I-US ye-A (rms): Ubugcisa bezixhobo ezisebenza kwiXesha likaTrump

Ngu-William D. Hartung, nge-14 ka-Okthobha ka-2020

ukusuka TomDispatch.com

I-United States ineempawu ezithandabuzekayo zehlabathi khokela umthengisi weengalo. Ilawula urhwebo lwehlabathi kwifashoni eyimbali kwaye akukho ndawo apho kulawula kugqitywe ngakumbi kunakwimfazwe yaseMbindi Mpuma. Apho, kholwa okanye hayi, i-US lawulo phantse isiqingatha sentengiso yeengalo. Ukusuka e-Yemen ukuya eLibya ukuya eYiphutha, ukuthengiswa kweli lizwe kunye nabalingane balo badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphembeleleni ezinye zezona mbambano zibhubhisayo. Kodwa uDonald Trump, nangaphambi kokuba agwetywe nguCovid-19 kwaye athunyelwe eWalter Reed Medical Centre, ngekhe akhathalele kancinci, okoko nje wayecinga ukurhweba ngabantu ngezixhobo zokufa kunye nentshabalalo kunganceda amathemba akhe opolitiko.

Jonga, umzekelo, kutshanje "ukulungiswaUbudlelwane phakathi kwe-United Arab Emirates (i-UAE) kunye no-Israyeli wanceda ekurhwebeni, oku kubeke inqanaba lolunye uqhushululu lokuthunyelwa kweengalo eMelika. Ukuva uTrump kunye nabaxhasi bakhe bekuxela, yena kufanelekile Umvuzo weNobel woThengiso, zibiwe “Izivumelwano zika-Abraham.” Ngapha koko, eyisebenzisa, wayenomdla wokuzibeka uphawu njengo "Donald Trump, umenzi woxolo" phambi kokhetho lukaNovemba. Ndikholelwe, yayingenangqondo ebusweni bayo. Kude kube ubhubhane atshabalalise yonke into e-White House kude, ibingomnye nje umhla kuTrump World kunye nomnye umzekelo wokuthanda kuka-Mongameli ukuxhaphaza umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle nowezomkhosi ngenzuzo yakhe yezopolitiko yasekhaya.

Ukuba umphathi oyintloko wenyani wayenyanisekile ngotshintsho, ngewayebize ezo zivumelwano u-Abraham "Izivumelwano Zokuthengisa Ngezixhobo." I-UAE, ngokuyinxenye, yanyanzeliswa ukuba ithathe inxaxheba ngethemba le- fumana I-Lockheed Martin's F-35 yokulwa iinqwelomoya kunye needrones eziphambili ezixhobileyo njengomvuzo. Kwelakhe icala, emva kokumbombozela, Inkulumbuso yase-Israeli u-Benjamin Netanyahu uthathe isigqibo sokunyusa i-UAE kwaye afune entsha $ 8 billion Iphakheji yeengalo ezivela kulawulo lukaTrump, kubandakanya neqela elongezelelweyo le-Lockheed Martin's F-35s (ngaphaya kwale sele i-odolo), umkhosi weeBeing uhlasela iihelikopta, nokunye okuninzi. Ukuba ezo zinto beziza kudlula, ngokungathandabuzekiyo bekuya kubandakanya ukonyuka kokuzibophelela koncedo lomkhosi ovela eUnited States, esele icwangciselwe ukuba iphelele $ 3.8 billion qho ngonyaka kule minyaka ilishumi izayo.

