Ukucinga ukuba imfazwe ayinakupheka kwenza kube njalo; sisiprofeto esizizalisayo. Ukucinga ukuba ukuphelisa imfazwe kunokwenzeka ukuvula umnyango wokwakha owenzayo kwinkqubo yoxolo.
Kukho uxolo ngakumbi kwiLizwe kuneMfazwe
Inkulungwane yeshumi leminyaka yayiyixesha leemfazwe ezinzima, kodwa iintlanga ezininzi azizange zilwe nezinye iintlanga ixesha elininzi. I-US yamlwa neJamani iminyaka emithandathu, kodwa yayinokuthula nelizwe iminyaka engamashumi asithoba anine. Imfazwe yaseJapane yahlala iminyaka emine; La mazwe amabini abe noxolo ngamashumi asithoba anesithandathu.1 I-US ayilwe neCanada ukususela kwi-1815 kwaye ayizange ilwa noSweden okanye iNdiya. I-Guatemala ayizange ilwa neFransi. Inyaniso kukuba ininzi yehlabathi iphila ngaphandle kwemfazwe ixesha elininzi. Enyanisweni, ukususela kwi-1993, iziganeko zokulwa kwamanye amazwe ziye zahla.2 Ngexesha elifanayo, siyavuma ukuguqulwa kweemfazwe njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili. Oku kuphawuleka kakhulu kubungozi bentlalo. Enyanisweni, ukukhuselwa kwabahlali kuqhutyelwe ukusetyenziswa njengesizathu sokungenelela kumkhosi (umz., Ukuchithwa kwe-2011 kaRhulumente waseLibya).
Sitshintshile iiNkqubo ezinkulu kwixesha elidlulileyo
Utshintsho olukhulu olungalindelwanga lwenzekile kwimbali yehlabathi amaxesha amaninzi ngaphambili. Iziko lakudala lobukhoboka lalipheliswe kwisithuba esingaphantsi kwekhulu leminyaka. Nangona iindidi ezintsha zobukhoboka zifunyanwa zifihlakele kwiimbombo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba, akukho semthethweni kwaye jikelele kuthathwa njengokugwenxa. Kwintshona, inqanaba labasetyhini liphuculwe ngokugqibeleleyo kule minyaka ilikhulu idlulileyo. Ngeminyaka yoo-1950 kunye neye-1960 izizwe ezingaphezulu kwekhulu zazikhulula kulawulo lobukoloniyali olwaludlule iinkulungwane. Ngo-1964 ucalucalulo ngokwasemthethweni lwabhukuqwa e-US Ngo-1993, amazwe ase-Yuropu adala i-European Union emva kokulwa iminyaka engaphezulu kwewaka. Ubunzima obufana nengxaki yamatyala e-Greece eqhubekayo okanye i-2016 Brexit ivoti-i-Bhritane ishiya i-European Union-kujongwana nayo ngeendlela zentlalo nezopolitiko, hayi ngemfazwe. Olunye utshintsho belungalindelwanga kwaye luye ngesiquphe ngokothusa iingcali, kubandakanya ukuwa ngo-1989 kobuzwilakhe bobukomanisi baseMpuma Yurophu, kwalandelwa ngo-1991 kukuwa kweSoviet Union. Ngo-1994 sabona ukuphela kocalucalulo eMzantsi Afrika. Ngo-2011 kwabakho uxhaso "lwentwasahlobo yaseArabhu" yedemokhrasi ebambe uninzi lweengcali.
Siphila kwiLizwe eliguqukayo ngokukhawuleza
Iqondo kunye nesantya senguqu kwiminyaka emashumi mabini anesithathu ekude kunzima ukuyiqonda. Umntu ozalwe kwi-1884, mhlawumbi ukhulu-kholo lwabantu abasaphila, wazalwa ngaphambi kokuba imoto, izibane zombane, i-rediyo, indiza, ithelevishini, izixhobo zenukliya, intanethi, iifowuni, kunye ne-drones, njl. umhlaba. Bazalelwa ngaphambi kokuveliswa kwemfazwe epheleleyo. Kwaye sibhekene neenguqu ezingakumbi nakwixesha elizayo. Sisondela kubemi abayizigidi ezili-9 nge-2050, ukubaluleka kokutshisa i-fuel fuels, kunye nokutshintsha kwexesha lokukhawuleza kwemozulu eliza kuphakamisa amanqanaba olwandle kunye nezixeko ezinxweme kunye neendawo eziphantsi apho izigidi zihlala khona, zihamba ngokufuduka kwimizi oku akuzange kubonwe ukususela ekuwa koBukumkani baseRoma. Iipateni zezolimo ziya kutshintsha, iintlobo ziya kugxininiswa, imililo yehlathi iya kuba yinto eqhelekileyo kwaye iyaxhaphaka, kwaye iziphepho ziya kuba nzima. Iimpawu zengqondo ziya kutshintsha. Ukunqongophala kwamanzi kuya kubangela iingxabano. Asikwazi ukuqhubeka nokongeza imfazwe kulo mzekelo wesifo. Ukongezelela, ukwenzela ukunciphisa nokulungelelanisa iimpembelelo ezingalunganga zolu tshintsho siya kufuna ukufumana izibonelelo ezinkulu, kwaye ezi zinto zivela kuphela kwiimali-mali zehlabathi zomhlaba, eziyi-dollar ezimbini ngonyaka.
