Nick Turse, TomDispatch
Ungacingi ukuba isimbo “sokugalelwa amanzi ngomgxobhozo” saqala kumzila wephulo kunye noDonald Trump. Akunjalo, nangona "umgxobhozo" oza kuchithwa kwiintsuku emva kokuhlaselwa kwe-9 / 11 kwakungekho eWashington; yayiyinto yehlabathi lonke. Kakade ke, yimbali yamandulo, ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-15 ubudala. Ngubani ode akhumbule loo mzuzu, nangona sisaphila kunye nokuwa kwayo - kunye ne kwafa amakhulu amawaka kwaye i izigidi zeembacu, kunye ne-Islamophobia kunye ne-ISIS, kunye noMongameli-onyuliweyo uTrump, umhlala phantsi ULieutenant General Michael Flynn, kwaye kakhulu Kaninzi?
Ekuvukeni okungapheliyo kwenye yezona mfazwe ziyingozi kakhulu kwimbali yaseMelika, uhlaselo luka-2003 kunye nokuhlala kwe-Iraq, kunzima ukucinga naliphi na ihlabathi ngaphandle kwalowo sinawo, okwenza kube lula ukulibala ukuba yintoni na amagosa aphezulu aseBush. Abalawuli bacinga ukuba baya kuyifeza “ngeMfazwe yeHlabathi yoBugrogrisi.” Ngubani okhumbulayo ngoku ukuba bakhawuleze kangakanani na ngehlombe batsibela kwiprojekthi yokukhupha amanzi ehlabathi lamaqela abagrogrisi (ngelixa bephuma iTaliban ke ngoku "ukunqumla intloko"Ulawulo lwase-Iraq kaSaddam Hussein)? Injongo yabo enkulu: i-imperium yaseMelika kuMbindi Mpuma oMkhulu (kwaye kamva kucingelwa ukuba yihlabathi jikelele Pax Americana). Babe, ngamanye amazwi, amaphupha e-geopolitical odidi lokuqala.
Kancinci kwiveki emva kwe-9/11, uNobhala wezoKhuselo uDonald Rumsfeld wayesele ukufunga ukuba iphulo lehlabathi lonke elizayo liya “kuwuphelisa umgxobhozo abahlala kuwo.” Kuphela kwiveki kamva, kwintlanganiso ye-NATO, uSekela Nobhala wezoKhuseleko uPaul Wolfowitz wa gxi ninisa ukuba, “ngoxa siza kuzama ukufumana yonke inyoka emgxobhozweni, eyona nto iphambili yeli qhinga iwukhupha umgxobhozo [ngokwawo].” NgoJuni olandelayo, kwintetho yokuqalisa eWest Point, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wayeza kuthetha ngokuzingca ngomnqweno wabalawuli bakhe wokuphelisa loo mgxobhozo “wamajoni abagrogrisi” “kumazwe angama-60 nangaphezulu” amangalisayo.
NjengeWashington kaDonald Trump, ibonakalise eyona migxobhozo ifanelekileyo ukucinga ukukhupha amanzi. Kuba amagosa aphezulu olawulo lukaBush aqalisa imfazwe yehlabathi ngobugrogrisi kubonakala ngathi yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokutshintsha ubume behlabathi lethu-kwaye, ngandlel' ithile, bebengalunganga. Njengoko kwenzekayo, nangona kunjalo, endaweni yokukhupha imigxobhozo ngohlaselo lwabo kunye nemisebenzi yabo, bangena kwelinye. Imfazwe yabo kuloyiko yayiza kungqina i intlekele engapheliyo, ukuvelisa kusilele okanye amazwe angaphumeleliyo isiphithiphithi kunye nengqumbo apho amaqela e-Islamic extremist, kuquka ne-ISIS, anokuthi aphumelele.
Ikwatshintshe ubume bomkhosi wase-US ngendlela uninzi lwabantu baseMelika ekusafuneka luyibambe. Ngombulelo kuloo mfazwe isisigxina kuMbindi Mpuma oMkhulu kwaye kamva neAfrika, umkhosi wesibini ofihlakeleyo womlinganiselo owothusayo uya kunyanzeliswa ngaphakathi komkhosi okhoyo wase-US, imikhosi ekhulayo ye-Elite Command. Ngabo abo, ubuncinci ngokwethiyori, babeya kuba ngabaqhubi bemigxobhozo. TomDispatch njalo U-Nick Turse kudala elandela uphuhliso lwabo kunye nokusasazwa kwabo ngokuqhubekayo kwihlabathi - ukusuka, njengoko echaza namhlanje, amazwe angama-60 asele enomdla ngonyaka we-2009 ukuya kumazwe angama-138 ngonyaka ka-2016. ngelixa uqalisa uhlaselo kunye nokuhlaselwa kwe-drone ngokuchasene nabanqolobi kwindawo ebalulekileyo yeplanethi (kubandakanywa, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukukhupha u-Osama bin Laden e-Abbottabad, ePakistan, kwi-2011). Kuloo nkqubo, babeza kumiselwa ngeendlela ezininzi ngakumbi, njengoko amaqela abagrogrisi ababesilwa ayeqhubeka esasazeka.