Imisebenzi, Imisebenzi, Imisebenzi

Eli yayingeloxesha lokuqala uMongameli uTrump ezama ukwenza ukuthengiswa kweengalo eMiddle East ukudibanisa isikhundla sakhe kwezopolitiko ekhaya kunye nokuma kwakhe njengomphathi weli lizwe ngokugqwesa. Izimbo ezinjalo zaqala ngoMeyi 2017, ngexesha lakhe lokuqala ngokusemthethweni uhambo lwaphesheya ukuya eSaudi Arabia. I-Saudis buliswa yena emva koko nge-ego-boosting fanfare, ebeka iibhanile ezibonisa ubuso bakhe ezindleleni ezikhokelela kwikomkhulu labo, eRiyadh; ukuveza umfanekiso omkhulu wobuso obunye kwihotele awayehlala kuyo; kwaye bambonisa ngembasa kumsitho we-surreal kwelinye lamabhotwe amaninzi obukumkani. Kwelakhe icala, uTrump weza ephethe izixhobo ngohlobo lokucinga $ 110 billion iphakheji yezixhobo. Ungaze ukhumbule ukuba ubungakanani besivumelwano bebunjalo ubaxwe kakhulu. Ivumela umongameli ukuba Ndonwabile intengiso yakhe apho yayiza kuthetha "imisebenzi, imisebenzi, imisebenzi" eMelika. Ukuba kuye kwafuneka asebenze nolunye loorhulumente abacinezelayo emhlabeni ukuzisa loo misebenzi ekhaya, ngubani owayenomdla? Hayi yena kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo hayi umkhwenyana wakhe uJared Kushner oza kuphuhlisa ubudlelwane obukhethekileyo Ngenkosana ekhohlakeleyo yaseSaudi Crown kunye nendlalifa ebonakalayo kwitrone, u-Mohammed bin Salman.

UTrump waphindaphinda kabini kwingxoxo yakhe yemisebenzi kwintlanganiso ye-White House ka-Matshi 2018 kunye no-bin Salman. Umongameli weza exhobile ngesicelo seekhamera: a imephu I-US ibonakalisa ukuba (wafunga) uya kuxhamla kakhulu kuthengiso lweengalo zaseSaudi, kubandakanya- awuyi kumangaliswa kukufunda - unyulo olubalulekileyo kwilizwe lasePennsylvania, eOhio, naseWisconsin.

Kwaye ayikothusi into yokuba imisebenzi kaTrump ibango kwezi ntengiso zaseSaudi ziphantse zabuqhetseba. Ngokuhambelana nezinto ezintle, wade wanyanzelisa ukuba adale uninzi isiqingatha sesigidi imisebenzi edityaniswe nokuthunyelwa kwezixhobo kurhulumente wengcinezelo. Elona nani lililo ngu Ngaphantsi kunesinye kwishumi eso sixa-kwaye ngaphantsi kwisinye kwishumi sepesenti enye yengqesho yaseMelika Kodwa kutheni uvumela iinyani ziphazamise ibali elilungileyo?

Ukulawulwa kweArms zaseMelika

UDonald Trump ukude nomongameli wokuqala ukutyhala amashumi ezigidi zeedola ezingalweni kuMbindi Mpuma. Ulawulo luka-Obama, umzekelo, lwenze irekhodi $ 115 billion Ukubonelelwa ngezixhobo eSaudi Arabia kwiminyaka esibhozo e-ofisini, kubandakanya nokulwa iinqwelo-moya, ukuhlasela iihelikopta, izithuthi ezixhobileyo, iinqanawa zomkhosi, iinkqubo zokhuselo lwemijukujelwa, iibhombu, imipu kunye neembumbulu.

Ezi ntengiso zaqinisa iWashington indawo Njengomboneleli ophambili weengalo zikaSaudis. Isibini kwisithathu somkhosi womoya sineenqwelo moya zeBoeing F-15, ubuninzi beetanki zayo ziiGeneral Dynamics M-1s, kwaye uninzi lwemijukujelwa yomoya ukuya emhlabeni ivela eRaytheon naseLokheed Martin. Kwaye khumbula, ezo zixhobo azihlali nje kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla okanye ziboniswe kwimikhosi yasemkhosini. Bebephakathi kwababulali abaziintloko kungenelelo olunoburhalarhume lwaseSaudi e-Yemen oluye lwabangela eyona ntlekele inkulu kwezentlalo.

