Nick Turse, TomDispatch
Ikhoboka ngumntu wonke. Ukubulala amasimi or indawo yokungcwaba isininzi arekhode irekhodi lezinto zakudala ezivela kwi-Neolithicxesha (i-6,000 ukuya kwi-7,000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo) kwi. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqala kwezixhobo zanamhlanje kunye neenkqubo zokwenza imveliso, amasimi ehlabathi wokubulala akhulele kwinqanaba elinokuthi liyenze ishushu ingcinga. Ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, xa iindawo ezibalulekileyo zomhlaba, kubandakanywa nezixeko ezininzi zelizwe, zancitshiswa ngokufanelekileyo ukuba zi-ash, akuqikelelwa i-60 yezigidi abantu, abahlaseli kunye nabemi ngokufanayo, bafa (kubandakanya amawaka ezigidi ezintandathu zamaJuda kwimimandla yokubulala kunye nee-oveni zase-Auschwitz, Belzec, Sobibor, nakwezinye iindawo).
Iimfazwe zaseMelika ngexesha lethu ziye zonakalisa: mhlawumbi ezintathu ukuya Izigidi ezine zaseKorea, isiqingatha sabo bangabemi belizwe (kwaye 37,000 baseMerika), kunye okunokwenzeka ukuba millionImikhosi yaseTshayina, yasweleka phakathi kowe-1950 nowe-1953 kwisingasiqithi esasishiyeke inkunkuma. Kwimfazwe ye-Indochina yee-1960 kunye nee-1970, irhafu yayifana nokuguqa kwengqondo. E-Vietnam, 3.8 million abahlali nabalwa nabo kuqikelelwa ukuba batshabalele (kunye 58,000 baseMerika); eLaos, mhlawumbi isigidi esinye abantu bafa; naseKhambodiya, indawo eyayikhokelwa kuloo mfazwe yi-US yakhokelela kwi-600,000-800,000 efile, ngelixa u-Khmer Rougebulawa esinye isibini ukuya kwisithathu sabemi belo lizwe kwi-autogenocide eyalandelayo. Kuzo zonke, sithetha mhlawumbi, ngogqithiso lwezinto eziqikelelweyo, i-12 yezigidi efile e-Indochina kule minyaka.
Kwaye yile nto yokuba uqale ngokuvavanya amanye amanani ukusuka kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi ukuya kwangoku. U-Nick Turse, owachitha iminyaka ebuyisela ukubulawa kwakhe okwayiyimfazwe yaseVietnam eyakhekakhulu, incwadi ephumelele ibhaso malunga nolwaphulo-mthetho kwimfazwe, Bulala nayiphi na into ehamba, kutshanje iguqukele kwiseti yeendawo zokubulala ezingayintoni na kodwa imbali. Kule minyaka mithathu idlulileyo, utyelele kathathu eSudan, lelona "lizwe" litsha kwiplanethi, elase-USumbelekisi ukubakho, ukuvelisa i-akhawunti ebalaseleyo yomzabalazo oqhubekayo we-Internecine phaya kwincwadi yakhe yamva nje Kwixesha elizayo Baza Kubala aba Dead leyo: Imfazwe kunye nokusinda eSudan. Ngumhlaba onamava okusweleka kwenqanaba leSyria ngaphandle kwengqwalaselo naphi na kwihlabathi liphela. Kutshanje, ubuyile kumasimi ayo okubulala kwaye unikezela ngeakhawunti etshabalalisayo yelizwe elibalekileyo apho kuxhelwa khona kungumbandela wobomi bemihla ngemihla. Tom
Eyona ndawo intle kakhulu emhlabeni
Ukufa kunye noBomi kwidolophu elahlekileyo yeLeer
By Nick TurseLEER, South Sudan - Nantsi kwakhona. Elo phunga ligulayo. Ndimi embundwini wesiporho sekhaya. Unyawo lwayo luphela oluseleyo. Kumabhodlo kuhlala i-teakettle yesilivere encinci-yesinyithi, erhangqwe kancinci, yatshiswa kodwa kungenjalo igqibelele, gcina izihluzi ezibini. Kukho into eyakrazula yona yaza yayonakalisa, nje ngento eyadiliza eli khaya yaza yalonakalisa, nje ngento eyadlakaza le dolophu yaza yayishiya inothuli, inkunkuma.
Oku kuyinyaniwe, ayisiyiyo dolophu kwaphela, ayisiyongxaki. Yindawo yokubulala, indawo apho kuhlala khona abantu bengagxothwanga, abahlali bahlala kudala besaba, ngelixa imbinana yabemi bayo abaseleyo uninzi lwabo baba ngabaphambukeli abavela kwiilali ezitshatyalalisiweyo.
Ihlabathi lizele ngamabala okubulala, kwiindawo zokuxhela apho abantu abaxhobileyo bachithe abamsulwa, abangenakuzikhusela, abangenathamsanqa; Indawo apho abasetyhini nabantwana, amadoda amadala kunye nabaselula baye baminxwa, iingqayi zabo zaphulwe, bashiywa bedutyulwa namathumbu. Okanye ngamanye amaxesha ayimihlaba engavunyelwanga apho imizimba ebethekileyo neyaphukileyo yabalahliweyo ilahlwa ngaphandle komsitho okanye umthandazo okanye umzuzu wokubonakalisa. Kwinkulungwane ephelileyo, ezi ndawo zigcwele igazi ziye zahluma kwihlabathi liphela: ECambodia, Philippines, Koreas, South Africa, Mexico, Lebanon, Rwanda, Bosnia, Guatemala, Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria - njalo-njalo, unyaka nonyaka , ilizwe emva kwelinye.
Amathuba okuba ukhe weva into malunga nokubulawa kwabantu baseRwanda ngo-1994 apho kwabulawa amadoda, abafazi kunye nabantwana abafikelela kwisigidi ngeentsuku nje ezili-100. Uyakhumbula ukubulawa kwabantu baseVietnam ngo-1968 ngamajoni ase-US e My Lai. Kwaye mhlawumbi uyayikhumbula imifanekiso kaSaddam Hussein ye-1988 yezixhobo zamachiza ezihlasela amaKurds kwi IHalabja. Iminyaka, iSudan yafaka isandla kolu balo loyikekayo. Unokwenza, umzekelo, ukhumbule ingqalelo ehlawulwe ekubulaweni kwabantu IDarfur Ngexesha lama-2000. Ukubulawa kwalapho ngenene ayikaze iphele, Sisikhalo sikawonke-wonke kuphela esenzileyo. Ngeminyaka yoo-1980 noo-1990, kwabakho nokubulawa kwabantu emazantsi ezantsi kwiidolophu okanye kwiindawo ezikufutshane ekusenokwenzeka ukuba awuzange uve ngazo njengoMalakal, uBor, kunye neLeer.
Isivumelwano ngo-2005 phakathi kwabavukeli abaxhaswa yi-US kumazantsi eSudan kunye norhulumente emantla bekufanele ukuba ayeke ukubulawa kwabantu, kodwa khange ibe njalo. Kwaye kwezinye iindawo, kwakuxelwa kwangaphambili ukuba kubi kwikamva. "Xa sijonga phambili kule minyaka mihlanu izayo, amazwe aliqela aseAfrika naseAsia asemngciphekweni omkhulu wokuqhambuka kokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi," wathi UMlawuli wezoBuntlola weSizwe e-US uDennis Blair ngo-2010. "Kula mazwe, ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi okanye ukubulawa kwabantu ngoonobumba kungenzeka kakhulu eSudan eseMazantsi."
Ekupheleni konyaka wama-2013 nowama-2014, iMalakal, iBor, iLeer, kunye nezinye iidolophu kwilizwe elitsha, iSouth Sudan, zazizele zizidumbu. Kwaye ukubulawa kweli lizwe- isiphumo semfazwe yamakhaya yesithathu ukusukela nge1950s- kuqhubekile kuphela.
