Imfazwe yaseUkraine ijongwe kwiGlobal South

NguKrishen Mehta, IKomiti yaseMelika yeSivumelwano sase-US-Russia, Februwari 23, 2023

Ngo-Okthobha wama-2022, malunga neenyanga ezisibhozo emva kokuqalisa kwemfazwe eUkraine, iYunivesithi yaseCambridge e-UK yangqinelanisa uphando olwabuza abemi bamazwe ali-137 ngeembono zabo ngeNtshona, iRashiya neTshayina. Iziphumo kwi isifundo esidibeneyo zomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuba zifuna ingqalelo yethu enzulu.

• Kwi-6.3 yeebhiliyoni zabantu abahlala ngaphandle kweNtshona, i-66% baziva benethemba malunga neRashiya, kwaye i-70% baziva benethemba malunga ne-China.

• I-75% yabaphenduli eMzantsi Asia, i-68% yabaphenduli  kwi-Francophone Afrika, kunye ne-62% yabaphenduli kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia babika ukuba baziva benethemba malunga neRashiya.

• Uluvo loluntu lwaseRussia luhlala lulungile eSaudi Arabia, eMalaysia, eIndiya, ePakistan naseVietnam.

Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo ziye zabangela umothuko kunye nomsindo eNtshona. Kunzima kwiinkokeli zeengcinga zaseNtshona ukuba ziqonde ukuba isibini kwisithathu sabemi behlabathi abadibananga neNtshona kolu ngquzulwano. Nangona kunjalo, ndiyakholelwa ukuba kukho izizathu ezihlanu zokuba kutheni i-Global South ingathathi cala laseNtshona. Ndixoxa ngezi zizathu kwesi sincoko sifutshane singezantsi.

1. I-Global South ayikholelwa ukuba iNtshona iyayiqonda okanye iyavelana neengxaki zayo.

Umphathiswa wezangaphandle waseIndiya, uS. Jaishankar, wakushwankathela oku kudliwano-ndlebe lwakutshanje: “IYurophu imele ikhule kwingqondo yokuba iingxaki zaseYurophu ziingxaki zehlabathi, kodwa iingxaki zehlabathi azizongxaki zaseYurophu.” Amazwe asakhasayo ajongene nemiceli mngeni emininzi, ukususela emva kobhubhane, ixabiso eliphezulu lenkonzo yamatyala, kunye nengxaki yemozulu etshabalalisa imekobume yawo, ukuya kutsho kwintlungu yentlupheko, ukunqongophala kokutya, imbalela, kunye namaxabiso aphezulu ombane. Nangona kunjalo iNtshona ayizange inike inkonzo yomlomo kubuzaza bemiba emininzi, ngelixa inyanzelisa ukuba iGlobal South ijoyine ekwamkeleni iRussia.

Ubhubhani weCovid ngumzekelo ogqibeleleyo. Ngaphandle kwezibongozo eziphindaphindiweyo zeGlobal South zokwabelana ngepropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda kwizitofu zokugonya ngenjongo yokusindisa ubomi, akukho lizwe laseNtshona liye lavuma ukwenza oko. I-Afrika iselona zwekazi lingekagonyelwa nanamhlanje. Amazwe ase-Afrika anamandla okwenza izitofu zokugonya, kodwa ngaphandle kwepropathi efunekayo yomenzi wengqondo, ahlala exhomekeke ekuthengeni ngaphandle.

Kodwa uncedo lwavela eRashiya, eTshayina naseIndiya. IAlgeria yaphehlelela inkqubo yogonyo ngoJanuwari ka-2021 emva kokuba ifumene ibhetshi yayo yokuqala yogonyo lweSputnik V yaseRussia. I-Egypt yaqala ugonyo emva kokufumana isitofu sokugonya sase-China i-Sinopharm malunga nexesha elinye, ngelixa uMzantsi Afrika uye wathenga iidosi ezisisigidi ze-AstraZeneca kwiSerum Institute of India. E-Argentina, i-Sputnik yaba ngumqolo wenkqubo yesizwe yokugonya. Konke oku kwenzeka ngelixa iNtshona yayisebenzisa ubutyebi bayo bemali ukuthenga izigidi zeedosi kwangaphambili, emva koko idla ngokuyitshabalalisa xa iphelelwe lixesha. Umyalezo oya kwiGlobal South wawucacile-ubhubhani kumazwe akho yingxaki yakho, hayi eyethu.