Entsha umbiko ukusuka kwiArms kunye neNkqubo yoKhuseleko kwiZiko loMgaqo-nkqubo waMazwe ngaMazwe (endibhalileyo) kugxininisa indlela emangalisa ngayo i-US kwimakethi yezixhobo eMbindi Mpuma. Ngokwedatha evela kwiziko ledatha lokudluliselwa kweengalo eliqulunqwe liZiko loPhando ngoXolo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe laseStockholm, kwisithuba esisuka kwi-2015 ukuya kwi-2019 i-United States yenza i-48% yezixhobo ezikhulu ezihanjiswa kuMbindi Mpuma nakuMntla Afrika, okanye (njengoko loo mmandla mkhulu ngamanye amaxesha yaziwa ngoonobumba) MENA. La manani ashiya ukuhanjiswa kwabathengisi abalandelayo abaphambili eluthulini. Bamele phantse izihlandlo ezithathu iingalo iRussia eyanikezela ngazo kwi-MENA, iphindwe kahlanu oko i-France ibenegalelo, iphinda-phinde ka-10 into eyayithunyelwa yi-United Kingdom, kunye namaxesha ali-16 egalelo lase China.

Ngamanye amagama, sidibene nezixhobo eziphambili ezandayo eMbindi Mpuma nakuMntla Afrika kwaye sithi.

Impembelelo yeengalo zase-US kulo mmandla ugcwele ungquzulwano iphinda ibonakaliswe yinyani eyoyikisayo: IWashington yeyona nkampani iphambili kumazwe ali-13 kweli-19 apho, kubandakanya iMorocco (91% yokungeniswa kweengalo), i-Israel (78%), iSaudi I-Arabia (74%), iJordani (73%), iLebhanon (73%), iKuwait (70%), i-UAE (68%), kunye neQatar (50%). Ukuba ulawulo lukaTrump luqhubeka nesicwangciso salo sokuthengisa i-F-35s kunye needrones ezixhobileyo kwi-UAE kunye nabarhwebi abanxulumene ne-8 yezigidigidi zokujongana neengalo kwa-Israyeli, isabelo salo sokungeniswa kwezixhobo kula mazwe mabini liza kuba ngaphezulu kule minyaka izayo. .

Iziphumo ezibi

Akukho namnye wabadlali abaphambili kwiimfazwe zanamhlanje ezona zonakalisayo eMbindi Mpuma ezivelisa izixhobo zazo, oko kuthetha ukuba ukungeniswa okuvela e-US nakwabanye ababoneleli ngamafutha okwenene axhasa ezo ngxabano. Abameli bokudluliselwa kweengalo kummandla we-MENA bahlala bewachaza njengamandla "okuzinza," indlela yokuqinisa ubudlelwane, ukulwa ne-Iran, okanye ngokubanzi isixhobo sokwenza ibhalansi yamandla eyenza ukubandakanyeka kwezixhobo kungenzeki.

Kwimibambano emininzi engummandla, le ayisiyonto ingumnqweno oqinisekileyo wabathengisi beengalo (kunye noRhulumente wase-US), njengoko ukuhamba kwezixhobo eziqhubela phambili kuye kwandisa ukungavisisani, nokunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu, kwaye kwabangela ukuba abantu abaninzi ukusweleka nokwenzakala, ngelixa kususa intshabalalo ebanzi. Kwaye ugcine ukhumbula ukuba, ngelixa ingelilo elinoxanduva kuphela, iWashington yeyona nto iphambili xa kufikwa kwizixhobo eziphembelela inani leemfazwe ezinobundlobongela.