Kwi-2014, ndaye ndaya Malakal ukuze ndifunde endinokukwazi ngokutshatyalaliswa kwale dolophu kunye nabantu ababhubhe apho. Ngo-2015, ndahamba phakathi kwamangcwaba amaninzi boron Apho, kunyaka ongaphambili, ugandaganda wemba imingxunya emikhulu yamakhulu emizimba, eminye ibolile kakhulu okanye yomile kangangokuba kwakunzima ukubona ukuba ayengamadoda, abafazi, okanye abantwana. Kule ntwasahlobo, ndizifumana ndiseLeer, enye indawo ebethelelweyo, njengoko amaqela oncedo azabalaza ukubuyisela ubukho babo, njengoko amadoda axhobileyo ebesacutha ubusuku, njengeengqayi zomntu zikhazimla phantsi kwelanga eliqaqambileyo emini emaqanda.
Ivumba lokugoba impumlo apha landixelela ukuba kwenye indawo, kukho into etshayo. Ivumba lalisemakhaleni am imini yonke. Ngamanye amaxesha, yayiyinto nje etyhafileyo, ukuba ibindlongondlongo, inowuthi eyayiqhutywa ngumoya oshushu, kodwa xa umoya utshintshatshintsha waba sisiqholo, ivumba elibandakanya konke konke - hayi ivumba elithozamisayo lomlilo wokupheka, kodwa into embi kakhulu. Ndijonge esibhakabhakeni, ndikhangela umsi womsi, kodwa bekukho ilitha elifanayo elikhanyayo, eliyimfama nelomlotha. Ndosula amehlo am, ndangxola ngesiqalekiso esikhawulezayo sale ndawo ndaza ndagqithela kwigobolondo elilandelayo elonakeleyo lekhaya, nakwelilandelayo, nakwelilandelayo. Iitukuls ezonakalisiweyo zewat-da-daub kunye neepeni zezilwanyana ezonakalisiweyo zolulele kude njengoko ndandibona.
Le Leer- okanye ubuncinci okuseleyo kuyo.
Amabhodlo eLeer, eSudan eSudan. Idolophu yahlaselwa kaninzi yimikhosi emanyene kurhulumente kazwelonke ngexesha le-2015. Umlilo wokuGqibela
Ukuba ufuna ukufunda ngakumbi ngale dolophu, malunga nento eyenzekileyo kuyo, iLeer ayisiyondawo ifanelekileyo yokuqalisa. Uya kulungelwa ngokuhamba ezantsi kweendlela ezininzi usiya eThonyor, enye idolophu kumazantsi e-Unity State apho abantu abaninzi beLeer babaleka khona. Kulapho ndafumana khona uMary Nyalony, umama oneminyaka engama-31 wabantwana abahlanu owayeneentsuku nje ezimbalwa ezelwe, wazala unyana.
ILeer yayiyidolophu yakowabo kwaye ubomi apho babungaze bube lula. Imfazwe yafika kungekudala emva kokuba kuqhambuke umlo kwikomkhulu iJuba, ngoDisemba ka-2013, umsantsa uninzi lwabantu balapha abathi “yingxaki.” Ngemfazwe yamakhaya kwafika amadoda ephethe imipu kwaye, ekuqaleni kuka-2014, uNyonyony wanyanzelwa ukuba abalekele ukusindisa ubomi bakhe. Kwaphela iinyanga ezintathu, yena kunye nosapho lwakhe bahlala ehlathini, ngaphambi kokuba babuyele eLeer. IKomiti yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoMnqamlezo obomvu yayihambisa ukutya apho, undixelela. Engqondweni yakhe, ezo yayiziintsuku ze-halcyon. Uyachaza: “Bekukho ukutya okwaneleyo. Ngoku asinanto. ”
Indlela eya kwinto engekhoyo, njengendlela eya eThonyor, yaqala kuye ngentsasa yosuku ngoMeyi ka-2015. Kwaqhuma izithonga zompu kunye nokuqhushumba kwemipu kwaqala ukuwela iLeer, kulandele ukukhala kunye noloyiko. Eli ibelibali lemfazwe yamakhaya yaseSudan: zimbalwa iimfazwe ezibekiweyo phakathi kwemikhosi, uhlaselo oluninzi kubantu abahlaselwe ngamadoda axhobileyo. Rhoqo, akucaci ukuba ngubani ohlaselayo. Abantu besiva izithonga zompu kwaye baqala ukubaleka. Ukuba banethamsanqa babaleka nobomi babo, kwaye bahlala benenye into encinci.
Imfazwe apha ibisoloko iboniswa njengokhuphiswano phakathi kukamongameli, uSalva Kiir, olilungu lesizwe esikhulu, iDinka, kunye noRiek Machar, olilungu lesibini ngobukhulu, iNuer. U-Kiir noMachar banembali ende njengamahlakani kunye neentshaba nanjengomongameli kunye nosekela Mongameli welizwe labo elitsha. U-Kiir waqhubela phambili ngengxowa kaMachar. Kwiinyanga kamva, eli lizwe langena kwiimfazwe zamakhaya. U-Kiir ubanga ukuba ubundlobongela bubangelwe kukuqunjelwa sisisu nguMachar, kodwa uphando Ikhomishini yeMbumba ye-Afrika ayifumananga bungqina balonto. Kodwa ke, yafumanisa ukuba “amajoni eDinka, amalungu oMongameli, kunye neminye imikhosi yezokhuseleko benza uphando kwindlu ngendlu, babulala amajoni amaNuer kunye nabantu ngaphandle kwamakhaya abo” kwaye yenziwa "ukuqhubela phambili Umgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente. ” Imfazwe yamakhaya eyalandelayo "yaphela" ngesivumelwano soxolo sika-Agasti 2015 esabona uMachar ejoyina urhulumente. Kodwa ubundlobongela abuzange bume kwaye emva komjikelo omtsha wokubulawa kwabantu kwikomkhulu ngoJulayi, wabaleka ilizwe kwaye sele ekhuphe umnxeba omtsha wemvukelo.
Ngokwenyani, nangona kunjalo, imfazwe eSudan ingaphezulu kwedabi phakathi kwamadoda amabini, izizwe ezibini, imikhosi emibini-i-Kiir's Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) kunye neMachar's SPLA-In Opposition (SPLA-IO). Ingxabano yokutshintsha imanyano ebandakanya inqwaba yabadlali abaxhobileyo kwaye i-Ad hoc Imikhosi ekhokelwa ngabalinganiswa abonakeleyo besilwa iimfazwe ngaphakathi kweemfazwe. Ubunzima buxakekisa ingqondo: ixesha elide igazi elibi, izikhalazo, kunye neempikiswano ezinxulunyaniswe nobutshaba bobuhlanga obuxineneyo, zona, kunye nobutshaba bezizwe nezizwe, bonke bencediswa kwaye baxhaswa ngamandla ezixhobo zangoku kunye nendlela yenkcubeko yakudala yenkcubeko -ukuphamba kuye kwangenelela kugqatso lomkhosi. Yongeza kwisizwe ekuweni mahala kwezemali; ukuqokelelwa kobutyebi kunye namandla ezandleni zincinci encinci, e-riven elite; ukufumaneka ngobuninzi kwezixhobo; kwaye uninzi lwabadlali belandela iinjongo ezininzi kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba bazigcine zonke zilungile.
