Ngoxolo lweSayensi Digest, peacesciencedigest.org, Februwari 16, 2022
Olu hlalutyo lushwankathela kwaye lubonakalisa olu phando lulandelayo: Dafoe, A., Hatz, S., & Zhang, B. (2021). Ukunyanzeliswa kunye nokuxhokonxa. Journal yoSombululo lweNgxaki,65(2-3), 372-402.
Amaphuzu okuthetha
- Endaweni yokubanyanzela okanye ukubanqanda, isoyikiso okanye ukusetyenziswa kobundlobongela basemkhosini (okanye enye ingozi) inokwenza umchasi Kaninzi uzimisele ngokungabuyi umva, ukucaphukisa ukuba baxhathise ngakumbi okanye baziphindezele.
- Ukuxhalabela isidima nembeko kunokunceda ekucaciseni isizathu sokuba isigqibo selizwe ekujoliswe kulo sisoloko somelezwa, endaweni yokuba buthathaka, zizisongelo okanye uhlaselo.
- Isenzo kusenokwenzeka ukuba sixhokonxe xa ilizwe ekujoliswe kulo libona ukuba imbeko yalo icelwa umngeni, ngoko ngeli xesha isenzo “sobundlongondlongo,” “esingenambeko,” “esidlangalaleni,” okanye “esingeenjongo” sisenokucaphukisa, kwanomntwana omncinane. okanye isenzo esingenziwanga ngabom sisenako, ekubeni singumcimbi wembono.
- Iinkokeli zezopolitiko zinokulawula kakuhle kwaye zinciphise ukucaphukisa ngokunxibelelana nabachasi bazo ngendlela yokunciphisa isenzo esicaphukisayo-ngokomzekelo, ngokucacisa okanye ukucela uxolo ngokoyikiswa okanye ukonakaliswa kokwenyani kunye nokunceda abantu ekujoliswe kubo "basindise ubuso" emva kokuba behlelwe kwisiganeko esinjalo.
Ingqondo engundoqo yoLwazi lokuziqhelanisa
- Ukuqonda okusongelayo okanye ubundlobongela bomkhosi okwenyani kunokuxhokonxa abachasi njengoko kunokubanyanzela kutyhila ubuthathaka obuphambili beendlela zomkhosi kukhuseleko kwaye kusikhuthaza ukuba siphinde sityale izixhobo ezibotshelelwe emkhosini ngoku kwiinkqubo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo enegalelo kukhuseleko oluphilayo. . Ukunyuka kweengxaki zangoku-ezifana naleyo ikumda waseUkraine-kufuna ukuqwalaselwa kwigama kunye nokuhlonipha iinkxalabo zabachasi bethu.
isishwankathelo
Inkolelo exhaphakileyo yokuba isenzo somkhosi siyimfuneko kukhuseleko lwesizwe sixhomekeke kwingqiqo ukunyanzelisa: ingcamango yokuba isoyikiso okanye ukusetyenziswa kobundlobongela bomkhosi kuya kwenza umchasi abuyele phantsi, ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu abanokuthi bazenze ngenxa yokungenzi njalo. Kwaye okwangoku, siyazi ukuba oku kuhlala okanye ayiqhelekanga indlela abachasi-nokuba ngamanye amazwe okanye amaqela axhobileyo angengorhulumente-baphendulayo. Endaweni yokubanyanzela okanye ukubanqanda, isoyikiso okanye ukusetyenziswa kobundlobongela basemkhosini kunokubonakala ngathi kwenza umchasi Kaninzi uzimisele ngokungabuyi umva, ukucaphukisa ukuba baxhathise ngakumbi okanye baziphindezele. UAllan Dafoe, uSophia Hatz, kunye noBaobao Zhang banomdla wokwazi ukuba kutheni isoyikiso okanye ingozi yokwenyani inokubakho. ukucaphukisa isiphumo, ngakumbi kuba kuqhelekile ukulindela ukuba ibe nesiphumo esichaseneyo. Ababhali bacebisa ukuba ukuxhalabela isidima kunye nembeko kunokunceda ukucacisa ukuba kutheni ilizwe ekujoliswe kulo lihlala liqiniswa, kunokuba libe buthathaka, zizisongelo okanye ukuhlaselwa.