E-Yemen, ungenelelo olukhokelwa yi-Saudi / UAE olwaqala ngo-Matshi 2015, ngoku, ziphumo ukusweleka kwamawakawaka abahlali ngokuhlaselwa ngumoya, kubeka izigidi emngciphekweni wendlala, kwaye kuncede ukudala iimeko ezingathandekiyo kwesifo sekholera esibi kwimemori ephilayo. Imfazwe sele ixabise ngaphezulu 100,000 ubomi kwaye i-US kunye ne-United Kingdom ibengabanikezeli abaphambili beenqwelo moya zokulwa, iibhombu, ii-helikopta zokuhlasela, imijukujelwa, kunye neenqwelo zokulwa ezisetyenziswe apho, ugqithiselo oluxabisekileyo kumashumi ezigidi zeedola.

Kubekho a ukutsiba okubukhali kuhanjiso lweengalo eSaudi Arabia okoko kwaqaliswa loo mfazwe. Ngokudlamkileyo ngokwaneleyo, iingalo zizonke ezithunyelwe eBukumkanini zaphindeka kabini phakathi kwexesha lika-2010-2014 kunye neminyaka ukusuka ku-2015 ukuya ku-2019. Ngokudibeneyo, i-US (74%) kunye ne-UK (13%) zenza i-87% yazo zonke izixhobo ezithunyelwayo ISaudi Arabia kwithuba leminyaka emihlanu.

E-Egypt, inqwelo moya yokulwa ebonelelwe yi-US, iitanki kunye nehelikopta zokuhlasela bezikho ezisetyenzisiweyo Kwinto ekucingelwa ukuba yeyokulwa ngokuchasene nentlango yaseSinayi emantla, ethi, enyanisweni, ibe yimfazwe kakhulu ngokuchasene nabemi bommandla. Phakathi kwe-2015 kunye ne-2019, iingalo zaseWashington zinikezela kwi-Egypt iphelele $ 2.3 billion, Ngeebhiliyoni ngaphezulu kwizivumelwano ezenziwe ngaphambili kodwa zahanjiswa ngaloo minyaka. Kwaye ngoMeyi 2020, iArhente yeNtsebenzo yoKhuseleko yoKhuseleko kwiPentagon umemezele ukuba yayihambisa ipakeji yokuhlaselwa kwehelikopta zeapache e-Egypt ezixabisa i $ 2.3 yezigidigidi.

Ngoku ka uphando iqhutywa yi-Human Rights Watch, amawaka abantu abanjwe kwingingqi yeSinayi kule minyaka mithandathu idlulileyo, amakhulu sele enyamalele, kwaye amashumi amawaka aye akhutshwa ngenkani kumakhaya awo. Exhotyiswe ngamazinyo, umkhosi wase-Egypt ukwenzile "ukubamba ngendlela nangobundlongondlongo - kubandakanya nabantwana - ukunyanzelwa, ukuphathwa gadalala, ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungekho sikweni, ukohlwaya ngokuhlangeneyo kunye nokugxothwa ngenkani." Kukwakho nobungqina obucebisa ukuba imikhosi yase-Egypt ibandakanyeke kugwayimbo olungekho mthethweni lomoya nolomhlaba oluye lwabulala uninzi lwabantu.

Kwiingxabano ezininzi-imizekelo yendlela ukuhanjiswa kwezixhobo kunokuba nefuthe elimangalisayo nelingalindelekanga- iingalo zase-US ziphele ezandleni zamacala omabini. Xa amajoni aseTurkey ahlasela umntla mpuma weSyria ngo-Okthobha u-2019, umzekelo, bajongana nemikhosi yase-Syria eyayikhokelwa ngu-Kurdish eyayifumene ezinye $ 2.5 billion Ngengalo noqeqesho i-US ibibonelele ngemikhosi yaseSyria kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo. Okwangoku, yonke iTurkey Lweencwadi Iinqwelo-moya zokulwa ziqulathe ii-F-16s ezinikezelwa e-US kwaye ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha seemoto ezixhobileyo ziyimvelaphi yaseMelika.

