-ndiyikhumbula kakuhle kwiminyaka eyalandelayo-ngelixa wayenebhongo ngenkonzo yakhe, wagcina ukungathandi okuqhelekileyo kunye nokunempilo yaseMelika (ukubeka. ngembeko) ngento awayibiza ngokuba "ngumkhosi oqhelekileyo" kwaye uGeorge Washington ngewayebize "ngumkhosi omileyo." Ubeya kumangaliswa yindlela yangoku yemfazwe yaseMelika kunye nendalo yepropaganda esiphila kuyo ngoku xa kuziwa ekudumiseni nasekuphakamiseni umkhosi wase-US ngaphezu koluntu lonke. Ngeyifumene into engenakwenzeka ukuba umfazi kamongameli aye kumdlalo weTV odumileyo - ndithetha ngoMichelle Obama "Nashville” - kwaye uyixube nabalinganiswa abayintsomi ukuze ubancome okwexesha leshumi lamajoni aseMelika kunye nenkonzo yawo esizweni.
EVietnam, ewe, eli gama lalingelilo igorha, “yayikukuncwina.” Ukunyuselwa kwejoni laseMelika emazulwini ngendumiso kunye nebhombu yeza kakhulu emva kokuphela komkhosi wabemi, ngakumbi kunye nowadla umhlala phantsi we-Air Force uLieutenant Colonel kunye. TomDispatch rhoqo UWilliam Astore ubiza ingqondo entsha ye-Fortress America ye-post-9/11 iminyaka kunye nehlabathi elihlala linamandla lemfazwe eqhubekayo ehamba nayo.
Akwaba nje bendinokuthatha umnxeba, ndifowunele ubawo, ndize ndive amazwi akhethekileyo ebeya kuba nawo ngenxa yewonga awayesandul’ ukunyuselwa ngalo njenge “gorha” laseMelika kumashumi asixhenxe eminyaka emva kweNormandy. Kodwa ukungakwazi, ngaloo mini ye-D-Day ndenza into elandelayo engcono kwaye ndabiza umhlobo oneminyaka engama-90 ubudala, owayesenqanaweni ephuma kwelinye lala manxweme anegazi njengoko uhlaselo lwaluqala. Ecinga emva ngaloo minyaka ingama-70 enebhongo elithile, wakhumbula ukuba eyona nto yayicatshukiswa ngamajoni eMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayikukukhahlela okanye ukuthi “mhlekazi” kumagosa. Akukho magorha - kwaye akukho thando ngexesha lemfazwe yanaphakade. Beka ngenye indlela, okukhona sisuka kude kuloyiso lwethu lokugqibela lomkhosi, olufanekiselwa ziziganeko zikaJuni 6, 1944, kokukhona luphakamile ngakumbi ulwimi lokuchaza, okanye ukucakwa mhlophe, indlela entsha yemfazwe yaseMelika, ukusilela okumsulwa, inokuba nemidlalo embalwa. Tom
Umalume uSam akakufuni — Sele enawe
Iinyani zoMkhosi zeNqaba yaseMelika
By UWilliam J. Astore
Ndachitha iminyaka emine yasekholejini kwiReserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) ndaza emva koko ndakhonza iminyaka engama-20 kuMkhosi Womoya waseUnited States. Emkhosini, ngakumbi kuqeqesho olusisiseko, awunamfihlo. Urhulumente ungowakho. “Ungumcimbi karhulumente,” enye nje i-GI, inombolo ekwi-dogtag enodidi lwakho lwegazi kunye nenkolo xa ufuna utofelo-gazi okanye amasiko okugqibela. Uyaqhela. Elo dini lobumfihlo bomntu ngamnye kunye nokuzimela komntu lixabiso olihlawulayo ngokujoyina umkhosi. Heck, ndinomsebenzi olungileyo kunye nomhlalaphantsi kuwo, ungandilileli, Melika.
