NgoPat Elder, ngoFebhuwari 1, 2019
IJamani ijongene nengxaki yezempilo yoluntu kunye nezigidi zabantu ezinokuthi zichanabeke kumanzi okusela angcoliswe ziiPer kunye nePoly Fluoroalkyl Substances, okanye PFAS.
Umthombo omkhulu wale miphunga yeekhemikhali uvela kwi-foam ebonakalayo eyenza i-foam (AFFF) esetyenziselwa ukuqeqesha umlilo ngokuqhelekileyo kwiinqanaba zasejoni zase-US. Emva kokutshabalalisa, ke ukutshisa imililo enkulu kunye ne-foam ebulalayo equkethe i-PFAS, iziseko zaseMerika zivumela ukuba iindawo ezinobungozi zingene emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba ukuze zingcolise imimandla engumakhelwane esebenzisa amanzi angaphantsi emithonjeni yamanzi kunye namanzi omasipala.
Ngokwe-Arhente yokuKhuselwa kokusiNgqongileyo, (i-EPA), ukubonakaliswa kwi-PFAS “kungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi zempilo, kubandakanya nefuthe lokukhula kwimveku ngexesha lokukhulelwa okanye kwiintsana ezincancisayo (umzekelo, ubunzima bokuzalwa okuphantsi, ukukhulelwa okukhawulezayo, ukwahluka kwamathambo), umhlaza (umz. , ityhalarha, izintso), iziphumo zesibindi (umzekelo, ukonakala kwethishu), amajoni omzimba (umzekelo, ukuveliswa komzimba kunye nokungenelela emzimbeni), iziphumo ze-thyroid kunye nezinye iziphumo (umzekelo, utshintsho lwe-cholesterol). ” I-PFAS nayo inegalelo i-micro-penis, kunye nesibalo esiphantsi sembewu kwindoda.
Amaxwebhu e-Military US afihliweyo Umagazini weJamani we-Volksfreund kwi-2014 ibonise ukuba amanzi aphantsi komhlaba eRamstein Airbase aqulathe ama-264 ug / L okanye ama-264,000 enxalenye yeetriliyoni (ppt.) zePFAS. Ezinye iisampulu eRamstein zazikhona iboniswe 156.5 ug / l okanyeXXUMUMX ppt. Inkqubo yokubeka amanzi kwimeko yaseRhineland-Palatinate kufuphi neSpangdahlem Air Base ifumene i-PFAS iziphumo ze-1.935 ug / l okanye i-1,935 ppt. Inkqubo yamanzi eSpangdahlem isasaza iichiza.
Iingcali zeHarvard zithi I-Perfluoro Octane Sulfonate (PFOS) kunye nePerlulu Octanoic Acid (PFOA), Iintlobo ezimbini zezona zinto zibulalayo ze-PFAS, ziyakunobungozi kwimpilo yabantu kwimilinganiselo I-1 inxalenye ye-trillion (ppt) ngamanzi okusela. Amachibi okudoba, imifula kunye nemifula ejikeleza ama-airfield eJamani anamahla angama-aninzi angcolileyo kunokuba afanele abe ngokuhambelana neemfuno ze-EU.
Ngaphezulu kwe-3,000 iichiza ze-PFAS ziye zaphuhliswa.
Kuyafundisa ukuthelekisa amanqanaba omhlaba wokuhlambulula amanzi eJamani ngale nto Ingxelo yeDOD kwi-PFAS ukungcola kwiziseko zempi zase-US. Njengamaziko amaninzi aseMelika kwilizwekazi lase-US, uRamstein noSpangdahlem bahlambulukile.
Umkhosi wase-US awuthathi mfanelo kwaye kaninzi uyala ukuhlawula ukucocekisa umonakalo obangele. IColy Col. Andrew Wiesen, uMlawuli we-DOD we-Medicine yokuVimbela kwi-Ofisi yezeMpilo, uthi ukungcoliswa ngumsebenzi we-EPA. "Asinakwenza uphando oluphambili kule ndawo," watsho Marine Corps Times. "I-EPA ixanduva loko," watsho. "I-DoD ayizibukeli ngokuzimeleyo kwiimveliso kwaye ayikho" uphando olongezelelweyo kule nto, ngemiphumo yempilo ye-PFOS / PFOA, ubuncinane njengoko ndiyazi. "
I-Pentagon ikhokhelela phantse i-$ 100 yezigidi kwi-jet nganye entsha yomqhubi kunye noomatshini abancinci banokubamba umlilo. Iifumba ngezinto kunye ne-poly fluoroalkyl izinto zindlela efanelekileyo kakhulu yokucima ngokutsha umlilo onokutshatyalalisa enye yezi zixhobo. Umkhosi wase-US uye wazi ukuba ezi khemikhali ziphazamisekile ukususela 1974 kodwa baye bakwazi ukuyigcina imfihlelo, kakhulu, kude kube ngoku.