Ngenxa yoko, ukucinga okuqhelekileyo malunga nekamva akusayi kubamba. Izinguqu ezinkulu kakhulu kwindlela yethu yentlalo nezoqoqosho ziqala ukuvela, nokuba zikhethwa, ngeemeko esizidalileyo, okanye ngemimandla engaphathi kwethu. Eli xesha lokungaqiniseki okukhulu linempembelelo enkulu kumsebenzi, isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kwemikhosi yempi. Nangona kunjalo, into ecacileyo kukuba izisombululo zempi azikwazi ukusebenza kakuhle kwikamva. Imfazwe njengoko siyazi ukuba yinto engapheliyo.
Iipilisi zobuPatrikari ziMngeni
Ubukhulu-bosapho, inkqubo eneminyaka yobudala yentlangano yentlalontle enelungelo lokusebenzisa ibhizinisi, ukulungisa imithetho, nokukhokela ubomi bethu, ibonakala yingozi. Iimpawu zokuqala zobukhokho babonwa kwi-Neolithic Era, eyaqhubeka malunga ne-10,200 BCE ukuya phakathi kwe-4,500 ne-2,000 BCE, xa izalamane zethu zasekuqaleni zithembela kwinkqubo yokwahlukana kwabasebenzi apho amadoda azingelwayo kunye nabasetyhini bahlanganiselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kweentlobo zethu. Amadoda anesimo esomeleleyo kwaye i-biologically isetyenziswe ukuba isebenzise ubugwenxa kunye nokulawula ukuthanda kwabo, sifundiswa, ngoxa amabhinqa asebenziseke kakhulu "ukuthambekela kunye nobuhlobo" isicwangciso sokusebenzisana nentlalo.
Iimpawu zobuncwane bobuhlanga ziquka ukuxhomekeka kwi-hierarchy (amandla avela phezulu phezulu kunye, okanye ambalwa amalungelo, ekulawuleni), ukukhutshwa (imida ecacileyo phakathi "kwabangaphandle" kunye "nabangaphandle"), ukuxhomekeka kobukhosi ("indlela yam okanye umgwaqo omkhulu" njenge-mantra eqhelekileyo), kunye nokukhuphisana (ukuzama ukufumana okanye ukuphumelela into ngokubhetele kwabanye abayifunayo nayo). Le nkqubo inelungelo lokulwa neemfazwe, likhuthaza ukuqokelela izixhobo, idale iintshaba, kwaye ivelise imibambano yokukhusela isimo semeko.
Abasetyhini kunye nabantwana babecingwa, kaninzi, njengabaphantsi koxhomekeke kwiminqweno yabantu abadala, abacebileyo, abanamandla. Ubukhulu-bosapho luyindlela yokuba kwiindawo ezinokuthi izigwebo zingaphaya kwamalungelo, kubangele ukuphangwa kwamandla kunye nokubuyiswa kwakhona ngabathengi abaphezulu. Ixabiso lidla ngokulinganiswa yiyiphi impahla, iipropati kunye nabakhonzi abaye bahlanganiswa kunokuba ngumgangatho woqhagamshelo lwabantu oluhlakulayo. Iiprotracyl protocols kunye nobunini besilisa kunye nokulawulwa kwemithombo yethu yendalo, iinkqubo zethu zezopolitiko, amaziko ethu ezoqoqosho, amaziko ethu enkolo, kunye nolwazi lwethu lwentsapho luqhelekileyo kwaye luye lwabhalwa kwimbali. Sikhokelwa ekubeni sikholelwe ukuba imvelo yoluntu inokukhuphisana ngokwemvelo, kwaye ukhuphiswano lubangela ukuxhaswa kweengxowa-mali, ngoko-ke ubukhulu becala bube yinkqubo engcono kakhulu kwezoqoqosho. Kuyo yonke imbali ibhaliweyo ibhinqa ininzi ikhutshwe kwiimbopheleleko zobunkokheli, nangona iyancipha isahlulo sabemi kufuneka bahlale bemithetho iinqununu.