Mhlawumbi ungatsho ukuba abakhange bakhuphe kakhulu umgxobhozo njengomgxobhozo. Namhlanje, njengoko sisondela kwixesha elitsha likaDonald Trump, uTurse unikezela ingxelo yakhe yamva nje ngokunyuka kwabo kunye nekamva elinokwenzeka. Tom
Unyaka weCommando
I-US Special Operations Forces Deploye to 138 Nations, 70% of the Worlds Countries
By Nick TurseZinokufumaneka ngaphandle kweSirte, Libhiya, exhasa amajoni asekuhlaleni, naseMukalla, Yemen, exhasa imikhosi evela kwi-United Arab Emirates. ESaakow, indawo esemagqagaleni esemazantsi Somaliya, bancedise ii-commandos zasekuhlaleni ekubulaleni amalungu aliqela eqela labagrogrisi i-al-Shabab. Ngokujikeleze izixeko zaseJarabulus kunye ne-Al-Rai emantla Siriya, babambisene namajoni amabini aseTurkey kunye namajoni aseSyria, ngelixa benxibelelana nabalweli beYPG baseKurd kunye neSyria Democratic Forces. Ngaphesheya komda phakathi Irakh, abanye bazibandakanya kumlo wokukhulula isixeko saseMosul. Kwaye ngaphakathi Afghanistani , baye bancedisa imikhosi yabemi bomthonyama kwimisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo, kanye njengokuba bebesenza minyaka le ukususela ngowama-2001.
EMelika, i-2016 ingaba ngunyaka we Commando. Kwindawo ethile yongquzulwano emva kwenye kwinqanaba elingasentla le-Afrika kunye noMbindi-Mpuma oMkhulu, imikhosi yeMisebenzi eKhethekileyo yase-US (SOF) yalwa uhlobo lwayo lomlo olukumgangatho ophantsi. "Ukuphumelela ukulwa kwangoku, kubandakanywa ne-Islamic State, i-al-Qaeda, kunye nezinye iindawo apho i-SOF ibandakanyeka kwingxabano kunye nokungazinzi, ngumngeni okhawulezayo," umphathi we-US Special Operations Command (SOCOM) Jikelele uRaymond Thomas, xelelwe iKomiti yeSenethi yeeNkonzo zesiXhobo kulo nyaka uphelileyo.
Iimfazwe zesithunzi seSOCOM ngokuchasene namaqela abagrogrisi afana ne-al-Qaeda kunye ne-Islamic State (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-ISIL) inokuthi, ngokumangalisayo, ibe yeyona misebenzi ibonakalayo. Igutyungelwe kukufihlakala ngakumbi yimisebenzi yayo - ukusuka kwi-counterinsurgency kunye nemizamo yokulwa neziyobisi ukuya kuqeqesho olubonakala lungenasiphelo kunye nemishini yokucebisa - ngaphandle kweendawo ezamkelweyo zongquzulwano kwihlabathi liphela. Ezi ziqhutywa ngesantya esincinci, ingxelo yeendaba, okanye ukubeka iliso kuninzi lwezizwe yonke imihla. Ukusuka e-Albania ukuya e-Uruguay, e-Algeria ukuya e-Uzbekistan, eyona mikhosi ibalaseleyo yaseMelika-i-Navy SEALs kunye ne-Army Green Berets phakathi kwabo-yathunyelwa kumazwe angama-138 ngo-2016, ngokwamanani anikiweyo. TomDispatch nguMyalelo weMisebenzi eYodwa yase-US. Eli nani lilonke, lelinye lawona mongameli ka-Barack Obama liphezulu, libonisa into eye yaba lixesha legolide, kwi-SOF-speak, "indawo engwevu" - ibinzana elisetyenziselwa ukuchaza urhatya olumnyama phakathi kwemfazwe noxolo. Unyaka ozayo kusenokwenzeka ukuba ubonakalise ukuba eli xesha liphela ngo-Obama okanye liyaqhubeka phantsi kolawulo lukaMongameli uDonald Trump.
“Kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo, siye sabona imeko-bume yezisongelo eyahlukahlukeneyo neguqukayo equka: ukuvela kweTshayina esanda ngomkhosi; iNorth Korea eya ingalindelekanga; iRussian revanchist isoyikisa umdla wethu kwiYurophu naseAsia; kunye ne-Iran eqhubeka nokwandisa impembelelo yayo kuMbindi Mpuma, iqhubela impixano yamaSunni namaShia,” utshilo uNjengele Thomas kwinyanga ephelileyo. PRISM, ijenali esemthethweni yeZiko lePentagon leMisebenzi eNxaxheba. "Abadlali be-nonstate baphinda babhideke lo mhlaba ngokusebenzisa ubunqolobi, ubugebenga, kunye nothungelwano lwabavukeli olutshabalalisa ulawulo kuwo onke amazwe anamandla ... Imikhosi yemisebenzi ekhethekileyo ibonelela ngesakhono kunye neempendulo kule mingeni."
Kwi-2016, ngokwedatha enikezelweyo TomDispatch yi-SOCOM, i-US ithumele abaqhubi abakhethekileyo eChina (ngokukodwa iHong Kong), ukongeza kumazwe alishumi elinanye ayingqongileyo - iTaiwan (ethathwa yiChina njenge iphondo eliqhekezayo), iMongolia, iKazakhstan, iTajikistan, iAfghanistan, iNepal, iIndiya, iLaos, iiPhilippines, uMzantsi Korea, neJapan. Umyalelo oKhethekileyo wokuSebenza awukuvumi ukuthumela i-commandos e-Iran, kuMntla Korea, okanye eRashiya, kodwa uthumela imikhosi kumazwe amaninzi ekhala ngawo.
I-SOCOM izimisele ukubiza kuphela i-129 kumazwe e-138 imikhosi yayo isetyenziswe kwi-2016. "Phantse zonke ii-Special Operations Force Force deployments are classified," isithethi uKen McGraw utshele. TomDispatch. "Ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwilizwe elithile akukachazwanga, asilukhuphi ulwazi malunga nokuthunyelwa."
I-SOCOM ayifuni, umzekelo, ukuthumela imikhosi kwiindawo zemfazwe Somaliya, Siriya, okanye Yemen, ngaphandle kobungqina obuninzi bobukho be-ops ekhethekileyo yase-US kuwo onke amazwe amathathu, kunye nengxelo ye-White House, ekhutshwe kwinyanga ephelileyo, ukuba amanqaku "I-United States ngoku isebenzisa umkhosi waseSomalia, eSyria, naseYemen, kwaye ichaza ngokuthe ngqo ukuba "imikhosi ekhethekileyo yase-US ithunyelwe eSyria."
Ngokutsho koMyalelo oKhethekileyo wokuSebenza, i-55.29% yabaqhubi abakhethekileyo abasetyenziswe phesheya kwi-2016 bathunyelwa kwi-Greater Middle East, i-drop of 35% ukususela ngo-2006. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukuthunyelwa kwi-Afrika. zinyuka ngaphezu kwe-1600% - ukusuka kwi-1% nje yabaqhubi abakhethekileyo abathunyelwe ngaphandle kwe-US kwi-2006 ukuya kwi-17.26% kunyaka ophelileyo. Loo mimandla mibini ilandelwe yimimandla esetyenziswa yi-European Command (12.67%), Pacific Command (9.19%), Southern Command (4.89%), kunye neNorthern Command (0.69%), ephethe "ukhuselo lwelizwe." Ngalo naluphi na usuku, malunga ne-8,000 ye-commandos kaThomas inokufumaneka kumazwe angaphezu kwama-90 kwihlabathi liphela.
AManhunters
"Imikhosi yoMsebenzi oKhethekileyo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqokeleleni ubukrelekrele - ubukrelekrele obuxhasa imisebenzi echasene ne-ISIL kunye nokunceda ukulwa nokuhamba kwamajoni angaphandle ukuya nokubuya eSyria naseIraq," wathiLisa Monaco, umncedisi kamongameli welizwe lokhuseleko kunye nokulwa nabanqolobi, njengoko wayethetha kwiNgqungquthela yeMikhosi eKhethekileyo yaMazwe ngaMazwe kunyaka ophelileyo. Imisebenzi enjalo yobuntlola "yenziwa ngenkxaso ethe ngqo kwimisebenzi ekhethekileyo," uThomas weSOCOM. wachaza ngo-2016. "I-preponderance ye-asethi ye-intelligence yemisebenzi ekhethekileyo inikezelwe ekufumaneni abantu, ukukhanyisa uthungelwano lweentshaba, imimandla yokuqonda, kunye namaqabane axhasayo."
