Umkhosi wase-US ubutha i-Okinawa

NguPat Mdala, ngoNovemba 12, 2019

Ngo-1945 ulawulo lweTruman lwalusazi ukuba urhulumente waseJapan wayezama ukwenza intetho yokunikezela ngeMoscow. I-US yalawula ngokupheleleyo iJapan kwezomkhosi ngo-Agasti ka-1945 xa yatshabalalisa iHiroshima kunye neNagasaki ngeebhombu ezimbini, oko ke kwaphelisa ubomi bamakhulu amawaka abahlali kunye nokonakalisa ubomi bezigidi.  

Kutheni uzisa ngoku? Kuba iminyaka engama-74 kamva amaJapan asazama ukuzinikela, ngelixa urhulumente wase-US eqhubeka esenza imfazwe. 

Sele kuyiminyaka emithathu sive iindaba ezivela kuRhulumente wase-Okinawa Prefectural Government ukuba imilambo kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba ajikeleze umkhosi wase-US eKadena Air Base angcoliswe ngamachiza abulalayo e-PFAS. Besisazi ke ukuba la manzi asetyenziselwa ukuzalisa amaqula kamasipala, kwaye besisazi ukuba impilo yabantu isemngciphekweni omkhulu.

Kodwa akukho nto itshintshileyo. Uninzi lwabantu, nkqu nabantu baseOkinawans, abasazi ngamanzi angcolileyo kwaye uninzi lwabo are bayazi, okanye bakwizikhundla zegunya, kubonakala ngathi abafuni kumela abahlali baseOkinawan abangama-450,000 impilo yabo isemgceni. 

Ngaphandle kokwazi ukuba isiqithi saseOkinawa sityhefelwa ngabaphathi babo baseMelika ngentsebenziswano kwilizwe laseJapan elibalawulayo, impendulo yaseburhulumenteni yaseOkinawa ishiya ingathandeki. Babonakalisile ukurhoxa endaweni yomsindo. Ngaba oku kungabikho kokuzibophelela kumalungelo abantu base-Okinawa ayisosiphumo sokuba phantsi kwedyokhwe yobukhosi base-US iminyaka engama-74?

Imephu eneenkcukacha ezivela kwi- Iprojekthi yoluntu Ngasentla, ibonisa ungcoliseko lwePFOS / PFOA emanzini aphantsi koMlambo i-Hija kufutshane neKadena Air Base efikelela kwi-2,060 iinxalenye zeetriliyoni (ppt), okt, i-PFOS 1900 kunye ne-PFOA 160. Phambi kokuba amanzi anyangwe kwaye athunyelwe ngemibhobho kubasebenzisi. Emva konyango, amanqanaba aphakathi e-PFOS / PFOA emanzini “acocekileyo” (kufutshane) esityalo sokucoca amanzi saseChatan simalunga ne-30 ppt, ngokwebhodi yamanzi yesiqithi, Iziko leShishini laseOkinawa.

Abasemagunyeni bamanzi e-Okinawan balatha kwiNgcebiso ngezeMpilo ye-EPA ye-70 ppt yezinto kwaye bagqibe kwelokuba amanzi akhuselekile. Oososayensi abaneQela elisebenzayo lokusiNgqongileyo, nangona kunjalo, bathi amanqanaba emanzini okusela akufuneki idlule kwi-1 pptNgelixa amazwe aliqela abeke imida eqhekeza amanqanaba e-Okinawa. Iikhemikhali ze-PFAS ziyabulala kwaye ziyaqhubeka ngokungaqhelekanga. Zibangela uninzi lomhlaza, zibangele impilo yamabhinqa yokuzala, kwaye zonakalise usana olungekazalwa.

UToshiaki TAIRA, intloko yeOkinawa Prefectural Enterprise Bureau, utshilo ucinga ukuba ukugxila okunjalo kwe-PFAS kwimilambo kufutshane neKadena Airbase, umrhanelwa ophambili yiKadena Air Base. 