Kodwa eli lizwe litshintshile kakhulu ukusukela oko ndajoyina i-ROTC ngo-1981, yaprintwa ngeminwe, yachwethezelwa igazi, kwaye ngenye indlela yaxhonywa kwaye yaphakanyiswa. (Ndandidinga ukurhoxiswa kwezonyango ngenxa ye-myopia.) Kule mihla, eFortress America, sonke ngabanye, ngandlel’ ithile, ngumba karhulumente ngendlela ethile. lombuso uphambene.
Ngokungafaniyo ipowusta yokugaya Mandulo, uMalume uSam akasakufuni — sele enawe. Uyilwe kwilizwe lokhuseleko lesizwe laseMelika. Oko kuninzi kubonakala Edward Snowden izityhilelo. Imeyile yakho? Inokufundwa. Iifowuni zakho? Metadata ngabo kuhlanganiswa. I-smartphone yakho? Yinto egqibeleleyo ifowuni yokulandelela ukuba urhulumente ufuna ukukufumana. Ikhompyuter yakho? I-Hackable kwaye iyalandeleka. Umncedisi wakho? Yiyo enkonzweni yabo, hayi eyakho.
Uninzi lwabafundi beekholeji endibafundise mva nje bathatha a ilahleko yabucala uthatha nje unganaki. Abayazi into elahlekileyo kubomi babo kwaye ke abayixabisi into abaphulukene nayo okanye, ukuba banenkxalabo ngayo konke konke, bazithuthuzele ngeengcinga zobugqi - iziqhulo ezinjengokuthi "Ndizenzile. akukho nto iphosakeleyo, ngoko akukho nto ndiyifihlayo.” Abanayo ingcamango encinane yokuba oorhulumente banokuba namandla kangakanani na ngengcaciso yegama elithi “impazamo.”
Sithathele ingqalelo thina sonke, ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi, kuguqulelo olutsha lweFortress America, yelizwe elihlala ligcwele umkhosi, elikhuselweyo. Uqesha imuvi? Kutheni ungakhethi eyokuqala Captain America kwaye umbukele esoyisa amaNazi kwakhona, isikhumbuzo semfazwe yokugqibela esiyiphumelele ngokwenene? Ngaba uye waya kwipaki ye-baseball ngoSuku lweSikhumbuzo? Yintoni enokuba yi-American ngaphezulu okanye msulwa? Ke ndiyathemba ukuba anibahoyanga bonke abo iminqwazi efihliweyo kunye neeyunifomu abadlali bakho obathandayo bebenxibe nje omnye umjelo ongapheliyo wembeko kumkhosi wethu kunye namagqala.
Masive ukuba akukho kuncwina iyunifomu yomkhosi kumabala okudlala aseMelika. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, awuyazi ukuba eyona ndlela yokuzonwabisa yaseMelika kule minyaka idlulileyo Imfazwe kwaye zininzi?
Yiba nguMphathi olungileyo
Cinga ngempoxo. Imfazwe yaseVietnam yavelisa umkhosi wabemi ongalawulekiyo owawubonisa abemi abangalawulekiyo nabanemvukelo. Oko kungqineke ngaphezu kokuba umkhosi wase-US kunye nabaphathi bethu abaphezulu banokuthatha. Ngoko uMongameli uNixon wayiphelisa idrafti kwi 1973 yaza yenza ukuba ijoni elingummi laseMelika libe yinto efanelekileyo, into eyayikho kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini, nto leyo eyayingasekho. “Umkhosi wamatsha-ntliziyo onke,” iingcali, zaqeshwa okanye zahendelwa ukuba zisenzele lo msebenzi. Akukho msindo, akukho ngxabano, kwaye kwaba njalo ukususela ngoko. Ininzi imfazwe, kodwa akukho mfuneko yokuba "igorha,” ngaphandle kokuba uyasayina kumgca onamachokoza. Yindlela entsha yaseMelika.