Emva kweeminyaka zeenkolelo ezinqabileyo ezingathandabuzekiyo ukuba iindoda zesintu zengcinga, umzimba kunye nentlalo yoluntu ziphezulu kunabesifazane, ixesha elitsha likhoyo. Ngumsebenzi wethu ohlangeneyo ukuqhubela phambili utshintsho olufunekayo ngokukhawuleza ukulondoloza iintlobo zethu kunye nokubonelela ngehlabathi elizinzileyo kwizizukulwana ezizayo.
Indawo elungileyo yokuqala ukuguquka kude nobukhohlakasemfundo kukuqala ngemfundo yobuntwana kunye nokuthotyelwa kweenkqubo zokukhulisa umzali, ukusebenzisa idemokhrasi kunokuba izikhokelo zobungqina ekukhuleni kweentsapho zethu. Imfundo yokuqala kwimigaqo yokuqhagamshelana engekho nto kunye nokuthatha isinqumo ngokuvumelana nokuthatha izigqibo kuya kunceda ukulungiselela ulutsha lwabo kwiindima zabo njengabaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo. Ukuphumelela kule migca sele ibonakaliswe kumazwe amaninzi awalandele imigaqo yenceba yeengcali zeengqondo uMarshall Rosenberg ekuqhubeni imigaqo yelizwe kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe.
Imfundo kuzo zonke iinqanaba kufuneka ikhuthaze ukucinga okugxilileyo kunye neengqondo ezivulekileyo kunokuba abafundi be-indoctrinating bamkele i-status quo ehlulekayo ukucebisa impilo yabantu kunye nokuphucula impilo jikelele. Amazwe amaninzi anika imfundo yamahhala kuba abemi bawo bajongwa njengezibonelelo zomntu kunokuba zixhobo zokulahla ezikhoyo. Ukutshala imali ekufundeni konke kuya kuphakamisa zonke iinqanawa.
Kufuneka sihlolisise ngokugqithiseleyo imizobo esesifundileyo kunye nokutshintshwa kwexesha elidlulileyo ngeengcamango ezingenamsebenzi. Indlela yokuguqula isini kunye neendlela zefowuni zifakela iindidi zobunqunu zobomi bethu bexesha elidlulileyo. Ukuba ixesha lokukhanyisa lisondele, simele sikulungele ukuguqula isimo sethu sengqondo. Ubuninzi bobuninzi bobulili obukhulayo buya kuvela, kwaye yile nyathelo elifanelekileyo.
Simele silahle ingcamango endala yokuba i-genitalia inayo nayiphi na impembelelo kwixabiso lomntu kuluntu. Ukuqhutyelwa okukhulu kuyenziwe ekuqhekezeni izithintelo zesini kwimisebenzi, ukufumana amathuba, ukhetho lokuzonwabisa kunye namathuba emfundo, kodwa kuninzi kufuneka kwenziwe phambi kokuba singatsho ukuba amadoda namabhinqa alinganayo.
Siye saqaphela ukuguquka kwimiba ebomini bendawo: ngoku kukho abangakumbi abangabatshatileyo e-USA, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo, abasetyhini batshata kamva ebomini. Abasetyhini abanqwenela ukuchonga njengento engqinelanayo kwindoda ebalulekileyo ebomini babo, besithi bazisile.
I-Microloans ixhobisa abafazi kumazwe anomlando we-misogyny. Ukufundisa amantombazana kuhambelana nokunciphisa amazinga okuzalwa nokuphakamisa imigangatho yokuphila. Ukutyunjwa komzimba wesini kuxoxwa kwaye kuyinselele kwimimandla yehlabathi apho ukulawulwa kwamadoda kuye kube yindlela efanelekileyo yokusebenza. Kuye kwacetyiswa kwakhona, ekulandeleni umzekelo osanda kutsalwa nguNdunankulu omtsha waseCanada, uJustin Trudeau, ekukhetheni kwakhe ukulawula nekhabhinethi elungelelanisiweyo, esimele siyiqwalasele ukubonisa ukugunyazwa, kumazwe onke, kubo bonke oorhulumente. kungekhona kuphela kwiiofisi zonke ezikhethiweyo kodwa zonke izikhundla zomqeshwa.
Inkqubela phambili yamalungelo amabhinqa ininzi; ukufezekisa ukulingana okupheleleyo kunye nabesilisa kuya kunika impilo enempilo, yolonwabo kunye noluntu olunamandla.