Ngelo xesha, Ryūkyū Shimpo, Elinye lamaphephandaba athembeke ngakumbi anika ingxelo e-Okinawa, ucaphula isifundo ngoososayensi ababini baseJapan esichaza ngokucacileyo iKadena Air Base kunye neFutenma Air Station njengemithombo yongcoliseko.

Ebuzwa ngu Washington Post Iintatheli malunga nezityholo zongcoliseko lwePFAS,

Umkhosi woMkhosi woMoya uJohn Hutcheson, isithethi seMikhosi yaseMelika eJapan, Ukuphindaphinda amanqaku amathathu asetyenzisiweyo ngaphezulu kwekhulu lamatyala afanayo angcoliseko lwePFAS kwihlabathi liphela:

• Iikhemikhali yayisetyenzisiwe yokulwa imililo ye-petroleum ikakhulu kumabala eenqwelo-moya zomkhosi nakwezoluntu.
• Ukufakwa emkhosini e-US eJapan ukutshintshela kwenye indlela Ifomula yento yokwenza ulwelo lwefilimu eyenza i-PFOS yasimahla, equle kuphela isixa se-PFOA kwaye ihlangane nenkcazo yomkhosi wokulwa nomlilo.
• U-Hutcheson walile ukuphawula ngongcoliseko olunetyhefu ngaphandle kwesiseko. Uthe, “Sizibonile iingxelo zoonondaba kodwa khange ndibenalo ithuba lokuphonononga uphononongo lweYunivesithi yaseKyoto, kungoko kungafanelekanga ukuba kuphawulwe ngeziphumo zalo, utshilo uHutcheson.

Ngaphandle kwegumbi lokujikeleza le-DOD lezinye iinyani, iikhemikhali eziyingozi zisasetyenziswa kwimikhosi yokulwa umlilo nefuthe elibi kwimpilo. Ii-carcinogens ngoku zingena emanzini aphantsi komhlaba nangaphezulu kwamanzi ngelixa umkhosi uthi ufunda le meko. I-EPA ifunda ngale meko, nayo. Le yindlela abakwazi ngayo ukukhaba inkonkxa phantsi kwendlela. Le ndlela ibonakala isebenza kakuhle kurhulumente waseJapan onganelisekanga.

UJunji SHIKIYA, umphathi wezonikezelo lwamanzi e-Okinawan, uthe ukrokrela ukuba ezinye iikhemikhali ezenziwe ngopholileyo nako zisetyenzisiwe kwiKadena Air Base.

Nguwo wonke umlilo abanokuwudibanisa? Bakrokrela ukuba ii-carcinogens bezinokusetyenziswa kwisiseko, ke…?

Ngelixa urhulumente wase-US engcolisa amanzi abo, abarhafi base-Okinawa bahlawulela iinkqubo zokucoca amalahle ezibizayo ekufuneka zitshintshwe ngamaxesha athile. Kwi-2016 iOkinawa Prefectural Enterprise Bureau kwafuneka ichithe i-yen yezigidi ezili-170 ($ 1.5 yezigidi) ukubuyisela izihluzi abazisebenzisela ukunyanga amanzi. Iifilitha zisebenzisa i "granular activated carbon", efana namatye amatye amancinci afunxa ukungcola. Nokuba kuphuculwe, amanzi asabonelelwa kuluntu oluthwele iityhefu. Ngenxa yeendleko ezongeziweyo, uRhulumente wePhondo ucele urhulumente ophambili ukuba ababuyekeze.

Ibali liyafana neendleko ezihanjiswa yidolophu yase Umhlaba waseWittlich, Jemani ukutshisa indle yomjelo ohambisa amanzi amdaka angcoliswe yi-PFAS evela e-US Spangdahlem Airbase. Idolophu yayalelwa ngurhulumente wobumbano waseJamani ukuba angalusasazi udaka olungcoliswe kakhulu kumasimi efama, enyanzelisa uluntu ukuba lutshise izinto. UWittlich-Land wafumanisa ukuba akuvumelekanga ukumangalela umkhosi wase-US ukubuyisa iindleko zokutshisa, ngenxa yoko umangalela urhulumente waseJamani. Ityala lisajongile. 