Kodwa kwafumaniseka ukuba kukho ushicilelo olufanelekileyo kwisivumelwano esakhulula abantu baseMelika kwezo zibophelelo zomkhosi ezinganyanzelekanga. Inxalenye ye-bargain yayikukuba "ukuxhasa i-pros" (okanye kunoko "imikhosi yethu") ngokungagungqiyo kwaye abanye ababandakanyekayo baxolise, ukugcina uxolo lwakho, ukuba ngumlo owonwabileyo kwilizwe elitsha lokhuseleko lesizwe, ngakumbi emva kwe-9 / I-11, ikhule yaya kumlinganiselo omkhulu kwidola yabarhafi. Nokuba uyayithanda okanye awuyithandi, uyilwe kule ndima, ngoko ke joyina umgca wabaqeshwa kwaye uthathe indawo yakho efanelekileyo kwindawo yomkhosi.
Ukuba unesibindi, jonga ngapha nangapha iqinisiwe kwaye ibekwe iliso imida esabelana ngayo neCanada kunye neMexico. (Ukhumbula xa wawunokuwela loo mida ngaphandle kwenkathazo, nditsho nencwadana yokundwendwela okanye ikhadi lesazisi? Ndiyakwenza njalo.) Zijonge ezo zinto. Drones, ikhaya livela kwiimfazwe kwaye sele sele undanda okanye ufika ngokukhawuleza esibhakabhakeni sendawo yakho - ngokubonakalayo ukulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuhlawula imbeko ngokunyuka kwakho amapolisa axhobileyo ngezixhobo zabo ezizenzekelayo, zabo amaqela akhethekileyo e-SWAT, kunye nabo iiMRAPs eziguqulweyo (izithuthi ezikhuselekileyo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nemigodi). Ezi nqwelo-mafutha zeNkululeko yase-Iraqi yakudala ngoku ziyintsalela yomkhosi enikwa okanye ithengiswa ngexabiso eliphantsi kumasebe asekuhlaleni amapolisa. Qaphela ukuba ugcine imiyalelo yabo ye-draconian efana nentolongo "zokuvala” kwindawo ohlala kuyo okanye kwisixeko sakho, izibhengezo zexeshana zomthetho womkhosi, konke oko kusenzelwa ukhuseleko nonqabiseko lwakho.
Yiba ngumkhosi olungileyo kwaye wenze le nto uyixelelwayo. Suka kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke xa uyalelwa ukuba wenze njalo. Funda ukukhahlela ngobulumko. (Sesinye sezifundo zokuqala endazifundiswayo njengomkhosi womkhosi.) Hayi, hayi laa sikhahlela somnwe ophakathi, wena mvubu yalupheleyo. Nikelani okufanelekileyo kwabo banegunya. Ufunde ngcono ukuba njani.
Okanye mhlawumbi awunyanzelekanga nokuba wenze njalo, kuba into eninzi esiyenzayo ngoku ngokuzenzekelayo icwangcisiwe ukuze inike thina isibuliso. Iingoma eziphindaphindiweyo ze-“God Sikelela iMelika” kwimisitho yezemidlalo. Ukujongwa okuphindaphindiweyo kweemuvi ezizukisa umkhosi. (Imikhosi yoMsebenzi oKhethekileyo sisihloko esishushu kwii-multiplexes zaseMelika kwezi ntsuku ukusuka UMthetho weValor ukuba Lone Survivor.) Kutheni ungaphenduli ubizo lomsebenzi ngokudlala imidlalo yevidiyo yomkhosi efana Call of Duty? Ewe, xa ucinga ngemfazwe, qiniseka ukuba uyiphatha njenge Midlalo, imuvi, umdlalo.