Ukunyanzelwa: "ukusetyenziswa kwezigrogriso, ubundlongondlongo, ubundlobongela, iindleko zezinto eziphathekayo, okanye ezinye iintlobo zengozi okanye zokwenyani njengendlela yokuphembelela ukuziphatha komntu ekujoliswe kuye," ukucinga ukuba izenzo ezinjalo ziya kwenza umchasi abuyele phantsi, ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu. baya kungena ngenxa yokungakwenzi oko.
Ukuxhokonxa: “ukwanda [kwisigqibo] kunye nomnqweno wokuziphindezela” ngenxa yesoyikiso okanye ingozi yokwenyani.
Emva kokuphonononga ngakumbi ingqiqo yokunyanzeliswa-ingakumbi, ukubonakala kokuncipha kwenkxaso yoluntu kwimfazwe kunye nokwanda kwamaxhoba-ababhali baphendukela kuphononongo lwembali lwamatyala "okubonakala ngathi axhokonxa." Ngokusekelwe kolu hlolisiso lwembali, bavelisa ingcamango yokucaphukisa egxininisa ukuxhalabela igama nozuko lwelizwe—oko kukuthi, ilizwe lidla ngokubona izisongelo okanye ukusetyenziswa kogonyamelo “njengeemvavanyo zesigqibo,” libeka “udumo (lwesigqibo). ) nozuko lusemngciphekweni.” Ngoko ke, ilizwe lisenokuvakalelwa kukuba lifanele libonise ukuba aliyi kutyhalela phambili—ukuba isigqibo salo sinamandla yaye linokukhusela imbeko yalo—nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni liziphindezele.
Ababhali bakwachonga ezinye iingcaciso zokucatshukiswa okucacileyo, okungaphaya kodumo nembeko: ubukho bezinye izinto eziqhuba ukunyuka okuye kuphoswe ngempazamo; ukutyhilwa kolwazi olutsha malunga nezinto anomdla kuzo umchasi, umlinganiswa, okanye amandla akhe ngesenzo sabo esixhokonxayo, esomeleza ukuzimisela kokujoliswe kuko; kunye noko kujoliswe kuko kusonjululwa ngakumbi ngenxa yelahleko eyenzileyo kunye nomnqweno wayo wokwenza oku kube nexabiso.
Ukumisela ubukho bokucaphukisa kwaye emva koko uvavanye iinkcazo ezahlukeneyo ezinokwenzeka ngayo, ababhali baqhube uvavanyo lovavanyo lwe-intanethi. Bohlula-hlula abaphenduli be-1,761 base-US basekwe kumaqela amahlanu kwaye banikezela ngeemeko ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya intsebenziswano phakathi kweenqwelo zomkhosi zase-US kunye ne-China (okanye ingozi yemozulu), ezinye zazo ezibangele ukufa komqhubi we-US, kwingxabano ngomkhosi wase-US. ukufikelela eMpuma naseMzantsi China Seas. Emva koko, ukulinganisa amanqanaba okusombulula, ababhali babuza imibuzo malunga nendlela i-US kufuneka yenze ngayo-indlela emele iqine ngayo kwingxabano-impendulo kwisiganeko esichazwe.
Okokuqala, iziphumo zibonelela ngobungqina bokuba kukho uqhushululu, kunye nemeko ebandakanya uhlaselo lwaseTshayina olwabulala umqhubi wenqwelomoya wase-US esonyusa kakhulu isigqibo sabaphenduli-kubandakanya ukonyuka kokuvuma ukusebenzisa amandla, imfazwe emngciphekweni, ukungena kwiindleko zoqoqosho, okanye amava abulalayo emkhosini. Ukuqonda ngcono ukuba yintoni echaza le ngqumbo, ababhali baphinda bathelekise iziphumo ezivela kwezinye iimeko ukuze babone ukuba bangakwazi na ukukhupha ezinye iinkcazo, kwaye iziphumo zabo ziqinisekisa ukuba banako. Eyona nto inomdla kakhulu kukuba, ngelixa ukufa ngenxa yohlaselo kwandisa isisombululo, ukufa ngenxa yengozi yemozulu, kodwa kumxholo wemishini yomkhosi, akukho-ukwalatha kwimpembelelo evuselelayo kuphela yelahleko enokuthi ibekho. ebonwa ebeka isidima nembeko esichengeni.