2. Imiba yembali: ngoobani ababemi phi ngexesha lobukoloniyali nasemva kwenkululeko?

Amazwe amaninzi akuMbindi Merika, eAfrika, naseAsia ajonga imfazwe yaseUkraine ngeliso elahlukileyo kunelaseNtshona. Babona amagunya abo ayesakuba ngamakholoniyali ehlanganiswe ngokutsha njengamalungu omanyano lwaseNtshona. Olu manyano - ubukhulu becala, amalungu e-European Union kunye ne-NATO okanye amaqabane asondeleyo ase-US kummandla we-Asia-Pacific - enza amazwe avumele iRashiya. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amazwe amaninzi aseAsia, yaye phantse kuwo onke amazwe akuMbindi Mpuma, eAfrika nakuMbindi Merika, aye azama ukuhlala ehlelisene kakuhle. zombini I-Russia kunye neNtshona, inqanda izohlwayo ngokuchasene neRussia. Ngaba oku kungenxa yokuba bekhumbula imbali yabo ekupheleni kwemigaqo-nkqubo yobukoloniyali baseNtshona, unxunguphalo abasahlala nalo kodwa olulibele kakhulu iNtshona?

UNelson Mandela wayesoloko esithi yinkxaso yeSoviet Union, yokuziphatha kunye nezinto eziphathekayo, eyanceda ukukhuthaza abemi boMzantsi Afrika ukuba babhukuqe urhulumente wocalucalulo. Ngenxa yoku, iRashiya isajongwa ngendlela encomekayo kumazwe amaninzi aseAfrika. Yaye emva kokuba la mazwe afumana inkululeko, yiSoviet Union eyawaxhasayo, phezu kwawo nje ubuncwane bayo obulinganiselweyo. Idama lase-Egypt i-Aswan Dam, elagqitywa ngo-1971, layilwa liZiko leProjekthi ye-Hydro ese-Moscow yaze yaxhaswa ngemali ubukhulu becala yiSoviet Union. I-Bhilai Steel Plant, enye yeeprojekthi zokuqala zeziseko ezingundoqo kwi-Indiya esanda kuzimela, yasungulwa yi-USSR kwi-1959.

Namanye amazwe axhamla kwinkxaso yezobupolitika neyezoqoqosho eyanikelwa yilizwe elalisakuba yiSoviet Union, kuquka iGhana, iMali, iSudan, iAngola, iBenin, i-Ethiopia, iUganda neMozambique. NgoFebruwari 18, 2023, kwiNgqungquthela yeManyano yaseAfrika eyayiseAddis Ababa, e-Ethiopia, umphathiswa wezangaphandle waseUganda, uJeje Odongo, wathi: “Sasilawulwa saza sabaxolela abo babesenza amathanga. Ngoku amakholoniyali asicela ukuba sibe ziintshaba zaseRashiya, ezingazange zisenze amakholoni. Ngaba oko kulungile? Hayi wethu. Iintshaba zabo ziintshaba zabo. Abahlobo bethu ngabahlobo bethu.”

Ngokufanelekileyo okanye ngokungalunganga, iRashiya yanamhlanje ibonwa ngamazwe amaninzi kuMzantsi weGlobal njengelandela leengcamango kwindawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union. Bekhumbula uncedo lweUSSR, ngoku bajonga iRashiya ngendlela ekhethekileyo nesoloko ithandeka. Xa sijonga imbali ebuhlungu yobukoloniyali, ngaba singabagxeka?

3. Imfazwe yaseUkraine ibonwa yiGlobal South ngokuyintloko malunga nekamva leYurophu kunekamva lehlabathi liphela.

Imbali yeMfazwe Yomlomo iye yafundisa amazwe asakhasayo ukuba ukubandakanyeka kungquzulwano olukhulu lwamagunya kubeka imingcipheko enkulu kodwa kunomvuzo omncinane, ukuba ukhona. Ngenxa yoko, bajonga imfazwe yeproxy yaseUkraine njengenye emalunga nekamva lokhuseleko lwaseYurophu kunekamva lehlabathi liphela. Ngokwembono yeGlobal South, imfazwe yaseUkraine ibonakala ngathi sisiphazamiso esixabisa kakhulu kweyona miba icinezelayo. Oku kubandakanya amaxabiso aphezulu epetroli, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okutya, iindleko eziphezulu zenkonzo yamatyala, kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso, zonke ezo zohlwayo zaseNtshona nxamnye neRussia ziye zanda kakhulu.