I-PFOS kunye ne-PFOA zaziwa ngokuba “ziikhemikhali ezingunaphakade” kuba azonakalisi kwindalo esingqongileyo. Amasebe ezomkhosi akwinkqubo yokutshintshela kwamanye amagwebu alwa umlilo kancinci, kodwa isetyhi.
Ukubonelela umzekeliso, i-Wurtsmith, iMicrosoft Airbase ivaliwe kwi-1993 ngelixa imilambo kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba ahlale efile. Ekupheleni kwe2018, izikhululo zempilo zaseMichigan zanikezela isiluleko sokuthi 'Ungadli' isidlo esithathiwe ngaphakathi kweekhilomitha ezintlanu kwisiseko esidala. Sekuyiminyaka eyi-26 kwaye isiselo sokusela samanzi sisasetyhefu.
Ezi khemikhali azilawulwa yi-EPA. Abanye bacacisa oku ngenxa yezicelo zabo zempi. Kunoko, i-EPA yenza i ngcebiso kumashishini kunye namanzi arhente malunga nale michiza. Umda we-Lifetime Health Advisory (LHA) we-EPA we-Lifetime Health Advisory (LHA) wezo zombini i-70 ppt, ininzi yendalo yatsho yingozi kakhulu.
I-Arhente yase-US yeZinto ezinobungozi kunye neRejista yezifo (i-ATSDR) imisele amanqanaba okusela ubomi bonke 11 ppt ye-PFOA kunye ne-7 ppt ye-PFOS. Kuyaqondakala ke ngoko kutheni amaqela amaninzi ayeke ukulinda i-EPA yokulawula i-Trump ukuba enze kwaye sele esandula imingcele ephantsi ukukhusela impilo kawonkewonke.
Okwangoku, i-Jamani imisele isiseko esiphezulu se-"based based health guide" kwi-PFOA + PFOS kwi-300 ppt. I-European Union icebise umyalelo wamanzi okusela ngamanqanaba e-100 ppt. kwi-PFAS kunye ne-500 ppt. ngesibalo se-PFAS. Jonga le ngtshati ye-PFOS / PFAS izikhokelo e-US naseYurophu.
Ifoto yaseRamstein ngasentla ibonisa i-hangar yesikhumulo sezindiza ezalisa imbobo yokulwa nomlilo. I-US Air Force Command eRamstein, Ucacisile, "besimalunga ne-4,500 yeelitha zamanzi eziphuma ngomzuzu kwitanki lama-40,000." Inqaku liyabika, "Ihangear yenzelwe ukulawula ungcoliseko ngokusebenzisa uthungelwano olungaphantsi komhlaba lokugcina amanzi kunye nokukhutshelwa kumjelo ohambisa amanzi amdaka ngemilinganiselo elawulwayo kwaye ilawulwa ngumzi mveliso wokucocwa kwelindle eLandstuhl."
Isizathu esivakalayo sokungcola kukuba i-US inkcazelo yezemikhosi ye-Class B yokuthungulula umlilo (mil-F-24385) kufuna ukuba kusetyenziswe iikhemikhali ezigqityiweyo.
I-PFAS Impambano ayinakuphela kwiRamstein naseSpangdahlem.
KwiBitburg, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba aboniswe ukuba anePPAS kumanqanaba e-108,000 ppt. NjengoWurtsmith, umkhosi wase-US wasuka kwi-Airbase yaseBitburg kwi-1994, kodwa ukulungiswa komonakalo ongqongileyo akunakuphela. Ezi zityalo ezingcolisayo zifunyenwe kwi-Airfield yase-NATO, i-airbase i-Büchel kunye nee-airfield zaseSembach neZweibrücken.
Ngoku ka Volksfreund, umlambo osondele kufuphi neBitburg uqukethe ii-7700 ngamaxesha angaphezulu kwe-PFAS kunokuba i-EU ithandekile. UGünther Schneider, umlimi kunye nomgqugquzeli wokusingqongileyo waseBinsfeld, unemifanekiso endala ebonisa indlela umlambo ogqithisa ngayo i-Binsfeld ibonakala ngathi i-riffbon emhlophe.
Ububungqina bokuba uhlambuluko lwe-foam alufanekiyo eJamani, kodwa eMelika, kuninzi.
Ngasempumalanga yeBitburg, le milambo iphethe amanzi e-carcinogenic.
I-sludge esuka kwiindawo zokurhweba kwamanzi okuthuthwa kwamanzi e-Spangdahlem kunye ne-Bitburg airfield zonakaliswe kakhulu zingenakusetyenziswa kwiindawo. Kunoko, amaJamani ayawutshabalalisa, okwenza kubekho ukungqongqo kwendalo.
UGünther Schneider ucela ukuvinjelwa kwe-PFAS kunye nokuvuselelwa kweendawo ezingcolileyo. Okwangoku, isizwe saseJamani siyavusa ngokukhawuleza kule nkalo engqongileyo yentlekele. Babuza ukuba umkhosi waseMelika uzimisele phantsi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukuthobela imigangatho yolawulo.