Iimpawu zobuntlola ezivela kwiikhompyuter kunye neeselfowuni ezibonelelwa ngamahlakani angaphandle okanye zithathwe ngokucupha iidrones kunye neenqwelomoya eziphathwayo, kunye nobukrelekrele bomntu obubonelelwa yiCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA), ibiye yaba yinxalenye yokujolisa abantu ngokubulala/ukubamba imisebenzi yeyona mikhosi iphezulu yeSOCOM. I-Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) eyimfihlo kakhulu, umzekelo, yenza imisebenzi yokulwa nobunqolobi, kuquka I-drone yokubetha, zahlasela, yaye bulala kwiindawo ezifana ne-Iraq neLibya. Kunyaka ophelileyo, ngaphambi kokuba atshintshe umyalelo we-JSOC kumzali wayo, i-SOCOM, uGeneral Thomas phawula ukuba amalungu e-Joint Special Operation Command ebesebenza “kuwo onke amazwe apho i-ISIL ihlala khona ngoku.” (Oku kunokwenzeka bonisa ukusasazwa okhethekileyo ops ukuya Phakistan, elinye ilizwe elingekhoyo kuluhlu lweSOCOM luka-2016.)
“[W]e sibeke uMyalelo wethu weMisebenzi eYodwa eDityanisiweyo ekukhokeleni ekuchaseni imisebenzi yangaphandle ye-ISIL. Kwaye sele siphumelele iziphumo ezibalulekileyo ekunciphiseni ukuhamba kwamajoni angaphandle kunye nokususa iinkokeli ze-ISIL kwindawo yedabi, "uNobhala wezoKhuseleko u-Ash Carter. phawula kwingxelo esemthethweni enqabileyo yemisebenzi ye-JSOC kwinkomfa yabezindaba ye-Okthobha.
Kwinyanga ngaphambili, yena wanikela iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe kwisiteyitimenti esiphambi kweKomiti yeSenethi yeeNkonzo ezixhobileyo:
“Siyabuphelisa ubunkokeli be-ISIL ngokucwangcisiweyo: umfelandawonye ukhuphe amalungu asixhenxe e-ISIL Senior Shura… Sikwasuse iinkokeli eziphambili ze-ISIL eLibya nase-Afghanistan… Abacebisi bamaqhinga… Siwuphathise lo mba wephulo lethu komnye [weSebe lezoKhuselo] owona myalelo unobungozi, onamandla, nonamava, iJoint Special Operations Command, eyanceda ukunikezela ubulungisa kungekuphela nje ku-Osama Bin Laden, kodwa nakwindoda. owaseka umbutho owaba yi-ISIL, uAbu-Musab al-Zarqawi.
Ebuzwa ngeenkcukacha malunga nokuba bangaphi “abaqhubi bangaphandle” be-ISIL ekujoliswe kubo kwaye bangaphi “abasusiweyo” kwindawo yedabi yi-JSOC ngo-2016, uKen McGraw weSOCOM uphendule wathi: “Asinanto kwaye asizukuba nayo.”
Xa wayengumphathi we-JSOC ngo-2015, uGeneral Thomas wathetha "ngokuphazamiseka" kweyunithi yakhe kunye nemida ebekwe kubo. “Ndixelelwa ukuba ‘hayi’ ngaphezu ‘kokuhamba’ kubungakanani obumalunga neshumi ukuya kwelinye phantse yonke imihla,” utshilo. wathi. NgoNovemba ophelileyo, nangona kunjalo, i Washington Postumbiko ukuba ulawulo luka-Obama lwalunika i-JSOC ibutho elisebenzayo "lokwandisa amandla okulandelela, ukucwangcisa kunye nokuqalisa uhlaselo kwiiseli zabanqolobi kwihlabathi jikelele." Lo Mbutho wokuSebenza waNgaphandle (okwabizwa ngokuba “yi-Ex-Ops”) “yenzelwe ukuthatha imodeli yokujolisa ye-JSOC…
I-SOCOM iphikisana nenxalenye ye isikhundla ibali. "Akukho SOCOM okanye naziphi na izinto eziphantsi kwayo ... enikwe nawaphi na amandla (amagunya) andisiweyo," utshilo uKen McGraw weSOCOM. TomDispatch nge-imeyile. "Nawuphi na umsebenzi onokwenzeka kusafuneka uvunywe yi-GCC [Geographic Combatant Command] umphathi [kwaye], ukuba kuyimfuneko, yamkelwe nguNobhala wezoKhuselo okanye [umongameli]."
“Amagosa ase-US” (aye athetha kuphela phantsi komqathango wokuba achongwe ngaloo ndlela ingacacanga) achaza ukuba impendulo yeSOCOM yayingumbandela wombono. Amagunya alo kutshanje akhange andiseke njengokuba emiselwe kwaye abhalwe “ngokubhaliweyo,” TomDispatch waxelelwa. "Ngeliphandle, isigqibo esenziwe kwiinyanga ezidlulileyo yayikukulungelelanisa inkqubo yangoku, hayi ukwenza into entsha." I-Special Operation Command yalile ukukuqinisekisa oku kodwa uColonel Thomas Davis, esinye isithethi seSOCOM, uthe: "Akukho ndawo sithe akukho khowudi."