Uphando lwakutsha nje olupapashwe yiNature Energy lubonisa ukuba abantu abafikelela kwi-140 lezigidi banokutyhalela phambili kubuhlwempu ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaxabiso ombane abonwe kulo nyaka uphelileyo. Amaxabiso aphezulu amandla akachaphazeli ngokuthe ngqo kuphela amatyala amandla - akhokelela kuxinzelelo oluphezulu lwamaxabiso kunye namakhonkco obonelelo kwaye ekugqibeleni kwizinto zabathengi, kubandakanya ukutya kunye nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko. Oku kwenyuka kwamaxabiso kuyo yonke into kuwonakalisa amazwe asaphuhlayo ngaphezu kweNtshona.

INtshona inokuyigcina imfazwe “kangangokuba ithatha.” Banemithombo yemali kunye neemarike ezinkulu ukwenza oko, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo bahlala betyalwe ngokunzulu kwikamva lokhuseleko lwaseYurophu. Kodwa iGlobal South ayinabo ubunewunewu obufanayo, kwaye imfazwe yekamva lokhuseleko eYurophu inamandla okutshabalalisa ukhuseleko lwehlabathi liphela. I-Global South yothuswa kukuba iWest ayilandeli uthethathethwano olunokuthi le mfazwe iphele kwangoko, iqala ngethuba eliphosiweyo ngoDisemba 2021, xa iRashiya iphakamisa izivumelwano zokhuseleko ezihlaziyiweyo zeYurophu ezinokuthi zithintele imfazwe kodwa zaliwe. eNtshona. Iingxoxo zoxolo zika-Epreli 2022 e-Istanbul nazo zakhatywa yiNtshona ngokuyinxenye ukuba "yenza buthathaka" iRashiya. Ngoku, ihlabathi liphela - kodwa ngakumbi ihlabathi eliphuhlayo - lihlawula ixabiso lohlaselo oluthi amajelo aseNtshona athande ukubiza ngokuthi "ayicatshukiswanga" kodwa enokuthi ithintelwe, kwaye i-Global South ehlala iyibona njengendawo yendawo ungquzulwano lwamazwe ngamazwe.

4. Uqoqosho lwehlabathi alusalawulwa yiMelika okanye lukhokelwa yiNtshona. I-Global South inezinye iindlela onokukhetha kuzo.

Amazwe aliqela kuMazantsi eHlabathi aye abona ikamva lawo libotshelelwe kumazwe angasekhoyo kwinqanaba laseNtshona lempembelelo. Nokuba le mbono ibonisa imbono echanekileyo yokutshintsha kwamandla okanye ukucinga okunqwenelekayo ngumbuzo osebenzayo, ngoko ke makhe sijonge ezinye iimethrikhi.

Isabelo sase-US semveliso yehlabathi sehle ukusuka kwipesenti ezingama-21 ngo-1991 ukuya kwi-15 leepesenti ngo-2021, ngelixa isabelo saseTshayina sinyuke ukusuka kwi-4% ukuya kwi-19% kwangelo xesha linye. I-China lelona qabane lorhwebo likhulu kuninzi lwehlabathi, kwaye i-GDP yayo ekuthengeni i-parity sele igqithile kuleyo yase-US. I-BRICS (i-BRICS (i-Brazil, iRashiya, i-China, i-Indiya, noMzantsi Afrika) ibe ne-GDP edibeneyo ngo-2021 ye-42 yetriliyoni yeedola, xa kuthelekiswa ne-41 yetriliyoni yeedola kwi-G7 ekhokelwa yi-US. Abemi bawo abazibhiliyoni ezisisi-3.2 bangaphezu kwesi-4.5 xa edityanisiwe inani labemi bamazwe eG7, elimi kuma-700 ezigidi.

I-BRICS ayibeki izohlwayo kwiRussia okanye ibonelele ngezixhobo kwelinye icala. I-Russia yenye yabona baboneleli bamandla kunye nokutya okuziinkozo kwiGlobal South, ngelixa i-China's Belt and Road Initiative ihleli ingumboneleli ophambili wenkxaso-mali kunye neeprojekthi zeziseko ezingundoqo. Xa kufikwa kwinkxaso-mali, ukutya, amandla, kunye neziseko ezingundoqo, iGlobal South kufuneka ithembele ngakumbi eTshayina naseRussia ngaphezu kweNtshona. IGlobal South ikwabona uMbutho weNtsebenziswano waseShanghai ukhula, amazwe amaninzi efuna ukujoyina i-BRICS, kwaye amanye amazwe ngoku arhweba ngeemali eziwasusayo kwidola, i-Euro, okanye iNtshona. Ngeli xesha, amanye amazwe aseYurophu asemngciphekweni wokwenziwa kwee-deindustrialization ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zamandla. Oku kutyhila ubuthathaka bezoqoqosho eNtshona obungazange bubonakale kangako ngaphambi kwemfazwe. Ekubeni amazwe asakhasayo enembopheleleko yokubeka izilangazelelo zabemi bawo kwindawo yokuqala, ngaba iyamangalisa into yokuba ebona ikamva lawo linxibelelene ngakumbi namazwe angaphandle kwaseNtshona?