E-Iraq, xa imikhosi yeLizwe lamaSilamsi, okanye i-ISIS, yatshayela ngenxalenye ebalulekileyo yelo lizwe ukusuka emantla e-2014, bona zifakwe Izixhobo ezilula zase-US kunye neenqwelo zokulwa ezixabisa iibhiliyoni zeedola kwimikhosi yezokhuseleko yase-Iraq eli lizwe belixhobile kwaye laqeqeshwa. Kwangokunjalo, kule minyaka idlulileyo, iingalo zase-US ziye zadluliselwa zisuka emkhosini wase-Iraq zasiwa kumkhosi oxhaswe eIran osebenza ecaleni kwabo ekulweni ne-ISIS.

Okwangoku, e-Yemen, ngelixa i-US ixhobise ngokuthe ngqo umanyano lwe-Saudi / UAE, izixhobo zayo, ewe, iphelele e isetyenziswa ngamacala onke kungquzulwano, kubandakanya abachasi babo abangamaHouthi, imikhosi eyoyikisayo, kunye namaqela anxulumene neAl-Qaeda kwiPeninsula yaseArabia. Ukusasazeka kwamathuba alinganayo kwizixhobo zaseMelika kwenzeke ngenxa yokudluliselwa kweengalo ngabo babesakuba ngamalungu omkhosi wase-Yemeni ababonelelwe yi-US kwaye Imikhosi ye-UAE asebenze noluhlu lwamaqela kumazantsi eli lizwe.

Ngubani Ozuzayo?

Iinkampani ezine kuphela-uRaytheon, uLokheed Martin, uBoeing, kunye neGeneral Dynamics- babenjalo ba ndakanya kuninzi lwezixhobo zase-US zijongana ne-Saudi Arabia phakathi ko-2009 no-2019. Ngapha koko, enye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi nkampani zidlale indima ephambili kwizibonelelo ezingama-27 ezixabisa ngaphezulu kwe- $ 125 yezigidigidi (kwizipho ezingama-51 zizonke ezixabisa i-138 yezigidigidi zeedola) . Ngamanye amagama, ngokwezezimali, ngaphezulu kwe-90% yeengalo zase-US ezinikezelwe eSaudi Arabia zibandakanyeka okungenani enye yezi zixhobo zine ziphezulu.

Kwiphulo lokuqhushumisa ngebhombu e-Yemen, iSaudis inayo bulawa amawaka abantu abasebenzisa izixhobo ezihanjiswa e-US. Kwiminyaka ukusukela oko uBukumkani baqalisa imfazwe yabo, uqhankqalazo lomoya olungakhethi buso Umdibaniso okhokelwa yiSaudi ufike kwiindawo zentengiso, ezibhedlele, kwiindawo zokuhlala, kwiindawo zokunyanga amanzi, kwanebhasi yesikolo egcwele abantwana. Iibhombu ezenziwe eMelika zisoloko zisetyenziswa kwiziganeko ezinjalo, kubandakanya nokuhlaselwa komtshato, apho abantu abangama-21, abantwana phakathi kwabo, babekhona bulawa yi-GBU-12 Paveway II ibhombu ekhokelwe nguRaytheon.

Ibhombu ngokubanzi yeDynamics 2,000-iponti yebhombu ene-Boeing JDAM yesikhokelo senkqubo yasetyenziswa ngo-Matshi 2016 ugwayimbo Kwimarike ebulele abantu abangama-97, kuquka nabantwana abangama-25. Ibhombu ekhokelwa yi-Lockheed Martin yayi- isetyenzisiwe kuhlaselo luka-Agasti 2018 kwibhasi yesikolo eyabulala abantu abangama-51, kubandakanya nabantwana abangama-40. NgoSeptemba 2018 umbiko liqela lase-Yemeni i-Mwatana yamaLungelo oLuntu ichonge ugwayimbo lomoya lwabemi abangama-19 apho abantu besebenzisa izixhobo zase-US bezisetyenziswa ngokuqinisekileyo, bekhomba ukuba ukutshatyalaliswa kwale bhasi "yayingengomcimbi uzimeleyo, kodwa kwakutshanje kuthotho lwezinto ezoyikisayo [Saudi- kukhokelela] kuhlaselo lomanyano olubandakanya izixhobo zase-US. ”