Imfesane kunye nokuBambisana kuyingxenye yoLuntu
Imfazwe yoMkhosi isekelwe kwinkolelo yamanga ukuba ukhuphiswano kunye nogonyamelo luyisiphumo sokuguqulwa kwemvelo, ukungaqondi ukuphakanyiswa kweDarwin kwikhulu leshumi elinesithoba ebonakalisa imvelo njenge "ebomvu ngezinyo kunye nokuphosa" kunye noluntu njengolukhuphiswano, -kuloo mdlalo apho "impumelelo" eya kwintlonelo kunye nogonyamelo. Kodwa ukuqhubela phambili kuphando lokuziphatha kunye nesayensi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kubonisa ukuba asiyi kutshabalalisa ubundlobongela ngeentsholongwane zethu, ukuba ukwabelana kunye novelwano kunesiseko esisigxina. Kwi-1986 kwiNgxelo yeSeva yezoPhathozo (echasayo ingcamango yobudlova obungenakwenzeka kwaye ingenakukhutshwa njengowomgangatho wobuntu). Ukususela ngeli xesha kubekho inguqulelo kwiphando lophando lwezobugcisa oluqinisekisa ngokugqithiseleyo ingxelo yeSeville.3 Abantu banamandla okuba novelwano kunye nentsebenziswano apho umkhosi wemfundo uzama ukuxhamla ngaphandle kwempumelelo engaphelelanga, njengoko amaninzi amatyala okuxhaswa emva kokudandatheka kunye nokuzibulala phakathi kwamajoni abuyelayo angqina.
Nangona kuyi nyaniso ukuba abantu banakho amandla okulwa kunye nentsebenziswano, imfazwe yanamhlanje ayiphumeli kwintlungu. Luhlobo oluhlelekile nolulungelelweyo lokuziphatha olufunayo olufuna ukuba oorhulumente bacebe phambili phambi kwexesha kwaye bahlanganisise uluntu wonke ukuze luphumelele. Umgca wenyani kukuba intsebenziswano nemfesane ziyinxalenye enkulu yimeko yomntu njengobundlobongela. Sinawo amandla okubini kunye nokukwazi ukukhetha, kodwa ngelixa ukhetha olu khetho kumntu, isiseko sengqondo kubalulekile, kufuneka ukuba kukhokelela ekutshintsheni kwizakhiwo zoluntu.
Imfazwe ayiyi kubuya ngasemva emva kwexesha. Kwakuqala. Asinamathele emfazweni. Siyifunda.
UBrian Ferguson (uprofesa we-Anthropology)
Ubaluleka beZakhiwo zeMfazwe noxolo
Akwanele ukuba abantu behlabathi bafune uxolo. Uninzi lwabantu luyenzayo, kodwa luxhasa ngenkqubela xa uhlanga lwawo lukarhulumente okanye uluhlu lwentlanga lufuna oko. Ukudlulisa imithetho emelene nemfazwe, njengokudalwa kweNhlangano yeZizwe kwi-1920 okanye i-Kellogg-Briand Pact ye-1928 edume imfazwe kwaye isayinwa yiintlanga ezinkulu zehlabathi kwaye ayizange ibenqabe, ayizange yenze loo msebenzi.4 Zomibini zale ntshukumo edibeneyo zadalwa ngaphakathi kwiNkqubo yeMfazwe enamandla kwaye ngokwazo ayikuthintela imfazwe eyongezelelekileyo. Ukudala iLigano kunye nokuqhawula imfazwe kwakuyimfuneko kodwa ayanele. Yintoni eyaneleyo ukudala isakhiwo esinamandla sezentlalo, ezomthetho nezopolitiko eziza kufezekisa nokugcina ukuphela kwemfazwe. Inkqubo yeMfazwe yenziwe ngamanyathelo angeneleleko enza imfazwe eqhelekileyo. Ngako oko iNkqubo yeSizwe yoKhuseleko loKhuseleko lokuTshintsha indawo kufuneka ivelwe ngendlela efanayo. Ngethamsanqa, inkqubo enjalo iye yaphuhliswa ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka.
Cishe akukho mntu ufuna imfazwe. Phantse wonke umntu uyamxhasa. Ngoba?
Kent Shifferd (Umbhali, Umlando)
Indlela yoSebenzi beeNkqubo
Iinkqubo zi-webs zobudlelwane apho inxalenye nganye ithonya ezinye iindawo ngempendulo. IPawulo A ayithinti kuphela i-B, kodwa uB uyondla ku-A, njalo njalo kude kubekho amaphuzu kwiwebhu abaxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo. Ngokomzekelo, kwiNkqubo yeMfazwe, isiko lempi siya kuba nempembelelo kwimfundo ukusekela iinkqubo ze-Reserve Officers 'Training Corps (ROTC) kwizikolo eziphakamileyo, kwaye iikhosi zezifundo zamabanga aphakamileyo ziza kubakho imfazwe njengelizwe elithandwayo, elingenakukhunjulwa kunye noluntu oluqhelekileyo, ngelixa iicawa zithandaza ukuba imikhosi kunye neendawo zonqulo zisebenze kwimboniso yeembambano apho iCongress ixhaswe ngemali ukuze yenze imisebenzi eya kufumana iCongress abantu abakhethwa kwakhona.5 Amagosa asebukhosini asele umhlalaphantsi aya kuqhuba iikhampani zokuvelisa iingalo kwaye athole iikontraka kwiziko labo langaphambili, i-Pentagon. Isiganeko esilandelayo yinto ebizwa ngokuthi "umnyango ojikelezayo wempi".6 Inkqubo yenziwe ngeenkolelo ezingenanto, ixabiso, ubuchwephesha, nangaphezulu kwayo yonke indawo, amaziko axhasana. Ngelixa iinkqubo zihlala zizinzile ixesha elide, ukuba ingcinezelo engapheliyo ikhula, inkqubo iya kufinyelela kwinqanaba kwaye ingatshintsha ngokukhawuleza.