Nokuba ziziphi na iingxaki zalo mfazwe, nangona kunjalo, iincwadi zokudlala zabadlali bazo zihlala zifana ngokumangalisayo. Amadoda axhobe nge-AK-47s awela kuluntu olungakhuselekanga. Babulala, baphange, baphange. Abafazi abancinci kunye namantombazana bakhethelwa iindlela ezizodwa zobundlobongela: ukudlwengulwa kwemigulukudu kunye nobukhoboka bezesondo. Abanye banyanzelwa ukuba baye kwiinkampu ekuthiwa zezokudlwengula, apho baba "ngabafazi" bamajoni; abanye bahlaselwa ngokwesini babulawa ngeendlela ezibuhlungu. Kunye nabasetyhini, amajoni ahlala ethatha iinkomo- imali yemveli yasemaphandleni, umthombo wobutyebi, kunye neendlela zokutya kuloo mmandla.
KwiLeer nakwiilali ezingqonge i-Unity State, urhulumente wonyaka ophelileyo okhubekisayo ekubuyiseni umhlaba wabavukeli walandela kanye le patheni, kodwa ngolunya olwalubetha nakule mfazwe. Ngaphezulu kwengcali enye endixelele ukuba, ubuncinci ixesha kwi-2015, iLeer kunye nemimandla eyingqongileyo yenye yezona ndawo zibi kwihlabathi liphela.
Amagqabantshintshi edolophu yaseLeer, eSouth Sudan, emva kohlaselo oluphindaphindeneyo olwenziwe ngamadoda axhobileyo atshisa amakhaya, adlwengula abantu basetyhini, kwaye batsalela abantu ekuthinjweni. Ulutsha oluxhobileyo olusuka kwizindlu zakwaNuer ezidityaniswe kurhulumente aluzange lubonise nceba. Besilwa ecaleni kwemikhosi evela kwi-SPLA kunye nemikhosi ethembekileyo kumagosa endawo, baqhuba iphulo lomhlaba elitshisiweyo ngokuchasene nolunye uhlanga lwamaNuers ukusukela entwasahlobo ka-2015 nangona ukuwa kade. Umvuzo wabo yayiyinto abanokuyiba nokuba bangadlwengula nabani na.
"Abantu kumazantsi e-Unity State babandezelekile ngenxa yobundlobongela obukrakra obubonwe yiMédecins Sans Frontières (MSF) eSudan - okanye phantse kuyo nayiphi na enye imeko apho sisebenza khona, utshilo uPete Buth, uSekela Mlawuli weeNkonzo zokunceda. iqela. “Kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo, kwaye ingakumbi ukusukela ngoMeyi ukuya kweyeNkanga yowama-2015, abasetyhini, amadoda nabantwana baye bajongana ngokungakhethiyo kubundlobongela obugqithisileyo nobukhohlakeleyo. Sifumene iingxelo kunye nobungqina ngodlwengulo, ukubulawa, ukuxhwilwa kwabasetyhini nabantwana kunye nokutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kweelali. Amanqanaba obundlobongela ayamangalisa. ”
Ekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo, phantse 600,000 abantu abanjengo Nyalony babefuduselwe e Unity State bodwa.
“Beze kugqogqa iinkomo. Babebonakala bedibene norhulumente, ”undixelela njalo. Ukunikwa konke adlule kuko, enikwe usana olusandul 'ukuzalwa uyacofa, amehlo akhe akhanyayo ngokumangalisayo, ilizwi lakhe lomelele. Ukukhumbula kwakhe, nangona kunjalo, kubi kakhulu. Izalamane zakhe ezincinci ezingamadoda zadutyulwa kodwa zasinda. Utatazala wakhe akabanga nethamsanqa. Ubulewe kuhlaselo, uyandixelela, umzimba wakhe udliwe ngamalangatye afanayo atshabalalise ikhaya lakhe.
Umlilo ngeli xesha
Endleleni esuka eLeer isiya e-Thonyor ndafumanisa umthombo wevumba elibi ebelihlasela iingqondo zam imini yonke. Umlilo omkhulu wezolimo wawuvutha ecaleni kwendlela yomhlaba ejijekileyo phakathi kwezi dolophu zimbini, eyangaphambili ngoku isezandleni ze-Kiir's SPLA, eyokugqibela isalawulwa ngabavukeli bakaMachar. Umsi womsi wathululela esibhakabhakeni kumalangatye eorenji aqhuma mhlawumbi ngeenyawo ezili-15 ukuphakama njengoko besidla imithi yesundu, ibrashi kunye nomgxobhozo.
Ndijonge kwa-inferno efanayo xa ndibuyela eLeer, ndicinga ngesidumbu esitshisiweyo sikayisezala kaNyalony, malunga nabo bonke abanye abangazange baphume kumakhaya angenanto ngoku ngaphandle koxande oluphakame emaqatheni lodaka kunye neenkuni okanye iimfumba zekhonkrithi eyaphukileyo. Ngolunye usuku, kubushushu obuphindwe kathathu bukaLeer, ndihamba kwezinye zeentsalela ezitshisiweyo kunye nebhinqa eliselula lommandla. Ukude, kunye neenwele ezisondeleyo kunye nokuziphatha okulula, uyandikhokela kumanxuwa. "Esi yayisisakhiwo esihle kakhulu," utshilo ngenye yeemfumba zenkunkuma, ikhaya elineendonga ezingaphandle eziluhlaza. “Babulele utata kulendlu. Wayenabafazi ababini. Omnye umfazi, mhlawumbi, wayenabantwana abathandathu. ” (Ndifumanisa kamva ukuba xa esithi "iintsana" uthetha abantwana.) Esalatha kwigobolondo elaphukileyo elalikufutshane nalo, okuseleyo kodonga lwesiko oluhonjiswe ngokwesiqhelo, uthi, "Omnye umfazi wayenabantwana abahlanu."
Silulaza indlela yethu ngee-tukuls ezichithakeleyo, iipali zenkxaso zangaphambili zophahla lwengca ezinyuka ngokulula amadangatye. Kwilizwi lakhe lobusi, isikhokelo sam sichaza imixholo yelitye. "Yibhedi," ucacisa ngesakhelo esitshileyo. "Ngoku, akukho bhedi," wongeza ehleka.
Ubonisa enye i-tukul, udonga lwayo lodaka ubukhulu becala lusemi, nangona uphahla lwayo lumkile kwaye iindonga zangaphakathi zitshile. "Ndiyayazi le ndoda yayihlala apha," undixelela. Intsapho yakhe enkulu imkile ngoku. Akazi apho. “Mhlawumbi uJuba. Mhlawumbi naphina. ”
“Bebedubula. Batshabalalise indlu. Ukuba abantu bebengaphakathi endlwini, bayabadubula. Emva koko bayayitshisa, ”utshilo. Esalatha kwesinye isakhelo sebhedi esindayo, ucacisa okucacileyo kwimeko enokwenzeka ukuba andiqondi ukuba kutheni la mabhodlo ethe nca kule ifanitshala iyinkedama. “Ukuba bayadubula, awukhathali ngeebhedi. Uyabaleka. ” Uyema kancinci ndibukele ubuso bakhe buthambile kwaye isimilo sakhe siba mnyama. “Ungade ushiye umntwana. Awufuni, kodwa kukho ukudubula. Baza kukudubula. Uyoyika uze ubaleke. ” Emva koko uyathula.
