Njengoko kubhaliwe kwincwadi kaDouglas Blackmon, Ubukhoboka Ngenye Igama: Ukubuyiswa kwakhona kwabaseMnyama baseMelika ukusuka kwiMfazwe Yomhlaba ukuya kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iziko lobukhoboka e-US South ubukhulu becala laphela kangangeminyaka engama-20 kwezinye iindawo emva kokuphela kwemfazwe yamakhaya yaseUnited States. Kwaye kwabuya kwakhona, ngendlela eyahlukileyo kancinane, ixhaphakile, ilawula, eyaziwa esidlangalaleni kwaye yamkelwa-ukuya kuthi ga kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Enyanisweni, ngezinye iindlela, isekhona nanamhlanje. Kodwa ayihlali namhlanje ikwimo eyoyisayo eyathintela intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu phantse inkulungwane. Ikho namhlanje ngeendlela esikhululekile ngayo ukuchasa nokuxhathisa, yaye siyasilela ukwenjenjalo kuba nje sineentloni.
Ngexesha lokuvavanywa ngokubanzi kwabaphathi bamakhoboka ngolwaphulo-mthetho lobukhoboka ngo-1903-izilingo ezingazange zenze nantoni na ukuphelisa umkhuba oxhaphakileyo-. Umkhangisi waseMontgomery umhleli wathi: “Ukuxolela sisidima sobuKristu yaye ukulibala kudla ngokuba sisiqabu, kodwa abanye bethu abasayi kuze baxolele okanye bazilibale izinto ezimbi nezikhohlakeleyo eziye zenziwa kulo lonke elaseMazantsi ngabahedeni namahlakani abo amhlophe, uninzi lwabo olwalungamagosa karhulumente, abaninzi kubo babengamagosa amanyeneyo. abantu bakuthi babengenamandla ngokwezenzo zabo.”
Esi yayisisikhundla esamkelekileyo esidlangalaleni e-Alabama ngo-1903: ubukhoboka kufuneka bunyanyezelwe ngenxa yobubi obenziwa nguMantla ngexesha lemfazwe nangexesha lomsebenzi owalandelayo. Kuyafaneleka ukuqwalasela ukuba ubukhoboka bunokuphela ngokukhawuleza ukuba bebupheliswe ngaphandle kwemfazwe. Ukutsho oko, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukutsho ukuba ngokwenene i-United States yangaphambi kwemfazwe yayihluke kakhulu kunokuba yayiyiyo, ukuba abanini bamakhoboka babezimisele ukuthengisa, okanye ukuba icala lalivulekele isisombululo esingenabundlobongela. Kodwa amazwe amaninzi awaphelisa ubukhoboka akwenza oko ngaphandle kwemfazwe yamakhaya. Abanye bakwenza oko ngendlela iWashington, DC, eyakwenza ngayo, ngokukhulula imbuyekezo.
Ukuba i-United States iphelile ubukhoboka ngaphandle kwemfazwe kwaye ngaphandle kokwahlukana, ngenkcazo, indawo ehluke kakhulu kwaye engenabundlobongela. Kodwa, ngaphaya koko, ngeyithintele inzondo ekrakra yemfazwe engekapheli. Ukuphelisa ubuhlanga bekuya kuba yinkqubo ende kakhulu, nokuba kunjalo. Kodwa isenokuba yayinikwe intloko kuqala kunokuba sibotshelelwe ingalo enye ngasemva. Ukwala kwethu ngenkani ukuqaphela imfazwe yamakhaya yase-US njengesithintelo kwinkululeko kunendlela eya kuyo, kusivumela ukuba sitshabalalise iindawo ezifana ne-Iraq kwaye emva koko simangalise ixesha lonzondo olubangelwayo.
Iimfazwe zifumana amaxhoba amatsha iminyaka emininzi emva kokuba ziphelile, nokuba zonke iibhombu zeqela ziyathathwa. Zama nje ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wezizathu eziya kwenziwa kuhlaselo lukaSirayeli kumaPalestine ukuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi II ayizange yenzeke.
Ukuba i-US yaseNyakatho ivumele i-South ukuba ihlukane, iphelile ukubuya "kwamakhoboka ababaleki," kwaye yasebenzisa iindlela zezozakuzo kunye nezoqoqosho ukubongoza uMzantsi ukuba uphelise ubukhoboka, kubonakala kunengqiqo ukucinga ukuba ubukhoboka bube buhlala eMzantsi ngaphaya kwe-1865, kodwa kungenzeka kakhulu kude kube ngu-1945. Ukutsho oku, kwakhona, ukungacingi ukuba yenzeka ngokwenene, okanye kwakungekho bantu baseMntla ababefuna ukuba yenzeke kwaye ababengakhathali ngekamva lama-Afrika aseMelika angamakhoboka. Kukubeka nje kumxholo ofanelekileyo ukhuselo lwemveli lwemfazwe yamakhaya njengokubulala amakhulu amawaka abantu kumacala omabini ukuze kuphunyezwe okuhle okukhulu kokuphelisa ubukhoboka. Ubukhoboka abuzange buphele.