Siphila kwimfazwe yoxolo-ukuqhubeka, ukubuyela umva phakathi kweMfazwe eSitalini, iMfazwe engaqinisekanga, uxolo olungazinzanga, kunye noXolo oluzinzileyo. Imfazwe ezinzileyo yinto esiyibonileyo eYurophu kangangeenkulungwane kwaye ngoku siyibonile kuMbindi Mpuma ukusukela nge1947. Uxolo oluzinzileyo yinto esiyibonileyo eScandinavia amakhulu eminyaka (ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kweScandinavia kwiimfazwe zase-US / NATO). Ubutshaba baseMelika neKhanada obabona iimfazwe ezintlanu ngenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18 zaphela ngesiquphe ngo-1815. Olu tshintsho lwesigaba lutshintsho lwenene lwehlabathi kodwa lilinganiselwe kwimimandla ethile. Intoni World Beyond War ifuna ukufaka utshintsho kwisigaba kwihlabathi liphela, ukusisusa kwi-Stable War ukuya ku-Stable Peace, ngaphakathi naphakathi kweentlanga.
Inkqubo yoxolo kwihlabathi liphela yimeko yenkqubo yoluntu yoluntu egcina uxolo ngokuthembekileyo. Umdibaniso wamaziko, imigaqo-nkqubo, imikhwa, amaxabiso, amandla kunye neemeko zinokuvelisa esi siphumo. … Inkqubo enjalo kufuneka ivele ngenxa yeemeko ezikhoyo.
URobert A. Irwin (uprofesa wezoLuntu)
Isistim e-Alternative System esele iququzelele
Ubu bungqina obuvela kwizinto zakudala kunye ne-anthropology ngoku lubonisa ukuba imfazwe yayiyintlalo yoluntu malunga ne-10,000 kwiminyaka edlulileyo kunye nokunyuka kobukhulu belizwe, ubukhoboka kunye nobukhoboka. Safunda ukulwa. Kodwa ngaphezu kwekhulu lamawaka eminyaka ngaphambili, abantu bahlala ngaphandle kobudlova obukhulu. Imfazwe yeMfazwe iye yalawula abantu abathile ukusuka kwi-4,000 BC Kodwa ngokuqala kwi-1816 kunye nokudalwa kwemibutho yokuqala yabemi basebenzayo ekupheliseni imfazwe, kuqhutywe intambo yokuguqulwa kweenguqulelo. Asiqali ukusuka ekuqaleni. Ngelixa leminyaka yekhulu lama-20 yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-rekhodi, kuya kubakhokisa abantu abaninzi ukuba bekuyixesha leenkqubela phambili ekuphuhlisweni kwezakhiwo, izithethe, kunye nezindlela eziza kubakho ukuphuhliswa okuqhutywe ngabantu abangenalo i-nonolentent power. Inkqubo Yokhuseleko Yomhlaba. Le yintuthuko engaphenduliyo kwiminyaka eminyaka apho iNkqubo yeMfazwe ibe yindlela kuphela yokulawulwa kwemibambano. Namhlanje inkqubo yokhuphiswano-i-embryonic, mhlawumbi, kodwa ikhula. Uxolo luyinyani.
Nantoni na ekhona.