Abasindileyo
"Izinto ezazifunyanwa ngabantu baseLeer County zazintle. Xa abemi babenyanzelwa ukuba babaleke kumakhaya abo, kwafuneka babaleke bengenanto kulomgxobhozo ezinzulwini zobusuku, utshilo uJonathan Loeb, umphandi wamalungelo oluntu owayesebenza njengomcebisi kwiqela le-Amnesty International elalisabela kwiingxaki zaseLeer. “Ke ngoku ubunezi meko zobusuku apho abazali belahla abantwana babo, amadoda eshiya abafazi bawo, iintsana zitshona emgxobhozweni ezinzulwini zobusuku. Kwaye oku kwenzeka kaninzi. ”
UNataliba, endidibana naye eLeer, bajonge kude kum, imilenze yakhe isongwe phantsi kwakhe kwiveranda yesamente. Ususa ngononophelo imitya yelokhwe yakhe eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka egxalabeni lasekhohlo nasekunene, eyiyeke iwele kwisiqingatha somzimba wakhe ukuze asebenze engathintelekanga. “Ndize kuLeer kwiiveki ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo. Kwakukho ukudubula okuninzi eJuong, utshilo kwilali yakhe. Ukusuka apho wabaleka nabantwana bakhe waya eMayendit, emva koko waya eLeer, kule ndawo inye, ngaphambili eyicawa okanye indawo yezenkolo. UNataliba uyame phambili, esebenzisa ilitye ukusila umbona kwisidlo. Ndimbukele izihlunu zakhe zangasemva zingcangcazela kwaye zishukuma njengoko esonga umzimba wakhe emhlabeni ngokungathi sisicelo, emva koko ubuyela umva, ephinda intshukumo engapheliyo. Nangona esebenza nzima, ilizwi lakhe alibonisi kuzama. Ujonge nje ngaphambili, uhamba ze esinqeni, ilizwi lakhe licacile kwaye ayinyani. Abantu abahlanu belali yakhe, kubandakanya nentombi yakhe eneminyaka eli-15 ubudala, undixelela, badutyulwa babulawa ngamadoda axhobileyo avela eKoch County. Wongeza ngelithi: “Amakhosikazi amaninzi adlwengulwa.
UDeborah uhleli kufutshane nabantwana abane baka Nataba abasindileyo bamgubungele. Ndiyimpazamo ngogogo kumntwana, kodwa akanalo ulwalamano. Wagxothwa kwilali yaseDok ngoDisemba ophelileyo, kananjalo ngamajoni aseKoch owathi - ngokubala kwakhe - wabulala amadoda asibhozo nabafazi ababini. Wabaleka waya ehlathini apho wayengenakutya nakukhuseleko kwimozulu. Ubuncinci apha eLeer wabelana ngezinto ezimbalwa uNataba anazo, ngethemba lokuba imibutho yoncedo izakuqala ukuzisa ukutya.
Ubuso bakhe bubunewunewu eligqunywe lilanga lemigca ebhalwe bubunzima, ubunzima kunye nokufuna. Isakhelo sakhe sobisi zonke izihlunu kunye nethambo. ENtshona, kuya kufuneka uhlale ejimini kwaye ube neminyaka engama-30 umncinci ukuze ube neengalo ezichazwe njengezakhe. Unethemba loxolo, undixelela, kwaye ukhankanya ukuba ungumKatolika. "Akukho nto yokutya apha", nangona kunjalo, ngumgca ahlala ephindaphinda. Nditsho ndiphakama ndihamba, uye wandibamba ngesandla. "Shukran. Enkosi, ”nditsho kuye, hayi okokuqala, kwaye emva koko uyanyibilika emhlabeni, eguqe ngeenyawo zam. Ndothukile, ndiyabanda, emva koko ndibukele-kwaye ndiziva-njengoko ethatha ubhontsi wakhe kwaye esenza uphawu lomnqamlezo kuzwane ngalunye lwezihlangu zam. "UThixo akusikelele," utshilo.
Kusesekuseni kakhulu, kodwa xa ndidibana noTheresa Nyayang Machok sele ebonakala ediniwe. Kungenzeka ukuba lo mhlolokazi unoxanduva lwabantwana abali-10, amantombazana amathandathu namakhwenkwe amane; okanye akanalo olunye usapho apha; okanye ukuba ikhaya lakhe kwilali yaseLoam latshatyalaliswa; okanye, njengoko esitsho, "akukho msebenzi, akukho kutya"; okanye zonke zidityanisiwe. Uyajika amaxesha ngamaxesha ukuzama ukweyisela uninzi lwabantwana bakhe ukuba bayeke ukungcungcuthekisa injana encinci enenxeba elivulekileyo kwindlebe enye.
Umntwana omncinci, inkwenkwe enesisu esikhubazekileyo, ngekhe ayishiye injana iyodwa aze aqhekeze isijwili xa simkrwabaza. Ukuze athulise umntwana omncinci, umzalwana osele ekhulile umnika ipheyile ekrazukileyo yePlumpy'Sup, isongezelelo esisekwe kumandongomane esinikwa ziiarhente zoncedo zamanye amazwe. Umntwana omncinci ukhotha iidawubhu zokugqibela zeproteni ephezulu, unamafutha aphezulu.
Amadoda aseKoch ahlasela ilali yakhe ngasekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo, uMachok undixelele, ethatha zonke iinkomo kwaye ebulala abantu abathandathu. Xa befika ekhayeni lakhe, bafuna ngenkani imali angenayo. Wabanika iimpahla endaweni yoko, emva koko wabaleka nabantwana bakhe. Uxinekile apha eLeer emaphethelweni enkampu karhulumente, usela utywala xa enokufumana izithako aze azithengisele amajoni eSPLA. Ukuba uxolo luza, ufuna ukugoduka. Kude kube lelo xesha, uya kuba lapha. “Akukho mntu kwilali yam. Ayinanto, ”ucacisa.
USarah, umfazi obunile, uhlala eGiel, indawo encinci eyonakalisiweyo ngaphandle kweLeer. Ukubiza ikhaya lakhe njenge "wattle hovel" kuya kuba nesisa, kuba kubonakala ngathi inokuwa kusapho lwakhe nangawuphi na umzuzu. Uthi: "Kwakusiliwa apha," utshilo. “Nanini na xa kusiliwa sibalekela emlanjeni.” Kwinyanga ephelileyo, wayehlala nabantwana bakhe kumgxobhozo wamanzi owawukufuphi, efihle kwingca ende, ngethemba lokuba amadoda axhobileyo abhekisa kuwo njenge-SPLM - iSudan People's Liberation Movement, iqela likaKiir- akazukufumana. Ubuncinane abantu abahlanu eGiel babulawa, utshilo, kubandakanya nonyana omdala wodade wabo.
Ubuyile ekhaya wafika wadibana namadoda axhobileyo athatha uninzi lwento awayeyishiyile. "Bathe 'sinike iimpahla okanye siza kukudubula,' undixelele. Abantwana bakaSarah, ubukhulu becala behamba ze, izihlwele zijikeleze. Abambalwa banxiba iziqwenga ezingaphezulu kweedlagi. Isinxibo sakhe esimnyama sinomsonto kangangokuba sishiya sincinci kwintelekelelo. Okubi nangakumbi ziivenkile zakhe zokutya. Wafihla amazimba, kodwa konke oko kuhambile.
Ndibuza ukuba batya ntoni. Uyaphakama, ahambe ayokufika kwindawo apho iphepha leentsimbi eliqhekekileyo lingqiyame ngasesibayeni sezilwanyana esingenanto, aze abuye ephethe iiglow lily zamanzi ezincinci azibeke ezinyaweni zam. Kuncinci kakhulu ukondla olu sapho. Ndibuza ukuba ukutya sesona sidingo sabo sikhulu. Hayi, utshilo, ekhomba phezulu eluphahleni- izikhewu ezingaphezulu kwaleya zifulelwe. Ufuna iiplastiki zokubonelela ngokukhusela abantwana bakhe. Uthi, “Ixesha lemvula liza.”