Nge-Ex-Ops, uNjengele Thomas "ngumenzi wesigqibo xa kufikwa ekulandeleni izoyikiso phantsi kolawulo lwabasebenzi," ngokutsho kwi Washington PostUThomas Gibbons-Neff kunye noDan Lamothe. "Iqela elisebenzayo liza kuguqula uThomas abe ngoyena mntu ukhokelayo xa kuziwa ekuthumeleni iiyunithi zeMisebenzi eKhethekileyo emva kwezoyikiso." Abanye Kleyima UTomas uye wandisa kuphela impembelelo, evumela ukuba acebise ngokuthe ngqo isicwangciso sesenzo, njengokubetha ekujoliswe kuko, kuNobhala wezoKhuselo, ukuvumela ixesha lokuvuma elifinyeziweyo. (UMcGraw weSOCOM uthi uThomas “akayi kuba ngumlawuli wamabutho okanye abe ngumenzi wesigqibo seSOF esebenza kuyo nayiphi na indawo ye-GCC [yokusebenza].”)
NgoNovemba ophelileyo, uNobhala wezoKhuseleko uCarter wanika isalathisi sokuphindaphinda kwezenzo ezikhubekisayo emva kokutyelela eFlorida's Hurlburt Field. kwikomkhulu yoMkhosi woMoya oKhethekileyo wokuSebenza komyalelo. Yena phawula ukuba “namhlanje besijonge kwinani lamandla okuhlasela oMsebenzi oKhethekileyo. Olu luhlobo lwesakhono esilusebenzisa phantse yonke imihla kwindawo ethile emhlabeni… Kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu kwiphulo lokuchasa i-ISIL esiliqhubayo namhlanje.”
E-Afghanistan, yedwa, Imikhosi yeMisebenzi eYodwa Iqhube imigqomo engama-350 ejolise kubasebenzi be-al-Qaeda kunye ne-Islamic State kunyaka ophelileyo, i-avareji emalunga nenye ngosuku, kwaye yabamba okanye yabulala phantse "iinkokeli" ezingama-50 kunye "namalungu" angama-200 amaqela abanqolobi, ngokutsho kuNjengele uJohn Nicholson, umphathi ophezulu wase-US kwelo lizwe. Eminye imithombo nayo cebisa ukuba ngelixa i-JSOC kunye ne-CIA drones zibhabha malunga nenani elifanayo lemishini kwi-2016, umkhosi uqalise ngaphezu kwe-20,000 ugwayimbo e-Afghanistan, Yemen, naseSyria, xa kuthelekiswa nangaphantsi kweshumi elinesibini yi-Arhente. Oku kunokubonisa isigqibo solawulo sika-Obama sokuphumeza a isicwangciso ekudala siqwalaselwa ukubeka i-JSOC ephethe imisebenzi ebulalayo kunye nokutshintsha i-CIA ibuyele kwimisebenzi yayo yobuntlola bemveli.
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"[Mna] kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba kutheni i-SOF iphakame kumbhalo osemazantsi kunye nokuxhasa umdlali ukuya kwimizamo ephambili, kuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo kukwabonisa ukuba kutheni i-US iqhubeka nokuba nobunzima kumaphulo ayo amva nje - i-Afghanistan, i-Iraq, ngokuchasene ne-ISIS kunye ne-AQ kunye nayo. kunye namaphulo angachazwanga e-Baltics, Poland, nase-Ukraine - akukho nanye ehambelana nemodeli yase-US yemfazwe yemveli, " wathi Umhlala-phantsi uLieutenant General Charles Cleveland, intloko yoMkhosi woMkhosi oKhethekileyo wase-US ukusuka ngo-2012 ukuya ku-2015 kwaye ngoku ungumcebisi ophezulu kumphathi wabasebenzi beQela leSifundo seSicwangciso soMkhosi. Eqinisekisa ukuba, phakathi kweengxaki ezinkulu zolu ngquzulwano, ukukwazi kwemikhosi yaseMelika ebalaseleyo ukwenza imisebenzi yokubulala / ukubamba kunye nokuqeqesha abalingane balapha ekhaya kungqineke kuluncedo kakhulu, wongeze wathi, "I-SOF isemagqabini xa amandla ayo emveli kunye nesenzo esithe ngqo sisebenza. ekuxhaseni omnye nomnye. Ngaphaya kwe-Afghanistan ne-Iraq kunye nemizamo eqhubekayo ye-CT [yokulwa nabanqolobi] kwenye indawo, i-SOF iyaqhubeka nokusebenza namazwe angamahlakani kwimizamo yokulwa neziyobisi e-Asia, eLatin America nase-Afrika.