Ukuhamba eMelika
Sele ndiphume emkhosini phantse ishumi leminyaka, ukanti ndiziva ndingowasemkhosini namhlanje kunaxa ndandinxibe iyunifomu. Ezo mvakalelo zaqala ukundifikela ngo-2007, ngexesha elalibizwa ngokuba “kukuqhambuka kwe-Iraqi” - ukuthunyelwa kweminye imikhosi ye-30,000 yase-US kumgxobhozo owawungumsebenzi wethu welo lizwe. Yandikhuthaza yam nqaku lokuqala yeTomDispatch. Yandothusa indlela umthetheli-mkhosi wethu, uGeorge W. Bush, azifihle ngayo emva komkhosi. esifubeni beribboned Umthetheli wakhe onyuliweyo, uNjengele David Petraeus, ukuze athethelele imfazwe yokhetho yolawulo lwakhe eIraq. Kwakubonakala ngathi yinto eyoyikisayo ebonakalayo yokuguqula ubudlelwane bomkhosi waseMelika kunye noluntu bubheke ezantsi, bukamongameli owayeye emkhosini. Kwaye kwasebenza. INkongolo eyoyikisayo ingeniswe ngokuthobekileyo “UKumkani uDavide” uPetraeus kwaye wabaleka wayokuvuyisa ubungqina bakhe exhasa ukwanda kweMelika eIraq.
Ukusukela ngoko, iye yaba yimfuneko yokuthanda ukuba oomongameli bethu banikele iibhatyi zokubhabha zomkhosi ngalo lonke ixesha bathetha nathi "ba balwayo” njengophawu “lwenkxaso” yabo kunye nomkhosi wobumongameli basebukhosini. (Uthelekiso, zama ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni kaMateyu Brady ethatha ifoto ka-unyanisekile Abe” kwiMfazwe yamakhaya elingana nebhatyi yokubhabha!) Kungokunje de rigueur ukuba oomongameli badumise imikhosi yaseMelika njenge " ezona mkhosi zibalaseleyo kwimbali yehlabathi” okanye, njengoko uMongameli u-Obama watshoyo kuBrian Williams we-NBC kwi- udliwanondlebe evela eNormandy kwiveki ephelileyo, “owona mkhosi mkhulu ehlabathini.” Nangakumbi, le mikhosi inye ibhiyozelwa kwilizwe liphela ngeyona ndlela inamandla yelizwi "njengamajoni" alukhuni. kwaye Abazisi benkululeko abanobubele, kwangaxeshanye eyona ilungileyo kunye nembi kakhulu kuye nabani na emhlabeni-kwaye bonke ngaphandle kokubandakanya nayiphi na into embi, njengobubi bemfazwe nokubulala. Mhlawumbi loo nto ichaza isizathu sokuba ndibone iiveni zokuqesha emkhosini (imidlalo yevidiyo yemidlalo yeqonga) kwiLittle League World Series eWilliamsport, ePennsylvania. Ngenxa yokuba inkonzo yasemkhosini iluncedo kangako, kutheni ungafaki ithemba lokuba umntwana welizwe oneminyaka eli-12 ubudala anyukele kwithemba lokungenela udidi?
Bambalwa kakhulu abantu baseMelika ababona naziphi na iingxaki kuyo nayiphi na le nto, engafanele isothuse. Ngapha koko, sele baziqeshe ngokwabo. Kwaye ukuba ithemba lakho konke oku liyakukhwankqisa, awukwazi nokutshisa ikhadi lakho loyilo ngoqhanqalazo, kungcono ukukhahlela ngobuchule kwaye uthobele. Imbasa yokuziphatha kakuhle ngokungathandabuzekiyo iza kuza kungekudala.