UNyanet yindoda esele ikhulile, nangona engenalo nofifi lokuba mdala kangakanani. Amehlo akhe anamafu kwaye ahlaselwe, iindlebe zakhe azisiva kakuhle, ke itoliki yam iyamngxolisa ngemibuzo yam. "Amajoni afika ebusuku," uphendula athi. ”Banemipu. Bathatha iimpahla; bathatha ukutya; bathatha iinkomo, ”utsho. Bonke abafana belali abekho. “Bababulele.” Undixelela ukuba amadoda axhobileyo, athathe amantombazana kunye namabhinqa amancinci.
Kufuphi nekhaya elincinci likaNyanet, ndidibana noNyango. Akaqinisekanga nangobudala bakhe. “Ukuba i-SPLM iza, bathatha iinkomo. Babulala abantu, ”ucacisa watsho. Wabaleka waya emlanjeni kwaye wahlala apho iinyanga. Njengabanye kule lali idilikayo, usapho lwayo lunxibe amadlavu. Abantwana bakhe bagula behlala eludakeni nasemdaka nasemanzini ixesha elide, kwaye abakaphili.
“Abantu bebezimele emahlathini nasemigxobhozweni, bothuke ngenxa yobomi babo ngaphandle kofikelelo oluncinci okanye bangafumani ncedo lwezoncedo kangangeenyanga. Leyo ke yinto ebekuyiyo ngoku kunyaka ophelileyo, ”ucacisa watsho uPete Buth weMSF. “Ngoku, njengoko abantu besiya bemka kwiindawo zabo zokuzimela, sibona umphumo. Abantwana banesifo sokungunda ezandleni nasezinyaweni, ulusu lwabo lubuhlungu kwaye luphukile njengoko beshiya imigxobhozo emva koko ubumdaka nobushushu bomisa amanxeba. ”
Ndijonge ezantsi umntana ohamba ze ebambelele emlenzeni kaNyango. Amehlo omntwana agqunywe yincindi emhlophe enebala kwaye iimpukane zikrozile ukuze zitye kuyo. Ndikhe ndabona abantwana abaninzi, amehlo erhubuluza ziimpukane - oyena mntu ubalaseleyo waseAfrika, umbono owasungula iwaka izibongozo zenkxaso-mali, kodwa zange ndabona zininzi kangaka iimpukane zilungiswe ngocwangco ngolu hlobo ukuze zisitye emehlweni omntwana. UNyango uqhubeka nokuthetha, itoliki yam iyaqhubeka nokuguqulela, kodwa ndizimisele kule nkwenkwana. Isandi esimanyumnyezi siyasinda emilebeni yomlomo wakhe kwaye uNyango ufike ezantsi, amtsale amsonge esinqeni.
Ndinyanzela ukuba ndiqwalasele kuye njengoko echaza ukuba amadoda awonakalise le ndawo abulala abantu abathandathu abaziyo. Omnye umfazi waseGiel ucebisa ukuba abantu abangama-50 basweleke kule lali incinci. Inyani yile yokuba akukho mntu unokuze azi ukuba mangaphi amadoda, abafazi, nabantwana abavela eGiel, eLeer, nakwimimandla ejikelezileyo abaxheliweyo kwimilo engapheliyo oko kwaqala le mfazwe.
Indawo apho kungcwatywa khona amazimba
Akukho mntu ubonakala efuna ukuthetha malunga nokuba yonke imizimba iye phi na. Umbuzo ongathandekiyo ukubuza kwaye konke endikufumanayo kukungazibandakanyi neempendulo okanye ngamanye amaxesha ukujonga okungenanto. Abantu bazimisele ngakumbi ukuthetha ngokubulala kunokunika izimvo ngezidumbu. Kodwa baninzi ubungqina obubonakalayo bezenzo zenkohlakalo kwiLeer ukuba ukulungele ukujonga.
Ebushushwini bemini emaqanda, ndemka ndaya emaphethelweni edolophu ndilandela umkhombandlela olula oya kuthi ungabikho. Ndihamba ngendlela emdaka ephela ngokukhawuleza esibhakabhakeni esivulekileyo, ngelixa iindlela ezimbini ezintsha ziqala ngapha nangapha. Akukho mntu wathetha nantoni na malunga noku. Phambili, iqela lamakhwenkwe lihlanganiswe kufutshane nesakhiwo esaphukileyo. Andifuni ukutsala umdla ngoko ndithatha indlela esekunene, ndibeka isakhiwo phakathi kwabo nam.
NdikwiLeer ndinokuvunywa kuphela okuvela kummeli korhulumente Esongelayo iintatheli ngokusweleka, kwilizwe apho igama elithi "inkululeko yabezindaba" lihlala liyinto ehlekisayo, apho intatheli zikhoyo babanjwe, wanyamalala, waphatha gadalala, okanye bulawa, kwaye akukho mntu ubanjiweyo xanduva. Njengommhlophe waseMelika, ndikhuselekile kunyango olukhutshwe ziintatheli zaseSudan zaseSudan, kodwa andilangazeleli ukuvavanya esi sicelo. Okona kuncinci, ndingabanjwa, ukunika ingxelo kwam kufutshane.
Ndizama ukugcina iphrofayili ephantsi, kodwa njengeCaucasian kwimpahla yangaphandle kunye nomnqwazi we-boonie ongenangqondo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ndidibanise apha. “Khawaja! [Mhlophe!], ”Amakhwenkwe angxola. Yinto eqhele ukuthethwa ngabantwana xa bendibona. Ndinikezela ngesiqingatha samaza kwaye ndiqhubeka nokuhamba. Ukuba bayalandela, ndiyazi ukuba olu hambo luphelile. Kodwa bahlala.
Ndinexhala ngoku ekubeni ndigqithile, bekufanele ukuba ndithathe enye indlela. Ndisesibhakabhakeni esivulekileyo phantsi kwelanga elingapheliyo emini emaqanda. Mgama, ndibona iqela labafazi kwaye ndigqiba kwelokuba ndisiye kumthi okufuphi wemithi. Ngokukhawuleza, ndicinga ukuba ndiyayibona, indawo ebendiyifuna, indawo ethe abanye bayithatha balibiza ngokuba “yindawo yokubulala.”
Ukubulala Amacandelo: Ke
Ihlabathi ligcwele “kwimihlaba yokubulala” kwaye ndikhe ndayindwendwela indawo yam efanelekileyo. Eli gama ekuqaleni livela kwi-autogenocide eyoyikekayo yeKhmer Rouge eCambodia kwaye yaqulunqwa nguDith Pran, onebali elabhalwa nguye ENew York Times qabane ESydney Schanberg kwinqaku lephephabhuku, incwadi, kwaye ekugqibeleni ifilimu-i-Award-ephumelele ibhanyabhanya inesihloko esifanelekileyo Iintsimi zokubulala.
"Ndabona ngamehlo ukuba kukho amasimi amaninzi okubulala… kukho lonke ukhakhayi kunye namathambo afumbeneyo, amanye emaquleni," uPran wachaza emva kokuhamba esiya edolophini esiya edolophini enqumla eCambodia ngethuba ebalekela eThailand ngo-1979. Kufutshane naseIndi Reap, ngoku eyindawo yabakhenkethi eyaziwayo, uPran watyelela iziza ezibini ezazizele zizidumbu - nganye ibambe imizimba emalunga namawaka amane ukuya kwamahlanu egutyungelwe ngumaleko omdaka. Izaliswe kukufa, ingca khulile mde kakhulu kwaye luhlaza apho umzimba wangcwatywa.
Kukho ilitye lesikhumbuzo kwiindawo zokubulala eChoeung Ek, indawo yamangcwaba amaninzi ngaphandle kwePhnom Penh, ikomkhulu lelizwe. Nangona ukubulawa kwabantu baseCambodian kwaphela ngohlaselo lwaseVietnam lowe-1979, xa ndandindwendwele amashumi eminyaka kamva, kwakusekho amathambo anyuka ezantsi emngxunyeni kunye neethambo zethambo elide, mhlawumbi ibhinqa, lifakwe kwindlela endiyithathileyo.