I-SOCOM iyakuvuma ukuthunyelwa malunga ne-70% yezizwe zehlabathi, kuquka onke ngaphandle kwamazwe amathathu akuMbindi kunye noMzantsi Melika (iBolivia, i-Ecuador, kunye neVenezuela). Abasebenzi bayo bagqume iAsia, ngelixa beqhuba ubufundisi malunga nama-60% kumazwe aseAfrika.
Ukuthunyelwa kwe-SOF phesheya kolwandle kunokuba kuncinci njengomsebenzi omnye okhethekileyo othatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokucwiliswa kolwimi okanye iqela labantu abathathu abaqhuba "uphando" kwi-ambassy yase-US. Isenokungabi nanto yakwenza norhulumente welizwe okanye umkhosi. Uninzi lwamandla oMsebenzi oKhethekileyo, nangona kunjalo, asebenza kunye namaqabane asekuhlaleni, ukuqhuba ukuqeqeshwa koqeqesho kunye nokuzibandakanya kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba ngumkhosi "ukwakha amandla omlingani" (BPC) kunye "nentsebenziswano yokhuseleko" (SC). Rhoqo, oku kuthetha ukuba eyona mikhosi ibalaseleyo yaseMelika ithunyelwa kumazwe anemikhosi yokhuseleko ehlala ihleli ku khankanywe ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo oluntu liSebe leSizwe laseMelika. Kunyaka ophelileyo e-Afrika, apho iMisebenzi eYodwa inyanzelisa se benzisa phantse 20 iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemisebenzi - ukusuka kuqeqesho loqeqesho ukuya kwiindibano zentsebenziswano zokhuseleko - ezi zibandakanyiwe Burkina Faso, Burundi, Khameruni, IDemocratic Republic of Congo, Jibhuti, Khenya, mali, Morithaniya, Nayija, Nayijeriya, Thanzaniya, yaye Uganda, phakathi kwabanye.
Ngokomzekelo, ngo-2014, ngaphezu kwe-4,800 imikhosi ebalaseleyo iye yathatha inxaxheba kudidi nje olunye lwezo zenzo - UQeqesho oludityanisiweyo loTshintsho oluDibeneyo (JCET) imisebenzi - kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngeendleko ezingaphezulu kwe-56 yezigidi zeedola, ii-Navy SEALs, i-Army Green Berets, kunye nabanye abaqhubi abakhethekileyo baqhube ii-JCET ze-176 kumazwe angama-87. Uphononongo luka-2013 RAND Corporation lweendawo ezigutyungelwe yi-Africa Command, Pacific Command, kunye ne-Southern Command zifumene ukusebenza “okuphantsi okuphakathi” kwee-JCET kuzo zontathu iingingqi. A 2014 RAND uhlalutyo yentsebenziswano yezokhuseleko yase-US, ekwavavanye iziphumo “zemigudu ephantsi yoMsebenzi oKhethekileyo,” yafumanisa ukuba “akukho nxulumano lubalulekileyo ngokwezibalo phakathi kwe-SC kunye notshintsho kubuthathaka bamazwe e-Afrika okanye kuMbindi Mpuma.” Kwaye kwingxelo ye-2015 yeDyunivesithi yeMisebenzi eYodwa, uHarry Yarger, umntu ophezulu esikolweni, phawula ukuba "i-BPC kwixesha elidlulileyo isebenzise izixhobo ezininzi ngembuyekezo encinci."
Ngaphandle kwezi ziphumo kunye nokusilela okukhulu kwisicwangciso Irakh, Afghanistani , yaye Libhiya, iminyaka ka-Obama ibe lixesha legolide lendawo engwevu. Izizwe ze-138 ezityelelwe ngabaqhubi abakhethekileyo base-US kwi-2016, umzekelo, bamele ukutsiba kwe-130% ukususela kwiintsuku zokulawula kukaBush. Nangona zikwamele ukuhla kwe-6% xa kuthelekiswa netotali yonyaka ophelileyo, u-2016 uhlala kuluhlu oluphezulu lweminyaka ka-Obama, ebone ukuthunyelwa ukuya. 75 kumazwe ngo-2010, 120 Kwi2011, 134 kwi2013, kwaye 133 ngo-2014, ngaphambi kokuba uphumelele 147 amazwe ngo-2015. Ebuzwa ngesizathu sokuhla kancinci, isithethi seSOCOM uKen McGraw uphendule wathi, “Sibonelela nge-SOF ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemiyalelo yejografi ukuze kuxhaswe izicwangciso zabo zentsebenziswano kukhuseleko lwethiyetha. Ngokucacileyo, bekukho amazwe alithoba ambalwa [apho] ii-GCCs zazinemfuno yokuba i-SOF isiwe kuyo [kuNyaka-mali wama-20]16.”