Kuyo yonke imimandla yoMzantsi, inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho olungento yanto, nobungenantsingiselo, obufana “nobubhanxa,” budala isoyikiso sokubanjwa kuye nawuphi na umntu ontsundu. Akuba ebanjiwe, umntu ontsundu wayedla ngokunikwa ityala awayefanele alihlawule kwiminyaka yokusebenza nzima. Indlela yokuzikhusela ekufakweni kwenye yamakhulu eenkampu ekusetyenzwa nzima kuzo yayikukuzifaka ematyaleni naphantsi kokhuseleko lomnini omhlophe. I-13th Amendment igweba ubukhoboka kwabagwetyiweyo, kwaye akukho mthetho uthintela ubukhoboka kude kube ngoo-1950. Ekuphela kwento eyayifuneka ukuzenza ngathi isemthethweni yayilingana nesibongozo sanamhlanje.
Ubukhoboka abuzange buphele. Kumawaka amaninzi oku kuye kwaba mandundu kakhulu. Umnini wamakhoboka e-antebellum ngokuqhelekileyo wayenomdla wezezimali ekugcineni umntu okhobokileyo ephila kwaye esempilweni ngokwaneleyo ukuba asebenze. Umgodi okanye umatshini wokusila owathenga umsebenzi wamakhulu amabanjwa wawungenamdla kwikamva lawo ngaphaya kwexesha lokugwetywa kwawo. Enyanisweni, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni babeza kuthabathel’ indawo ibanjwa eliye lafa lifake elinye, ngoko kwakungekho sizathu sezoqoqosho sokuba bangasebenzi de bafe. Amazinga okubhubha kwabagwetyiweyo abaqeshiweyo e-Alabama ayephezulu ukuya kuma-45 ekhulwini ngonyaka. Abanye abafela emigodini baphoswa kwiionti zecoke kunokuba baye engxakini ukuze babangcwabe.
Amakhoboka aseMelika emva kokuba "ukuphela kobukhoboka" athengwa kwaye athengiswa, ebotshelelwe ngamaqatha kunye neentamo ebusuku, abethelwa ukufa, afakwe emanzini, kwaye abulawa ngokubona kwabanini bawo, njenge-US Steel Corporation eyathenga imigodi kufuphi neBirmingham apho izizukulwana yabantu “abakhululekileyo” basetyenzwa de bafe phantsi komhlaba.
Isoyikiso seso siphelo sasijinga phezu kwawo wonke umntu ontsundu ukuba angasinyamezeli, kunye nesoyikiso sokubulawa kwabantu okwenyuka ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kunye nezizathu ezitsha zocalucalulo ngokwenzululwazi. Umhlobo kaWoodrow Wilson, uThomas Dixon, umbhali wencwadi nomdlalo weqonga wathi: “UThixo wamisela umntu omhlophe wasezantsi ukuba afundise ulongamo luka-Aryan. I-Clansman, eyaba yifilimu Ukuzalwa kweSizwe.
Kwiintsuku ezintlanu emva kohlaselo lwaseJapan kwiZibuko iPearl, urhulumente wase-US wagqiba kwelokuba akuthathele ingqalelo ukutshutshisa ubukhoboka, ukuchasana nokugxekwa okuvela eJamani okanye eJapan.
Kwiminyaka emihlanu emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, a iqela labantu baseNazi, abanye babo babesebenzise umsebenzi wamakhoboka emiqolombeni eJamani, baseka ivenkile eAlabama ukuze basebenze ekudaleni izixhobo ezitsha zokufa nokuhamba emajukujukwini. Bafumene abantu baseAlabama baxolele kakhulu izenzo zabo zangaphambili.
Umsebenzi wentolongo qhubeka eUnited States. Ukuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi qhubeka njengesixhobo sengcinezelo yobuhlanga. Umsebenzi wasefama ngamakhoboka qhubeka njengokuba. Kukwanjalo nokusetyenziswa kwe iifayini kunye namatyala ukudala abagwetyiweyo. Kwaye ke, iinkampani ezifungayo ukuba azinakuze zenze le nto ziyenzileyo iinguqulelo zazo zangaphambili, zizuza ngokusebenza ngamakhoboka kunxweme olukude.
Kodwa into eyaphelisa ubukhoboka base-United States ngokulungileyo yayingeyiyo ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi kwimfazwe yamakhaya. Yayingamandla emfundo nokuziphatha angenalugonyamelo wentlangano yamalungelo oluntu kwinkulungwane epheleleyo kamva.