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuthengiswa kwezi zixhobo akuzange kwenzeke ngaphandle kokuchasana. Ngo-2019, zombini izindlu zeCongress bavotelwe Ibhombu ethengisa eSaudi Arabia ngenxa yobundlongondlongo bayo e-Yemen, kodwa ke iinzame zabo zaphazanyiswa ngumongameli veto. Ngamanye amaxesha, njengoko kufanelekile kwimowudi yolawulo lukaTrump, ezo ntengiso zibandakanyeke kwezopolitiko ezithandabuzekayo. Thatha, umzekelo, ngoMeyi 2019 isibhengezo kaxakeka ebisetyenziswa ukutyhala $ 8.1 billion ijongane ne-Saudis, i-UAE, kunye neJordani malunga neebhombu ezikhokelwa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nezinye izixhobo ezigqithise nje iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokongamela i-DRM.

Ngokuyalelwa yiCongress, iOfisi yoMhloli Jikelele yeSebe likaRhulumente emva koko yavula uphando malunga neemeko ezimalunga nesibhengezo, ngokuyinxenye kuba behambe ngowayesakuba ngumamkeli kaRaytheon owayesebenza kwiOfisi kaRhulumente yezoMthetho. Nangona kunjalo, umhloli-jikelele ojongene nophando, uStephen Linick, kungekudala zixothwe Ngu-Nobhala welizwe uMike Pompeo esoyika ukuba uphando lwakhe luza kutyhila ubugwenxa kulawulo kwaye, emva kokuba emkile, iziphumo zokugqibela zibonakalise ubukhulu becala-ukumangaliswa! - mhlophe, ukuxolela ulawulo. Okwangoku, ingxelo iqaphele ukuba ulawulo lukaTrump belunalo Yahluleka ukuthatha unonophelo olwaneleyo ukunqanda ukwenzakaliswa kwabantu ngezixhobo zase-US ezibonelelwe ngabakwaSaudis.

Nokuba amanye amagosa olawulo lukaTrump ebenazo neentloni malunga nezivumelwano zaseSaudi. Inkqubo ye- ENew York Times Unayo umbiko ukuba inani labasebenzi beSebe likaRhulumente lixhalabile malunga nokuba ngaminazana ithile banokuba noxanduva lokunceda kunye nokuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe e-Yemen.

Ngaba iMelika iya kuhlala noMthengisi weArms oPhambili kwihlabathi?

Ukuba uDonald Trump uphinde wanyulwa, ungalindeli ukuba ukuthengiswa kwe-US ku-Mbindi Mpuma- okanye iziphumo zabo zokubulala - kunciphise naliphi na ixesha kungekudala. Kwityala lakhe, uJoe Biden uthembise njengo-Mongameli ukuphelisa iingalo zase-US kunye nenkxaso yemfazwe yase-Saudi Arabia e-Yemen. Kummandla uphela, nangona kunjalo, ungothuki ukuba, nkqu nakumongameli weBiden, izixhobo ezinje ziyaqhubeka nokungena kwaye zihlala zishishini njengesiqhelo kubathengisi bezixhobo ezinkulu beli lizwe abenzakalisa abantu baseMbindi Mpuma . Ngaphandle kokuba uyiRaytheon okanye i-Lockheed Martin, ukuthengisa iingalo yindawo enye apho kungekho mntu unokufuna ukugcina iMelika “intle.”

UWilliam D. Hartung ngumlawuli weArms neNkqubo yoKhuseleko kwiZiko loMgaqo-nkqubo weHlabathi kunye nombhali-mbhaliI-Mideast Arms Bazaar: Ababoneleli ngeeArms eziPhezulu kuMbindi Mpuma nakuMntla Afrika 2015 ukuya ku-2019. "