Kukho neengqayi. I-stupa yamaBuddha kule ndawo izaliswe ngamawaka, aqokeleleke phezulu, engqina kwinqanaba lokuxhela. Izigidi zabantu baseCambodiya- zizigidi ezibini, zithathu, akukho mntu waziyo ukuba zingaphi - ezife ezandleni zeKhmer Rouge. Kwangokunjalo, akukho mntu waziyo ukuba bangaphi abantu baseSudan abaxheliweyo kumjikelo wangoku wokulwa, kungasathethwa ke kwiimfazwe zamakhaya ezazilandulele. Imfazwe phakathi kwabavukeli basemazantsi kunye norhulumente waseSudan, eyayiqala ngo-1955 ukuya ku-1972, kuthiwa yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-500,000. Yaphinda yalawulwa ngo-1983, yaqhubeka enye iminyaka engama-20 nangaphezulu, ishiya malunga nezigidi ezibini zibulawa bubundlobongela, indlala kunye nezifo.
Uvavanyo oluqatha olwenziwa yi-Ofisi ye-UN kwiSekela loMququzeleli woLuntu kwi-South Sudan, ekhutshwe kwangoko kulo nyaka, Qi kelelwa kulo nyaka uphelileyo kwingingqi enye ye-Unity State - iindawo ezingama-24, kubandakanya iLeer - abantu abangama-7,165 babulawa kubundlobongela kwaye abanye abangama-829 barhaxwa ngelixa bebaleka. Yongeza kwaba bantu baphantse babe ngama-8,000 abaswelekileyo abanye abantu abayi-1,243 “abalahlekileyo” - becinga ukuba babulewe kodwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso- ngexa bebaleka kunye nabantu abangama-890 ababanjiweyo, kwaye unentlupheko engaphezulu kwama-10,000 XNUMX.
Ukubeka la manani ngokwembono, abo bangama-8,000 abafileyo kwi-Leer nakwimimandla ejikeleze ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kabini kwinani labemi-amadoda, abafazi, abantwana- bulawa emfazweni e-Afghanistan kwi-2015, kwaye liphindwe kabini inani labo bonke abantu abasemzini bulawa kungquzulwano lwaseYemen kunyaka ophelileyo. Nokuba uqikelelo olusezantsi-lwama-50,000 eSouth Sudanesekufa kwabantu ngeminyaka emibini yemfazwe yamakhaya ukusukela ngoDisemba 2013 ukuya kuDisemba 2015-idlula amanani abantuQi kelelwa ubulewe ngaphakathi Siriya phezu Isithuba esilinganayo. Ezinye iingcali zithi inani labantu baseSudan abafileyo lisondele kuma-300,000.
Ukubulala Amabala: Ngoku
I-Leer "yintsimi yokubulala" yindawo ebumdaka ebuswe lilanga egqunywe kwikhaphethi yamagqabi egolide aqinileyo kunye nengca eyomileyo. Nokuba ukhula lutshisiwe kwaye lakrwitshwa lilanga, nangona le ndawo ikwanemithi eqinileyo ye-neem eyenza umthunzi owamkelekileyo. Ukusuka kumasebe angasentla kwam, iintaka ziyakhala, zigcwalisa umoya ngengxolo, iingoma ezingathandekiyo.
URiek Machar wazalwa wazalelwa eLeer. Le ndawo yayiyintsapho yakhe. Imithi emikhulu yakha yafaka umthunzi kwii-tukuls kunye neengcingo. Yayiyindawo yegadi. Abantu babeqhele ukwenza ipikniki apha. Kodwa kwakukudala, kudala kakhulu.
Namhlanje, i-SUV emhlophe ehlanjululwe yaza yahlatywa emhlophe ihleli ebaleni. Hayi kude kangako, ngaphandle kwamatayara, izihlalo, okanye ifestile yomoya yenye yezo zithuthi zinamavili amathathu ezaziwa kwihlabathi liphela njengeLambretta okanye ituck-tuck. Kwaye kukho iimpahla. Ndifumana ihempe yokuzifihla entlango, indlela yayo ebizwa ngokuba “yitshokholethi.” Mgama omde, kukho ibhulukhwe edlakadlaka engwevu, ngaphaya kwayo iteki eblue emdaka edlala amagama athi "Umdlalo weentaka" kunye nemizobo efana nale yomdlalo wevidiyo "Iintaka ezinomsindo."
Kwaye kukho ikholamu yomgogodla.
Umntu.
Kwaye isinqe. Nentambo yobambo. I-femur kunye nelinye icandelo lomqolo womqolo. Ngasekhohlo kwam, likhakhayi elimhlophe eliqaqambileyo. Ndijika kancinane ndabona enye. Amanyathelo ambalwa kwaye kukho enye. Kwaye emva koko enye.
Izidumbu zabantu zisasazeke kuyo yonke le ndawo.
Ukhakhayi lulele "kwindawo yokubulala" eLeer, eSudan eseSudan. Lo mmandla usekupheleni kwedolophu uzele ngabantu abangangcwatywanga. I-Leer, enyanisweni, igcwele ngamathambo. Ndibabona kuyo yonke indawo. Uninzi lwexesha, zizidumbu zamathambo ezilwanyana ezinegazi. Amaxesha ambalwa ndiyema ukuze ndikhangele ithambo lenkedama elilele phakathi kwendawo eyonakeleyo. Kodwa andiyongcali, ke ndiyazitshonisa ezo ndingazichongiyo kwiinkomo okanye kwiibhokhwe. Kodwa apha, kule ndawo yokubulala, akukho mbuzo. Iingqayi, ngokungathandabuzekiyo zicocwe zicocekile kunye neempungutye, zibalisa ibali. Okanye mandithi, ezi orbs zimhlophe, zijongeka ngokungacacanga kwilitha lasemini, zixelele inxenye yazo.
Kukho Intsomi ovela kwisizwe saseSudan sakwaMurle malunga nomfana oselula, owalusa iinkomo emadlelweni, oza kudibana nokhakhayi oluhle. “Owu thixo wam, kutheni ubabulala abantu abahle kangaka?” Ubuza. Ngosuku olulandelayo ubuza kwakhona kwaye ngeli xesha ukakayi luphendula. Ithi: “Owu sithandwa sam, ndafa ngenxa yobuxoki!” Esoyika, ubuyela elalini yakhe aze kamva axelele inkosi namajoni akhe ngokwenzekileyo. Akukho namnye kubo okholelwayo kuye. Ubabongoza ukuba bazibonele ngawabo amehlo. Ukuba uyaxoka, inkosi iyabuza, siza kwenza ntoni ngawe? Umfana uphendula ngokukhawuleza, "Kufuneka undibulale."
Emva koko ukhokelela amajoni kukhakhayi kwaye abuze umbuzo wakhe. Ngeli xesha, ukakayi luhlala luthe cwaka. Ngenxa yobuxoki bakhe, amajoni anyanzelisa, kufuneka bambulale kwaye benza kanye loo nto. Njengokuba sele beza kubuyela elalini, kwavakala ilizwi lisithi, “Yile nto bendikuxelela yona, mfana, kwaye ngoku uswelekile njengokuba nam ndafa.” Amajoni ayavuma ukuba angamxeleli ukumkani ngotshintshiselwano. Ukubuyela elalini, bathi kuphela ukuba le ndoda ixokile kwaye ke bambulala ngokomyalelo.
EMazantsi eSudan, amajoni ayabulala kwaye ayaphambana nawo, ngelixa imigibe ixelela iinyani ukuba abaphilayo bayoyika ukuyithetha.