UKenneth Boulding (UTitshala woNxibelelwano)
Ngomnyaka weshumi elinesithoba elinesithoba umnqweno woxolo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwalukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yoko, kwi-1899, ngokokuqala ngqa kwimbali, iziko lenziwe ukuba lijongane ne-conflict level level. Eyaziwa ngokuba yiNkundla Yehlabathi, iNkundla yezoBulungisa yamazwe ngamazwe ikhona ukugweba ingxabano phakathi. Amanye amaziko alandelwa ngokukhawuleza kubandakanywa nomzamo wokuqala kwipalamente yehlabathi ukujongana neengxabano zangaphakathi, i-League of Nations. Kwi-1945 i-UN yasungulwa, kwaye kwi-1948 Isibhengezo soBuntu soLuntu seSayinwe. Kwii-1960 zivumelwano ezimbini zezixhobo zamandla enyukliya zasayinwa - iTraction Test Ban Treaty e-1963 kunye neNyukliya engeyiyo yokuNyuka kweMvumelwano eyavulwa ukuba isayinwe kwi-1968 kwaye yaqala ukusebenza ku-1970. Ngoku kutshanje, iTrakthi yoVavanyo yoVavanyo oluPhezulu kwi-1996, isivumelwano somhlaba (i-Antipersonnel Landmines Convention) kwi-1997, kwaye kwi-2014 i-Arms Trade Treaty yamkelwa. Umnqophiso womhlaba waxoxwa ngumbutho ongaphumelelanga wabahlali-diplomacy kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuthi "inkqubo ye-Ottawa" apho ii-NGO kunye kunye noorhulumente baxoxisana baze baqulunqa isivumelwano sokuba abanye basayine baze bavume. IKomidi yeNobel yaqaphela iinjongo zeNkampu yamazwe ngamazwe okuLawulwa kweMhlaba (i-ICBL) njengomzekelo "okholisayo womgaqo-nkqubo wokuthula" kwaye wanikezela ngeNobel Peace Prize ku-ICBL kunye nomxhumanisi wayo uJody Williams.7
I-International Criminal Criminal Court yasungulwa kwi-1998. Imithetho echasene nokusetyenziswa kwamabutho asemajoni sele avunyelwene kumashumi eminyaka edlulileyo.
Ukungabi nonyango: Isiseko soxolo
Njengoko ezi zinto zaziphuhliswa, uMahatma Gandhi emva koko uGqirha Martin Luther King Jr. nabanye bavelisa iindlela ezinamandla zokuchasa ubundlobongela, indlela yokungabinabundlobongela, esele ivavanyiwe yafunyanwa iphumelele kwimilo emininzi kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kwihlabathi liphela. Umzabalazo ongenabundlobongela utshintsha ubudlelwane bamandla phakathi kwengcinezelo nengcinezelo. Ibuyisela umva ubudlelwane obubonakala bungalingani, ngokomzekelo kwimeko yabasebenzi “nje” basezinqanaweni kunye noMkhosi oBomvu ePoland ngeminyaka yoo-1980 (iSolidarity Movement eyayikhokelwa nguLech Walesa yaphelisa ulawulo lwengcinezelo; idemokhrasi ePoland), nakwezinye iimeko ezininzi. Nditsho nasebusweni kwinto ethathwa njengenye yezona rhulumente zoozwilakhe kunye nezobubi ezimbalini - urhulumente waseJamani wamaNazi- ukungabinabundlobongela kubonise impumelelo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ngo-1943 abafazi abangama-Jamani abangama-Jamani baqalisa uqhankqalazo olungenabundlobongela kwada kwaphantse kwakhululeka ama-1,800 amadoda angamaYuda awayevalelwe. Eli phulo ngoku laziwa njenge Rossenstrasse Protest. Kwinqanaba elikhulu, amaDanes aqala iphulo leminyaka emihlanu lokungavumi ukwala ukunceda umatshini wemfazwe wamaNazi usebenzisa iindlela ezingenabundlobongela kwaye emva koko asindise amaDanish amaYuda ekubeni athunyelwe kwiinkampu zoxinaniso.8
Ukungabikho kobuthixo kubonakalisa ubuhlobo bokwenene bamandla, okokuba bonke oorhulumente baphumla kwimvume yolawulo kwaye loo mvume inokuhlala ihoxiswa. Njengoko siza kubona, ukuqhubeka nokungabi nabulungisa nokuxhaphaza utshintsho lweengqondo zentlalo yimeko engqubuzanayo kwaye ngaloo ndlela luphulukisa intando yomncinci. Yenza ukuba oorhulumente abacinezelekileyo bancedi kwaye banokwenza abantu bangabonakali. Kukho amaninzi amanqanaba anamhlanje okusetyenziswa ngokuphumelelayo kobugqwetha. Gene Sharp ubhala:
Kukho imbali enkulu yabantu abanqwenela ukuqiniseka ukuba 'amandla' abonakalayo asemandla onke, aphikisayo kwaye aphikisana nabalawuli abanamandla, amazwe angamazwe angaphandle, abatshabalali basekhaya, iinkqubo ezicinezelayo, abaqeshisi bangaphakathi kunye nabaphathi bezoqoqosho. Ngokuchasene nemibono eqhelekileyo, le ndlela yokulwa nombhikisho, ukungabikho komsebenzi kunye nokungenelela okuphazamisayo kuye kwadlala indima enkulu yembali kuzo zonke iindawo zehlabathi. . . .9
U-Erica Chenoweth noMaria Stephan baye babonisa ukuba ukusuka kwi-1900 ukuya kwi-2006, ukungaxhatshazi ngokungahambisani nokuziphendulela kungaphumelelanga ngokuphindaphindiweyo njengoko kulwa nokuxhotyiswa kweempahla kwaye kwaphumela kwimidemokhrasi ethe xaxa kunye nethuba elingaphantsi lokubuyela kubundlobongela baseburhulumenteni nakwamanye amazwe. Ngamafutshane, ukungabi nonyango kusebenza kangcono kunemfazwe.10 UChenoweth wayebizwa ngokuba ngu-100 Top Global Thinkers nge-Politike yamazwe angaphandle kwi-2013 "yokubonisa uGandhi ngokufanelekileyo." UMark Engler noPaul Engler we2016 ncwadi Oku Kuvuke: Ukuphikiswa kobuNkokeli obungabonakaliyo Kubumba i-Twenty-First Century uphando lwamanyathelo okusebenza ngokuthe ngqo, ukukhupha amandla amaninzi kunye nobuthathaka bemigudu yezobudlova ukuba kwenziwe utshintsho olukhulu eUnited States nakwihlabathi lonke ukususela ngaphambi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe. Le ncwadana yenza ukuba iimeko zokuphazamisa ubuninzi bezinto eziphazamisayo zinoxanduva lokutshintsha kwezenzo ezingcono kunokuba kubekho "isigxina" esilandelayo esilandelayo.