5. “Imithetho esekelwe kwimithetho yamazwe ngamazwe” iyaphulukana nokuthenjwa kwaye iyehla.

“Ulungelelwaniso olusekwe kwimithetho yamazwe ngamazwe” lukhuselwe emva kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini yenkululeko, kodwa amazwe amaninzi akuMzantsi weGlobal ayibona njengeyilwe yiNtshona kwaye yanyanzeliswa ngokuzimeleyo kwamanye amazwe. Ambalwa ukuba nawaphi na amazwe angengowaseNtshona awakhe asayina kulo myalelo. UMzantsi awuchasana nomyalelo osekelwe kwimigaqo, kodwa kumxholo wangoku wale migaqo njengoko iqulunqwe yiNtshona.

Kodwa umntu makaphinde abuze, ngaba umthetho osekelwe kwimithetho yamazwe ngamazwe uyasebenza nakwiNtshona?

Kumashumi eminyaka ngoku, abaninzi kuMzantsi weGlobal babone iNtshona inendlela yayo nehlabathi ngaphandle kokukhathazeka kakhulu ngokudlala ngemithetho. Amazwe aliqela ahlaselwa ngokuthanda kwawo, ubukhulu becala ngaphandle kwemvume yeBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Ezi ziquka indawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia, iIraq, iAfghanistan, iLibya neSiriya. Kuphantsi kwayiphi “imithetho” apho loo mazwe ahlaselwa okanye atshatyalaliswa, yaye ngaba ezo mfazwe zazixhokonxeka okanye zingaxhokonxwanga? UJulian Assange ubandezelekile entolongweni kwaye u-Ed Snowden uhlala elubhacweni, zombini ngenxa yokuba nesibindi (okanye mhlawumbi ubukhalipha) bokutyhila iinyaniso ezingemva kwezi zenzo kunye nezinye ezifanayo.

Nanamhlanje, izohlwayo eziwiswe kumazwe angaphezu kwama-40 yiNtshona zibeka ubunzima nokubandezeleka okukhulu. Ngaphantsi kowuphi umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe okanye "umyalelo osekelwe kwimithetho" apho iNtshona yasebenzisa amandla ayo ezoqoqosho ukumisela ezi zohlwayo? Kutheni le nto i-asethi yase-Afghanistan isele ingumkhenkce kwiibhanki zaseNtshona ngelixa ilizwe lijongene nendlala kunye nendlala? Kutheni igolide yaseVenezuela isabanjwe e-UK ngelixa abantu baseVenezuela behlala kumanqanaba okuziphilisa? Kwaye ukuba ukutyhilwa kwe-Sy Hersh kuyinyani, phantsi kweyiphi 'umyalelo osekelwe kwimithetho' apho iNtshona yatshabalalisa imibhobho ye-Nord Stream?

Utshintsho lweparadigm lubonakala lusenzeka. Siyahamba sisuka kwilizwe laseNtshona sisiya kwilizwe elineempondo ezininzi. Imfazwe yaseUkraine yenze yacaca ngakumbi iyantlukwano yamazwe ngamazwe eqhuba olu tshintsho. Ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yembali yayo, kwaye ngokuyinxenye nangenxa yeenyaniso ezisakhulayo zezoqoqosho, iGlobal South ibona ilizwe lezizwe ngezizwe njengesiphumo esikhethwayo, apho ilizwi layo livakala ngakumbi.

Umongameli uKennedy wayiqukumbela intetho yakhe yeYunivesithi yaseMelika ngo-1963 ngala mazwi alandelayo: “Kufuneka senze indima yethu ukwakha ihlabathi loxolo apho ababuthathaka bekhuselekile kwaye abo banamandla banobulungisa. Asinakuzinceda phambi kwaloo msebenzi okanye siphelelwe lithemba lokuphumelela kwawo. Siqinisekile kwaye singoyiki, kufuneka sisebenzele kwiqhinga loxolo. " Elo qhinga loxolo lalilucelomngeni esasiphambi kwethu ngowe-1963, yaye liselucelomngeni kuthi namhlanje. Amazwi oxolo, kubandakanywa nalawo akuMazantsi eHlabathi, kufuneka aviwe.

U-Krishen Mehta ulilungu leBhodi yeKomiti yaseMelika yeSivumelwano sase-US Russia, kunye noMntu oPhezulu weGlobal Justice kwiYunivesithi yaseYale.