Ukunyuka kokuthunyelwa phakathi kwe-2009 kunye ne-2016 - ukusuka kumazwe angama-60 ukuya ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini - kubonisa ukunyuka okufanayo kwabasebenzi be-SOCOM (ukusuka malunga ne-56,000 ukuya malunga ne-70,000) kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olusisiseko (ukusuka kwi-9 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukuya kwi-11 yeebhiliyoni zeedola). Akusiyo imfihlo ukuba i-tempo yokusebenza iye yanda kakhulu, nangona umyalelo wala ukujongana nemibuzo evela TomDispatch kwisifundo.
"I-SOF ithwele umthwalo onzima ekuqhubeni le mishini, ithwele inani eliphezulu labantu abenzakeleyo kule minyaka isibhozo idlulileyo kunye nokugcina i-tempo ephezulu yokusebenza (OPTEMPO) eye yandisa uxinzelelo kubaqhubi abakhethekileyo kunye neentsapho zabo," ufunda ingxelo kaOktobha 2016 ekhutshwe yi-CNA esekwe eVirginia. (Le ngxelo ivele kwinkomfa bekhona ngabaphathi abathandathu ababesakuba ngabaphathi bemisebenzi ekhethekileyo, owayesakuba ngumncedisi kanobhala wezokhuselo, kunye nenqwaba yabasebenzi abakhethekileyo abasebenzayo.)
Ixesha laseMelika leCommando
Kwinyanga ephelileyo, phambi kweKomiti yeSenethi yeeNkonzo ezixhobileyo, UShawn Brimley, owayesakuba ngumlawuli wesicwangciso sobuchule kubasebenzi beBhunga leSizwe loKhuseleko kwaye ngoku ungusekela mongameli kwiZiko loKhuseleko olutsha lwaseMelika, yavuma izigqibo ezixhalabileyo zengxelo yeCNA. Kwindibano yokuvalelwa "kwimingeni ekhulayo yokhuselo yase-US kunye nezoyikiso zehlabathi," uBrimley uthe "i-SOF ifakwe ngamaxabiso angazange abonwe ngaphambili, ibeka uxinzelelo olukhulu kumkhosi" kwaye wacela ulawulo lukaTrump ukuba "lwenze isicwangciso esizinzileyo sexesha elide lokulwa nobunqolobi. ” Ephepheni ishicilelwe ngoDisemba, UKristen Hajduk, owayengumcebisi weMisebenzi eKhethekileyo kunye neMfazwe engaqhelekanga kwi-Ofisi kaNobhala oNcedisayo wezoKhuseleko kwiMisebenzi eKhethekileyo kunye neNgxwabangxwaba ePhambili kwaye ngoku umfo kwiZiko leSifundo seSicwangciso kunye neZizwe ngeZizwe, wabiza ukuba kunciphe amaxabiso okuthunyelwa kwiSpecial Special. Amandla okusebenza.
Ngelixa uDonald Trump esithi umkhosi wase-US uphelele "iphelile'Kwaye une ebizwa ukunyusa ubukhulu boMkhosi kunye neeMarines, akazange anikezele ngenkcazo malunga nokuba uceba ukuxhasa ukwanda okungaphezulu kobukhulu bemikhosi ekhethekileyo ye-ops. Kwaye ngelixa kutshanje ukhethe owangaphambili ISAHLUKO SAMNYAMA ukuze asebenze njengonobhala wakhe wezangaphakathi, uTrump unike izalathisi ezimbalwa zendlela anokubaqesha ngayo abasebenzi abakhethekileyo abasebenzayo ngoku.
“Idrone ibetha,” utshilo umemezele kwenye yeembekiselo zakhe ezinqabileyo ezineenkcukacha kwimishini ekhethekileyo ye-ops, "iya kuhlala iyinxalenye yesicwangciso sethu, kodwa siya kuzama ukubamba iithagethi zexabiso eliphezulu ukuze sifumane ulwazi olufunekayo lokuchitha imibutho yabo." Kutshanje, kwindibano yoloyiso yaseNorth Carolina, uTrump wenze iimbekiselo ezithile kumkhosi ophakamileyo oza kuba phantsi komyalelo wakhe. “Umkhosi wethu okhethekileyo eFort Bragg ube yincam yomkhonto ekulweni ubunqolobi. Isaci soMkhosi wethu Okhethekileyo woMkhosi 'kukukhulula abacinezelweyo,' yaye yiloo nto kanye ebesenza nasaza kuqhubeka siyenza. Okwangoku, amajoni asuka eFort Bragg asasazwe kumazwe angama-90 kwihlabathi liphela,” utshilo xelelwe isihlwele.