Ababhali ekugqibeleni bagqibe kwelokuba izoyikiso kunye nokwenzakala kokwenyani kunokulicaphukisa ilizwe ekujoliswe kulo kwaye ingqiqo yodumo kunye nembeko iyanceda ekuchazeni oku xhokonxa. Abaphikisi ukuba ukucaphuka (kunokuba kunyanzeliswe) kuhlala kusisiphumo sokugrogriswa okanye ukusetyenziswa kobundlobongela bomkhosi, kanye oko kuhlala kunjalo. Eyona nto kusafuneka kuqondwe ngayo kukuba yeyiphi na imeko ekunokwenzeka ukuba uxhokonxe okanye unyanzeliswe. Nangona uphando olungakumbi ngalo mbuzo lufuneka, ababhali bafumanisa kuhlalutyo lwabo lwembali ukuba "iziganeko zibonakala zixhokonxa ngakumbi xa zibonakala zindlongondlongo, ziyonakalisa kwaye zibulala ngakumbi, zingahloneli, zicace, zisesidlangalaleni, zenziwe ngabom, kwaye zingaxoliswanga." Kwangaxeshanye, kwanezenzo ezingephi okanye ezingezizo ngabom zisenokuthi zixhokonxe. Ekugqibeleni, enoba isenzo esicaphukisayo sinokusuka nje sifikelele kwimbono yalowo kujoliswe kuye ukuba imbeko yakhe iyacelw’ umngeni.
Becinga ngale nto, ababhali babonelela ngeembono zakwandulelayo malunga nendlela enokuthi ilawulwe ngayo ngcono isithukuthezi: Ukongeza ekwaleni ukuthatha inxaxheba kwinqanaba elikhulayo, iinkokeli zezopolitiko (zelizwe ebelibandakanyeka kwisenzo esixhokonxayo) zinokunxibelelana nomchasi wazo. indlela esinciphisa ngayo isenzo esicaphukisayo—ngokomzekelo, ngokucacisa okanye ngokucela uxolo. Ukucela uxolo, ngokukodwa, kunokusebenza ngokuchanekileyo kuba kunxulumene nembeko kwaye yindlela yokunceda lowo ujoliswe kuye "asindise ubuso" emva kokuba ephantsi kwesoyikiso okanye isenzo sobundlobongela.
Ulwazi lokuziqhelanisa
Esona siphumo sinzulu solu phando kukuba isoyikiso okanye ukusetyenziswa kobungozi kwezopolitiko zamazwe ngamazwe akusoloko kusebenza: Endaweni yokunyanzela umchasi kwikhondo lethu lesenzo esilithandayo, ihlala ibacaphukisa kwaye yomeleza ukuthanda kwabo ukugrumba kunye / okanye ukuziphindezela. . Oku kufunyanisiweyo kuneempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kwindlela esijongana ngayo neengxabano namanye amazwe (kunye nabadlali abangengawo karhulumente), kunye nendlela esikhetha ukuchitha ngayo izixhobo zethu ezixabisekileyo ukuze sikhonze ngokufanelekileyo iimfuno zokhuseleko lwabantu bokwenyani. Ngokukodwa, ijongela phantsi iingcamango ezixhaphakileyo malunga nokusebenza kobundlobongela bomkhosi-ubuchule bayo bokufikelela iziphelo ezisetyenziselwa zona. Inyani yokuba ezo zinto zifunyanisiweyo (kunye nokubalwa ngokunyanisekileyo koloyiso, ukoyiswa, okanye ukutsalwa kwimbali yomkhosi wase-US) akuphumeleli kukhetho lokulahla izixhobo zelizwe lase-US kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi olulambathayo lwalatha kweminye imikhosi esebenzayo: ezizezi. , amandla enkcubeko nezoqoqosho—ukuzukiswa kunye nokholo olumfamekileyo emkhosini namandla ezakhiwo zezomkhosi—zombini eziphembelela ukuthathwa kwezigqibo ekuxhaseni umkhosi onamandla xa oku kungazifezi izilangazelelo zabantu. Endaweni yoko, ngokuvezwa okuzingisileyo kokusebenza-kunye nokungabi nangqiqo-komkhosi wenkcubeko noqoqosho, thina (e-US) sinako kwaye kufuneka sikhulule izixhobo esixelelwa ukuba akufuneki sityale kwiinkqubo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo eya kuthi eneneni iphucule ubomi. ukhuseleko lwabo bangaphakathi nangaphaya kwemida yase-US: inguqu echanekileyo kumandla ahlaziyekayo ukudala imisebenzi kunye nokunciphisa ubuzaza beentlekele zemozulu esijongene nazo, izindlu ezifikelelekayo kunye nezempilo yengqondo eyaneleyo kunye neenkonzo zonyango lweziyobisi kuye wonke umntu ozifunayo, iindlela ezinganyangekisiweyo zokhuseleko loluntu. ezidityanisiweyo kwaye ziphendule kuluntu abalusebenzelayo, imfundo efikelelekayo kunye nefikelelekayo ukusuka ekufundeni kwangethuba / ukukhathalelwa kwabantwana ukuya ekholejini, kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo jikelele.