Nokuba urhulumente wase-Japan okanye urhulumente wase-Okinawa abanakho ukumangalela urhulumente wase-US. Kwaye imeko yabo yangoku ayinakukhuthaza ukuzithemba kwabo kwimpilo yabantu baseOkinawans.

E-Okinawa, abasemagunyeni babonakala ngathi bayawuthintela umceli mngeni kumyalelo wobukhosi. UToshinori TANAKA, intloko yeOkinawa Defense Bureau, wabeka umthetho ngokwala ukuhlawulela umonakalo owenziwe kukungcoliseka. "Akukho budlelwane bokubakho phakathi kokufunyanwa kwePFOS kunye nobukho bemikhosi yase-US obuqinisekisiweyo. Ukongeza, umgangatho wokulawula inqanaba eliphezulu le-PFOS awusetelwanga amanzi etephu eJapan. Ke ngoko, phantsi kwale meko, asinakugqiba ukuba imbuyekezo kufuneka inikwe. ” 

Ukuthobela nokuthobela kubambe ubukhosi kunye ngelixa uninzi lwabantu lusokola. 

Kwityala labo, iOkinawa Prefectural Enterprise Bureau iye yacela ukuhlolwa kwesiza kwiziseko, kodwa banqatshelwe ukufikelela ngabantu baseMelika. 

Kunjalo. Kukwanjalo kuyo yonke indawo.

Unjingalwazi wase-Okinawa International University Hiromori MAEDOMARI ucacisa ingxaki ngokokubona kwabemi baseJapan, kubandakanya ama-Okinawa, anelungelo lokwazi ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni. Oku kungcoliseka komhlaba kuyenzeka ngaphakathi kommandla waseJapan, ke urhulumente waseJapan kufanele ukuba akwazi ukusebenzisa igunya labo njengombuso ozimeleyo, kodwa uthi iingxoxo phakathi koorhulumente base-US naseJapan malunga nomba we-PFOS zigutyungelwe bubumnyama, ngokungathi zingaphakathi kuhlobo "lwebhokisi emnyama," apho ukusebenza ngaphakathi kungabonakali ngabemi bejonge ngaphandle. Ugxininisa isidingo sokuba abemi baqwalasele lo mba. (Udliwanondlebe lwakhe luyafumaneka Apha.)

Amazwe aseNew Mexico naseMichigan amangalela urhulumente wase-US ngongcoliseko lwe-PFAS, kodwa ulawulo lukaTrump lubanga ukuba umkhosi wonwabele ukhuseleko kwimizamo yamazwe yokutshutshisa, ke umkhosi ukhululekile ukuqhubeka nokutyhefa abantu nokusingqongileyo.

EJapan imeko imbi kakhulu. Kungenxa yokuba abemi apho abanakufumana ulwazi olusisiseko ngokusebenza kwangaphakathi "kwebhokisi emnyama" yeengxoxo zaseJapan naseMelika ukucacisa uxanduva. Ngaba urhulumente waseJapan utshintsha ngokufutshane amaOkinawa? Luhlobo luni loxinzelelo olwenziwa yiWashington eTokyo ukungahoyi amalungelo ama-Okinawa? Abantu baseMelika, baseJapan, nabaseOkinawans mabaphakame bafune uxanduva olusisiseko koorhulumente babo. Kwaye kufuneka sinyanzelise ukuba umkhosi wase-US ucoce ukungcola kwabo kwaye uhlawule amaOkinawans ngomonakalo kunikezelo lwamanzi.

Enkosi kuJoseph Essertier, World BEYOND War Isahluko somququzeleli weJapan, kwiingcebiso kunye nokuhlela.