Ukungabi nonyango kungenye indlela. Ukunganyaniseki, kunye kunye namaziko oxolo, ngoku sivumela ukuba sibalekele kwinqanaba leemfazwe apho sasizibamba khona iminyaka eyi-6 000 eyadlulayo.
Olunye uphuhliso lwenkcubeko luye lwanegalelo kwinkqubela phambili ekhulayo yenkqubo yoxolo kubandakanya intshukumo enamandla yamalungelo abasetyhini (kubandakanya ukufundisa amantombazana), kunye nokuvela kwamashumi amawaka amaqela abemi azinikele ekusebenzeleni uxolo lwamanye amazwe, izixhobo, ukomeleza uxolo lwamazwe aphesheya kunye nokugcinwa koxolo. amaziko. Ezi NGOs ziqhuba le nguqulelo isiya kuxolo. Apha singakhankanya nje ezimbalwa ezinje ngoBumbano loXolelwaniso, uManyano lwaBasetyhini lwaMazwe ngaMazwe loXolo neNkululeko, i-American Friends Service Committee, uMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo, amaVeterans for Peace, i-International Campaign yokuSusa iZixhobo zeNyukliya, isiBheno seHague soXolo , uMbutho woFundo lwezoXolo noBulungisa kunye nabanye abaninzi, abaninzi bafumaneka ngokulula ngokukhangelwa kwi-intanethi. World Beyond War Uluhlu kwiwebhusayithi yayo amakhulu emibutho kunye namawaka abantu abavela kwihlabathi liphela abasayine isibambiso sethu sokusebenza ukuphelisa yonke imfazwe.
Amabutho karhulumente kunye nonoburhulumente aqala ukungenelela kokulondoloza uxolo, kubandakanywa neziKhilile zeBlue ze-UN kunye neenguqu ezininzi ezingabonakaliyo, ezifana ne-Nonviolent Peaceforce kunye ne-Peace Brigades International. Iicawa zaqala ukuphucula uxolo kunye nezobulungisa. Ngelo xesha kwakukho ukusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kophando kwizinto ezenza uxolo kunye nokwanda ngokukhawuleza kwemfundo yoxolo kuwo onke amanqanaba. Ezinye iinkqubela zibandakanya ukusasazeka kweenkolo ezixhomekeke kukho uxolo, ukuphuhliswa kweWebhu yeWebhu yehlabathi, ukungabikho kwemibuso yehlabathi jikelele (ekubi kakhulu), ukuphela kolawulo lwentlondi, ukwamkela ukwandiswa kwezenzo zokulwa nokulwa, iimpawu ezintsha zokusombulula iingxabano , iindaba zoxolo, ukuphuhliswa kwenkomfa yomhlaba wonke (imibuthano egxininise uxolo, ubulungisa, imo, kunye nophuhliso)11, ukunyuswa kokusingqongileyo (kubandakanye iinzame zokuphelisa ukuxhomekeka kwiimfazwe zeoli kunye neoli), kunye nokuphuhliswa kwengqiqo yokuthembeka.1213 Ezi zimbalwa nje zendlela ezibonakalayo ezibonisa ukuzicwangcisa ngokwabo, iNkqubo yeNkqubo yoKhuseleko lweHlabathi kwiNdlela yokuPhuhliso.
1. I-US ineziseko ze-174 eJamani kunye ne-113 eJapan (2015). Ezi ziseko zijongwa ngokubanzi "kwiimpahla" zeMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kodwa oko kuthethwa nguDavid Wine kwiincwadi zakhe Isizwe soLwazi, kubonisa umnatha wehlabathi jikelele we-US njengesiqili esingummangaliso.
2. Umsebenzi obanzi ekunciphiseni kwemfazwe: iGoldstein, uJoshua S. 2011. Ukunqoba iMfazwe kwiMfazwe: Ukunciphisa Inkqubela Yezemfazwe Ehlabathini.