Kwinqanaba elikhawulezileyo, olu phando lunokusetyenziswa ukukhanyisa ingxaki kumda we-Ukraine, kunye nezicwangciso ezinokwenzeka zokunciphisa ukunyuka. Zombini iRussia kunye ne-US zisebenzisa izoyikiso ngokuchasene nenye (imikhosi iqokelelana, izilumkiso zomlomo malunga nezohlwayo eziqatha zezoqoqosho) mhlawumbi ngenjongo yokunyanzela omnye ukuba enze into ayifunayo. Ngokungamangalisiyo, ezi zenzo zandisa kuphela isisombululo secala ngalinye-kwaye olu phando lusinceda ukuba siqonde isizathu sokuba: Isidima nembeko yelizwe ngalinye zisengozini, kwaye ngamnye unexhala lokuba ukuba ubuya umva xa ejongene nezisongelo zelinye, kuya kuba njalo. bajongwe “njengababuthathaka,” ukunika imvume kwabanye ukuba balandele imigaqo-nkqubo echasayo ngakumbi.
Njengoko akuyi kuba yinto emangalisayo kuye nawuphi na unozakuzaku onamava, olu phando lunokucebisa ukuba, ukuzikhupha kulo mjikelo wochuku kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwe imfazwe, amaqela kufuneka aziphathe kwaye anxibelelane ngeendlela eziya kuthi zibenegalelo kubuchule bomchasi wabo “wokusindisa. ubuso.” Kwi-US, oku kuthetha ukubeka phambili iindlela zempembelelo-mhlawumbi ngokuphikisanayo-zingabeki imbeko yaseRashiya emngciphekweni kwaye ivumela iRashiya ukuba igcine isidima sayo. Ngapha koko, ukuba i-US iqinisekisa iRussia ukuba ikhuphe imikhosi yayo kumda waseUkraine, kufuneka ifumane indlela yokuba iRussia ibonelelwe "iphumelele" -enyanisweni iqinisekisa iRussia ukuba iya kuba "nokuphumelela" koluntu kunokuba luncedo ukukwazi kwayo ukweyisela iRussia ukuba yenze njalo kwasekuqaleni njengoko oku kuya kunceda iRussia igcine isidima nembeko. [MW]
Imibuzo iphakanyisiwe
Kutheni siqhubeka sityala imali kwaye siguqukele kwisenzo somkhosi xa sisazi ngokusuka kumava-kunye nophando olufana nolu-ukuba lunokuxhokonxa njengoko lunyanzelisa?
Zeziphi ezona ndlela zithembisayo zokunceda iintshaba zethu “zisindise ubuso”?
Ukuqhubeka kokufunda
Gerson, J. (2022, Januwari 23). Iindlela zokhuseleko eziqhelekileyo zokusombulula iingxaki zaseUkraine kunye neYurophu. Ukupheliswa 2000. Ifunyenwe ngoFebruwari 11, 2022, ukusuka https://www.abolition2000.org/en/news/2022/01/23/common-security-approaches-to-resolve-the-ukraine-and-european-crises/
Rogers, K., & Kramer, A. (2022, February 11). I-White House ilumkisa ukuba uhlaselo lwaseRussia lwase-Ukraine lunokwenzeka nangaliphi na ixesha. INew York Times. Ifunyenwe ngoFebruwari 11, 2022, ukusuka https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/11/world/europe/ukraine-russia-diplomacy.html
Amagama abalulekileyo: Ukunyanzeliswa, ukucaphukisa, izoyikiso, isenzo somkhosi, isidima, imbeko, ukunyuka, ukuhla.