Emva kokubonakala ebonakalisa inkxaso yakhe kwimishini ekhethekileyo ebanzi, ekhululekileyo ecinezelekileyo, uTrump ubonakale etshintsha, esongeza, "Asifuni ukuba nomkhosi ophelileyo kuba sigcwele indawo yokulwa. iindawo ekungafanelanga ukuba silwe kuzo… Lo mjikelo utshabalalisayo wongenelelo kunye nesiphithiphithi kufuneka sifikelele esiphelweni, mawethu.” Kwangelo xesha, nangona kunjalo, wathembisa ukuba i-US kungekudala iza "koyisa imikhosi yobunqolobi." Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uLieutenant General Michael Flynn, owayesakuba ngumlawuli wezobuntlola. JSOC athe umongameli onyuliweyo wamkhetha ukuba asebenze njengomcebisi wakhe wezokhuseleko lwesizwe, uthembise ukuba ulawulo olutsha luza kuphinda luvavanye amandla omkhosi wokulwa ne-Islamic State-enokubonelela ngobubanzi obuthe kratya ekuthatheni izigqibo kwibala lomlo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i Wall Street Journal Iingxelo ukuba iPentagon yenza izindululo zokunciphisa "ukubeka iliso kwiNdlu emhlophe kwizigqibo zokusebenza" ngelixa "ihambisa igunya elithile elinobuchule kwiPentagon."
Kwinyanga ephelileyo, uMongameli u-Obama uye waya eFlorida iMacDill Air Force Base, ikhaya loMyalelo oKhethekileyo wokuSebenza, ukuze anikeze intetho yakhe yokulwa nobunqolobi. “Kangangeminyaka esibhozo ndisesikhundleni, akukhange kubekho lusuku apho umbutho wabanqolobi okanye umntu onenzondelelo yempambano engazange enze iyelenqe lokubulala abantu baseMelika,” utshilo. xelelwe isihlwele igcwele kunye nemikhosi. Kwangaxeshanye, kusenokwenzeka ukuba akukho mhla apho awona mabutho abalaseleyo phantsi komyalelo wakhe ayengafakwanga kumazwe angama-60 okanye ngaphezulu kwihlabathi liphela.
“Ndiza kuba ngumongameli wokuqala wase-United States ukuba akhonze izihlandlo ezibini ezipheleleyo ngexesha lemfazwe,” wongeze watsho u-Obama. “Iidemokhrasi akufuneki zisebenze kwimeko yemfazwe egunyaziswe ngokusisigxina. Ayilunganga loo nto emkhosini wethu, ayilunganga kwidemokhrasi yethu. ” Iziphumo zobongameli bakhe bemfazwe esisigxina, eneneni, bezimbi, ngokutsho kuMyalelo weMisebenzi eYodwa. Kungquzulwano olusibhozo oluye lwenziwa ngexesha lika-Obama, ngokwesilayidi sika-2015 esiphuma kwicandelo lezobuntlola, irekhodi laseMelika limi ku-XNUMX, ilahleko emibini, kunye namaqhina amathandathu.
Ixesha lika-Obama libonakalise ngokwenene ukuba "iminyaka ye commando.” Nangona kunjalo, njengoko imikhosi yoMsebenzi oKhethekileyo igcine isantya sokusebenza esinesiphithiphithi, ilwa imfazwe ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweendawo ezamkelweyo zongquzulwano, iqeqesha abo basebenzisanayo ekuhlaleni, becebisa abameli bomthonyama, bekhabela iingcango phantsi, kwaye bebulala, iintshukumo zobunqolobi ziye zabangela ukuba kubekho iintshukumo zogonyamelo. sasaza Phesheya IGreater Middle East kwaye iAfrika.
Umongameli-onyuliweyo uDonald Trump kuvela ndikulungele uku ukutshabalalisa uninzi lwe Obama ilifa, ukusuka kumongameli utyikityo umthetho wezempilo yakhe imimiselo yendalo, singasathethi ke ngokutshintsha ikhosi xa kufikwa kumgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle, kubandakanywa nobudlelwane kunye iTshayina, Iran, Sirayeli , yaye Rhashiya. Nokuba uya kulithobela na icebiso lokunciphisa amazinga ka-Obama okuthunyelwa kwe-SOF kusaza kubonakala. Unyaka ozayo, nangona kunjalo, uya kunika imikhondo malunga nokuba imfazwe ende ka-Obama emthunzini, iminyaka yegolide yendawo engwevu, iyasinda.