“Kunokubakho Iimpazamo”
Akukho mntu waziyo ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ngoobani abaswelekileyo. Owona uqikelelo: amanye amadoda kunye namakhwenkwe angaphaya kwama-60 akrokrelwa ngovelwano abavukeli abatshixelwa kwisikhongozeli sokuthumela esingafakwanga nto yimikhosi yaseburhulumenteni ngo-Okthobha ophelileyo bashiya babuna kubushushu obungapheliyo bukaLeer. Ngokwe-Matshi umbiko yi-Amnesty International, xa kwakuvulwa ucango ngosuku olulandelayo, kwasinda umntu omnye, i-12 Nkwenkwe, wagxadazela ephila. Ubuncinci ezinye zezidumbu ezigungxulweyo zaphoswa emaphethelweni edolophu kwimingxunya emibini apho izilwanyana zaqala ukuzitya. Imikhosi kaRhulumente inokuthi ekugqibeleni iyitshise eminye imizimba ukufihla ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho.
Emva kokundwendwela iLeer, ndithathe okufunyanisiweyo kwengxelo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwam ndaya kunobhala woonondaba kaMongameli uSalva Kiir, u-Ateny Wek Ateny. "Bahlala bekopa kwaye bencamathisela," utshilo, ethetha ukuba imibutho yamalungelo oluntu ihlala ivelisa izityholo eziphosakeleyo. Ndaphendula ndathi, luphando olungqongqo, ndithembele kudliwanondlebe olungaphezulu kwama-40, kubandakanya nabangama-23 bokuzibonela, okushiye ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ukuba kwenzeke inkohlakalo.
Uyandiqinisekisa, ezi ngxelo ziyimpazamo ezibulalayo kwingxelo yoXolelo. Abantu baseSudan eSouth Sudan abanakuthenjwa, kuba baya kuhlala bethe cwaka ukuze baphose izizwe ezithandanayo. Kwimeko kaLeer, amangqina anikezela "ngokulandelelana kweziganeko" zokungcikiva uKiir kunye norhulumente wakhe. Uthi: “Abantu baseMelika nabaseYurophu abayiqondi le nto.”
Akwenzeki, wongeza, ukuba urhulumente unokuba noxanduva lobundlobongela eLeer etyholwa ngenxalenye yomkhosi, kuba, njengoko watshoyo, “Asinabo abezomkhosi. Amajoni akayonxalenye karhulumente. ” Kuthekani ngokubandakanyeka ekutyholweni yi-SPLA? Amadoda amaninzi axhobileyo, uthi, banxiba iyunifomu ye-SPLA ngaphandle kokuba yinxalenye yomkhosi. "Asingomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ukubulala abantu," uyanyanzelisa, emva koko avume: "Kunokubakho iimpazamo."
Akukho mntu waziyo ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ngawaphi na amathambo asasazeke kuwo "umhlaba wokubulala" waseLeer, eSouth Sudan. Abanye banokuba ngamadoda namakhwenkwe axinelwe kukusweleka kwisitya sokuhambisa ngo-Okthobha u-2015. “Iimbumbulu Azonelanga. Siza Kusebenzisa Udlwengulo ”
“Bafika nanini na… Bathatha nabantwana babajula kumakhaya avuthayo,” utshilo uSarah Nyanang. Indlu yakhe eLeer yatshatyalaliswa kunyaka ophelileyo kwaye, kutsha nje, kwafika amadoda axhobileyo ebusuku aza athatha okushiyekileyo kusapho lwakhe. Asinangubo, akukho mnatha weengcongconi, akukho ndawo yokuloba, kwaye nangoku bayasiba. ”
UMichael uhlala kufutshane. Abamelwane bakhe bamtyhalela phambili. Amehlo akhe abonakala edada luloyiko. Ilizwi lakhe linjengegrabile emanzi. Amadoda axhobileyo afika ngobusuku obunye ekuqaleni konyaka kwaye ambetha. Undibonisa inxeba elibi elijongeka ngokukhawuleza lisiba sisikratshi entlokweni yakhe, emva koko ajike intloko yakhe atyhile enye eyolula umhlathi wakhe. Bathathe phantse zonke izinto zakhe kunye nenye into exabiseke ngakumbi, umfazi wakhe. USarah Nyanang uphazamisa ukuba abafazi babanjiwe apha banokudlwengulwa ngamadoda ali-10. Wabona ummelwane edlwengulwa ngexesha lokuhlaselwa. Intsingiselo yile yokuba le yinto eyenzeka kumfazi kaMichael.
Usaphila, utsho, kwaye uhlala eThonyor, kodwa akazange ambone ukusukela ngobusuku awathathwa ngabo. Akandixeleli ukuba kutheni.
Xa iqela elivela kwiOfisi yoMkomishinala oPhezulu weZizwe eziManyeneyo wamaLungelo oluNtu liphanda ngasekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo, bafumanisa ukuba ukudlwengulwa kunye nobukhoboka bezesondo yayiyenye yeendlela ezazisenziwa ngamalungu olutsha awayehlasela e-SPLA. Phakathi kwabanye, benziwa udliwanondlebe nomama wabane odibene neqela lamajoni kunye nabantu abaxhobileyo. Ingxelo ithi, “Amadoda aqhubeka amhluba ze, amajoni amahlanu amdlwengula ecaleni kwendlela phambi kwabantwana bakhe. Emva koko warhuqelwa ehlathini ngamanye amajoni amabini amdlwengula amshiya apho. Xa ekugqibeleni wabuyela ecaleni kwendlela, abantwana bakhe, abaphakathi kweminyaka emibini ukuya kwesixhenxe, babedukile.
Umfazi kwilali ekufutshane eKoch County uxelele abaphandi ukuba, ngo-Okthobha u-2015, “emva kokubulala umyeni wakhe, amajoni eSPLA ambophelela emthini kwaye amnyanzela ukuba abukele njengokuba intombi yakhe eneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu idlwengulwa ngamajoni alishumi ubuncinci. . Amajoni athi kuye, 'Ungumfazi ovukelayo ukuze sikwazi ukukubulala.' ”Omnye umama uxele“ ukuba wazibonela ngamehlo intombi yakhe eneminyaka eli-11 ubudala kunye nomhlobo wentombi oneminyaka eli-9 ubudala bedlwengulwa ngamajoni amathathu ngethuba kuhlaselwa. eKoch ngoMeyi 2015. ”
"Ubukhulu bobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo babothusa kakhulu kwanokunikwa inqanaba eliphezulu ngokugqithileyo kulo lonke ungquzulwano eSudan," undixelele uJonathan Loeb weqela le-Amnesty International. Abasetyhini abaninzi badlwengulwa kaninzi ngamadoda amaninzi, uninzi lwabo lwalusetyenziswa njengamakhoboka ezesondo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko alukabikho nangoku.
Ngokuka-Edmund Yakani, umlawuli olawulayo woMbutho wokuXhotyiswa koLuntu oxhasa amalungelo oluntu eSudan, "udlwengulo luye ngaphaya kwesixhobo semfazwe." Undixelela ukuba iyinxalenye yenkcubeko yezomkhosi. “Ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo busetyenziswe njengesicwangciso sokuphelisa abantu kwiindawo abanokuba banike inkxaso kuzo. Ndicinga ukuba kokokuqala kwimbali yeAfrika ukuba kubekwe imiyalelo ekumgangatho ophakamileyo yokusebenzisa udlwengulo njengendlela yokuphelisa abantu, okokuqala iinkokheli zathi 'iimbumbulu azonelanga, siza kusebenzisa udlwengulo.' ”
Apocalypse Ke, ngoku, Soloko
Kwifilimu ye-1979 Apocalypse Ngoku, UKapteni uBenjamin Willard uthunyelwe kwimishini emsa nzulu embilinini wobumnyama, indawo eseCambodia apho injengele yaseMelika ehlasela imfazwe yabucala. "Bendiye kweyona ndawo imbi kakhulu kwihlabathi kwaye bendingayazi nangoku," utshilo uWillard ozifumanela eyakhe indawo yokubulala.