3. Ingxelo yeSevville yoLudlo yenzelwe liqela leenzululwazi zokuziphatha eziphambili ukuphikisa "umbono oququzelele ubundlobongela babantu uzimisele ngokuchanekileyo". Ingxelo yonke ingafundwa apha: http://www.unesco.org/cpp/uk/declarations/seville.pdf
4, e Xa iMfazwe yeHlabathi iHlabathiwe (2011), uDavid Swanson ubonisa indlela abantu abajikeleze ngayo ihlabathi bezama ukuphelisa imfazwe, baqhekeza imfazwe ngesivumelwano esisezincwadini.
5. Yabona http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps for Reserve Officers Training Corps
6. Kukho uphando olunzulu olutholakalayo kwi-journalism nophando oluthambileyo lwezentlupheko zenkcazelo ezibhekiselele kumnyango ojikelezayo. Umsebenzi omhle kakhulu wezemfundo ngu: Pilisuk, Marc, noJennifer Achord Rountree. 2015. Ulwakhiwo olufihlakeleyo lobundlobongela: Ubani abazuzwa kwiSigqeba soBundlobongela boMhlaba kunye neMfazwe
7. Bona oku ngakumbi kwi-ICBL kunye nobudlelwane bomdibaniselwano Ukuvinjelwa kweMimandla: UkuShatshazwa kweziNtu, iNgcaciso yamaZiko kunye noKhuselo lwaBantu (2008) nguJody Williams, uStefano Goose, noMary Wareham.
8. Le meko ibhalwe ngokucacileyo kwiNgcaciso yeNgcaciso ye-Global Nonviolent Action Database (http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/danish-citizens-resist-nazis-1940-1945) kunye necandelo loxwebhu Igunya elinamandla ngakumbi (www.aforcemorepowerful.org/).
9. Jonga i-Gene Sharp (1980) Ukwenza ukupheliswa kwemfazwe kufezekiswe injongo
10. UChenoweth, uErica noMaria Stephan. 2011. Kutheni iSebenzi yokuShatyelwa koLuntu: I-Strategic Logic yeNgxabano engeyiyo.
11. Kwiminyaka emashumi mabini anesihlanu edluleyo kukho ukuhlanganisana kwemigodi kwinqanaba lehlabathi elijolise ekudaleni ihlabathi elinokuthula nelungileyo. Oku kuvela kwintlangano yenkomfa yomhlaba wonke, eqaliswe yiNkomfa yoMhlaba e-Rio de Janeiro eBrazil e-1992, yabeka isiseko sombutho wenkomfa wehlabathi jikelele. Ukugxininiswa kwimeko kunye nokuphuhliswa, kwavelisa ukutshintsha okuphawulekayo ekupheliseni i-toxins kwimveliso, ukuphuhliswa kwamandla angaphandle kunye nokuthutha abantu, ukuthungqwa kwamahlathi kunye nokuqonda okutsha kokunqongophala kwamanzi. Imizekelo yile: UMbutho weMhlaba uRio 1992 kwimeko kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo; I-Rio + i-20 idibene kunye namawaka abathathi-nxaxheba kubarhulumente, kwicandelo labucala, ii-NGOs kunye namanye amaqela, ukulolonga indlela abantu abanokunciphisa intlupheko, ukuqhubela phambili ukulingana kwezentlalontle kunye nokuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwendalo kwiplanethi ephakamileyo. Iqonga leMigodi yeMhlaba yeZizwe eziMithathu njengeyona mcimbi omkhulu kwihlabathi lonke kummandla wamanzi ukuphakamisa ulwazi ngemicimbi yamanzi kunye nezisombululo (eziqaliswe i-1997); INkomfa yeHague kwiNkomfa yoXolo lwe-1999 njengenkquthela enkulu yenkcubeko yamazwe ngamazwe.
12. Ezi zindlela zichazwe ngokujulile kwisikhokelo sokufunda esithi "Ukuguqulwa kweNkqubo yoKhuseleko lweSizwe" kunye nexwebhu elifutshane elibonelelwe yiNkqubo yokuLungisa iMfazwe http://warpreventioninitiative.org/?page_id=2674
13. Ucwaningo lwe-2016 lubonise ukuba phantse ihafu yabaphenduli kwilizwe le-14 yokulandelela libheke njengabemi behlabathi jikelele kunabemi belizwe labo. Jonga Ubemi belizwe lonke Ukukhula Kwentlupheko phakathi kwaBemi beeNkxaso-mali eziPhakamileyo: I-Poll yehlabathi http://globescan.com/news-and-analysis/press-releases/press-releases-2016/103-press-releases-2016/383-global-citizenship-a-growing-sentiment-among-citizens-of-emerging-economies-global-poll.html