Bekungasoloko kunjalo. Ndikhumbula ndihamba kwizitrato zaseWorcester, eMassachusetts, ndinxibe iyunifomu yam yeROTC eyayisandul’ ukucinezelwa ngowe-1981. Kwakuyiminyaka nje emithandathu emva kokuba iMfazwe yaseVietnam yaphela ngokoyiswa kunye nemiboniso bhanyabhanya echasene nemfazwe. Ndiza Ekhaya, Deer Hunter, yaye Apocalypse Ngoku zazisezintsha ezingqondweni zabantu. (Igazi lokuqala kunye noRambo"ugweba-kwi-back” intsomi yayingazukubakho omnye unyaka.) Ndandibaqonda abantu abandijongileyo kungekhona ngentiyo, kodwa ngokungakhathali okuthile okuxutywa ngamaxesha athile nendelelo efihlakeleyo. Yayindikhathaza kancinane, kodwa nalapho ndandisazi ukuba ukungathembi imikhosi emikhulu emileyo kwakunkozo lwaseMelika.
Akusenjalo. Namhlanje, amalungu enkonzo, xa ebonakala enxibe iyunifomu, aqhwatyelwa izandla kwaye adunyiswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo njenge. amaqhawe.
Anditsho ukuba masiyiphathe ngendelelo imikhosi yethu, kodwa njengoko imbali yethu isibonisile, ukuzingca phambi kwayo ayilophawu oluphilileyo lwentlonipho. Yithathe njengophawu nokuba sisonke singumba karhulumente ngoku.
Ukuphelisa iNgqondo yoMkhosi
Ukuba ucinga ukuba lubaxo olo, qwalasela incwadi endala yegosa lasemkhosini endisenayo. Kudala ngo-1950, evunywe yilaa Melika inkulu, Jikelele UGeorge C. Marshall, Omnci., eyona ndoda yabangela uloyiso lwelizwe lethu kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kwaqala ngesi sikhumbuzo kwigosa elisandula ukuthunywa: “[O] ukuba ligosa indoda ayilahli nayiphi na inxalenye yobuntu bayo obusisiseko njengommi waseMelika. Uye watyikitya kwizifundo zasemva kwesidanga apho ubani afunda ukusebenzisa igunya ngokuvisisana nomoya wenkululeko.” Loo nto isenokungabi yinto elula ukuyenza, kodwa injongo yale ncwadana yayikukuqaqambisa ukruthakruthwano phakathi kwegunya lomkhosi kunye nenkululeko yomntu eyayingundoqo womkhosi wabemi bakudala.
Kwakhona lakhumbuza amagosa amatsha ukuba ayengabaphathiswa benkululeko yaseMerika, ecaphula amazwi omphathiswa ongachazwanga ngagama ngalo mbandela: “Intanda-bulumko yaseMerika ibeka umntu ngaphezu korhulumente. Ayiwathembi amandla omntu kunye nokunyanzeliswa. Iyabukhanyela ubukho bamadoda ayimfuneko. Igxininisa ukongama kwemigaqo. ”
Loo mazwi ayesisithintelo esivakalayo kumbandela karhulumente wolawulo-melo kunye nomkhosi-kwaye asenjalo. Ngokudibeneyo sonke kufuneka senze kancinci, hayi njenge-GI Joes kunye noJanes, kodwa njengabemi uJoes kunye noJanes, ukubeka inkululeko yomntu kunye nemithetho-siseko yomgaqo-siseko kuqala. Ngomoya kaRonald Reagan, owathi xelelwe Inkokeli yaseSoviet uMikhail Gorbachev ukuba "adilize olu donga [lwaseBerlin]," ayiloxesha lokuba siqale ukudiliza iindonga zeFortress America kwaye silahle iingqondo zethu zomkhosi? Izizukulwana ezizayo zabemi ziya kusibulela, ukuba sinesibindi sokwenza njalo.
UWilliam J. Astore, i-lieutenant colonel (USAF) kunye TomDispatch rhoqo, uhlela ibhlog Imbono Echasayo.
Landela i-TomDispatch kwi-Twitter uze usihlanganise nathi Facebook kwaye Tumblr. Jonga iNcwadi eNtsha yokuThunyelwa, uRebecca Solnit Amadoda Chaza izinto kum.
I-copyright 2014 William J. Astore