Intsalela yelinye lamaxhoba amaninzi obundlobongela eLeer, eSudan. Idolophu iye yaphanziswa kaninzi kule minyaka idlulileyo kwaye abantu bahlaselwe ngokungenanceba. Akukho namnye owakha wabekwa ityala ngezenzo zenkohlakalo. Ndacinga ngalo mgca njengoko ndandibaleka ndisiya eLeer, ndijonge ezantsi kumgxobhozo nakwimigxobhozo yesifo seengcongconi apho abaninzi bazimele kubabulali nakwabadlwenguli. Abantu abaninzi bandixelele ukuba iLeer yenye yezona ndawo zimbi emhlabeni- kwaye ayisiyonto intsha.
Kwi-1990, ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya yaseSudan, uLeer wayekho ibhomu ngeenqwelomoya ezenziwe ngurhulumente wasemantla waseSoviet uAntonov. Akukho mntu unokwazi ngokuthe ngqo ukuba bangaphi abafa. Kwiminyaka esibhozo kamva, amabutho amaNuer aphikisana noRiek Machar aphazamisaLeer amatyeli amathathu, ukuphanga kunye nokutshisa amakhaya, ukonakalisa izityalo, ukuxhela nokubamba amashumi amawaka eenkomo. “Kwezi nyanga zidlulileyo amawaka abantu abaleke engatyanga okanye engenazimpahla. Baye banyanzelwa ukuba bazifihle kangangeentsuku kwimigxobhozo ejikelezileyo nakwiilali ezikude, behlala kuloyiko rhoqo kwaye besinda kwiinyibiba zamanzi kunye nentlanzi. Iilali zabo zitshisiwe, noovimba bazo baphangiwe, ” wathi ummeli weNkqubo yokutya yeHlabathi ngelo xesha. I-Leer yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo.
Kwi-2003, ukuhlaselwa kwabemi ngemikhosi yaseSudan kunye nemikhosi yezempi ukhutshiweQhosha kwakhona. NgoJanuwari 2014, ngexesha lokuvulwa kwemfazwe yamakhaya yangoku, i-SPLA kunye namaqabane omkhosi ahlasela iLeer kunye needolophu ezikufutshane.Abemi zaye bulawa, abasindileyo babalekela iimbasa, abahlaseli batshisa emhlabeni 1,556 izakhiwo zokuhlala ngokomfanekiso wesathelayithi. Kwaye, ewe, kwafika uhlaselo lonyaka ophelileyo.
Ukusukela amajoni aseMelika emkile eVietnam kwiminyaka yee-1970, khange kubekhona ukubulawa kwabantu kwakhona eMy Lai. Kwaye akuzange kubekho kubulawa kwabantu abaninzi kufutshaneI-Oradour-sur-Glane, France, apho amaNazi uxheliwe Abantu abangama-642 ngoJuni 1944. Zombini iilali ezonakalisiweyo zigcinwe njengezikhumbuzo kwabafileyo. Kwaye nangona i-Iraq yajikwa yindlu ye-charnel emva kohlaselo luka-2003 e-US kunye ne-Syria engummelwane ibone uhlaselo lwezixhobo zemichiza kule minyaka idlulileyo, akubangakho maxhoba matsha erhasi yetyhefu IHalabja okoko ukuhlaselwa kukaSaddam Hussein kwe1988.
ICambodia, nayo, ayibonanga kuphalala gazi kwi-1970s ukusukela oko Khmer Rouge wagxothwa emandleni. Kwaye ngamaxesha athile ukoyika yokuza uhlanga bazilile elumelwaneni, kwaye iRwanda ibanjiwe ngokungxama, ukubanjwa, kunye bulala yabachasi kunye nabagxeki baka rhulumente, ayibanga nento efana nokuphindwaphindwa kwe1994.
Kwi-Leer, nangona kunjalo, abo babulawa kwibhombu ye-1990, ekutshatyalalisweni kwedolophu ye-1998, kuhlaselo luka-2003, kwingxowa yedolophu ngo-2014, nakumaza ohlaselo lowama-2015. abanye ke ngelishwa ngokwaneleyo ukuba bangabiza le dolophu ibe likhaya. Abo bakummandla babanjiswe yijografi kunye neemeko ezingaphaya kolawulo lwabo kwinto enokubizwa ngokuba yintsimi yokubulala phakathi kwezizukulwana.
Ubundlobongela bango-2015 abuzange buphele. Kulungile qhubeka kwinqanaba elincitshisiweyo. Kwiiveki ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba ndifike eLeer, uhlaselo lwamadoda axhobileyo lwakhokelela abahlali kwindawo yokuhlala eMédecins Sans Frontières. Ngosuku endafika ngalo edolophini, ulutsha oluxhobileyo oluvela kummandla owawubanjwe ngabavukeli olungqonge iLeer lwenza uthotho lwe hlaselwa kwimikhosi yoorhulumente, babulala abalithoba.
NgoJulayi, ubundlobongela baphinda bagqabhuka kwikomkhulu laseSudan, iJuba. Ngaloo nto kwafika iingxelo zokuhlaselwa ngokutsha malunga neLeer. Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, isithethi se-SPLA-IO umbiko Ugqogqo lomkhosi karhulumente kwidolophu eziikhilomitha ezingama-25 ukusuka eLeer eyaphela ngokufa kwababini, abafazi abali-15 badlwengulwa, kunye neenkomo ezingama-50. NgoSeptemba, ngeenxa zonke iintsapho ezingama-700 ezivela kwiLeer County baleka kwinkampu ye-UN ngenxa yomlo phakathi kwe-SPLA kunye ne-IO. Kwangoko kule-Okthobha, abantu babulawa kwaye iintsapho zaphinda zabalekela kumgxobhozo ojikeleze iLeer ngenxa yemfazwe kunye nemipu phakathi kwemikhosi emibini.
Akukho mntu wakhe wabekwa ityala ngalo naluphi na olu dushe, nabuphi na ubundlongondlongo, nakuphi na ukusweleka. Kwaye akukho sizathu sincinci sokukholelwa ukuba bayakuze-okanye nokuba ubundlobongela buya kuphela. Ngokungafaniyo neMy Lai okanye iOradour-sur-Glane, uLeer ubonakala emiselwe ukuba abe yintsimi yokubulala engapheliyo, indawo apho kuhlangana khona imizimba, ukubulala emva kokubulawa kwabantu, isizukulwana emva kwesizukulwana-idolophu ebambeke kumjikelo wobundlobongela obubonakala ngathi awunasiphelo.
Phantse unyaka emva kokubaleka iLeer, uMary Nyalony usahlala kwindawo evulekileyo kwiinyibiba zamanzi nakwimeko yelimbo. Ndixhalabile kuba urhulumente usekhona, utshilo kwidolophu yakowabo ehlaselwe. Xa ndibuza ngekamva, undixelela ukuba woyika ukuba "into enye iya kuphinda yenzeke."
Amanyathelo oxolo kunye nethemba abalivelisayo liza lize lihambe, kodwa amashumi eminyaka yembali abonisa ukuba uMary Nyalony uya kuthi ekugqibeleni abonakaliswe elungile. Izivumelwano zoxolo azifani noxolo. UMazantsi eSudan ubone uninzi lwangaphambili, kodwa oluncinci lwamva. "Sifuna uxolo," utsho kaninzi. "Ukuba akukho luxolo, konke oku kuzakuqhubeka."
I-copyright 2016 Nick Turse
Inqaku lokuqala lafunyanwa kwi: http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176200/
