I-Tyranny of Contamination: I-US Military ityhefu i-Okinawa.

NguPat Elder, World BEYOND War, UDisemba 31, 2018

Iziphumo eziphezulu zeemveliso ezibulalayo I-Per-fluoro-octane sulfonate (PFOS) kunye nePer-fluoro-octanoic acid (PFOA), eyaziwa njengezinto zePer-and-polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) zifunyenwe emanzini okusela kwindawo esondele kufuphi ne-US. I-Air Force yeKadena Air Base kunye ne-US Marine Corps I-Station ye-Futenma kwi-Japan Prefecture yase-Okinawa. Iikhemikhali zitholakala kwi-foam yokulwa nomlilo esetyenziselwa ukuqeqeshwa komlilo rhoqo kwisiseko.

Imiphumo yempilo yokubhengezwa kwezi khemikhali ziquka ukulahleka kwamathambo kunye nezinye iingxaki zokukhulelwa ezinzima. Bahlambela ubisi lomntu kunye neentsana zokuncelisa. I-PFAS ibangela ukulimala kwesibindi, umhlaza wengqondo, i-cholesterol ephakamileyo, ukunciphisa impendulo kwiigonyo, ukwanda kwengozi yesifo se-thyroid, kunye nomhlaza wesifo somhlaza, i-micro-penis, kunye nesibalo esiphantsi sembewu kwindoda.

     I-PFAS-laced foam igcwalisa iKadena Air Force Base, Okinawa
emva kokuxiliswa kwe-US Marine kwasebenza inkqubo yokucima umlilo kwi-2013.

Abaphandi kwi-Harvard TH Chan School of Health Public bathi iqondo elithile elikhuselekileyo I-PFOS kunye ne-PFOA ngamanzi okusela 1 ppt.

Okwangoku, iinkqubo zamanzi zikamasipala e-Okinawa ziboniswe ziqulethe ngaphezu kwekhulu eliphindwe ngamaxesha, ngelixa amanzi asemhlabeni angcolisiwe kwinqanaba eliphindwe liwaka lamawaka. Ukungcola akugcini ku-Okinawa kuphela. Ngokomzekelo, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba eChina Lake, eCalifornia esanda kuhlolwa kwi-8 million ppt, ngokubhekiselele kwingxelo encinane eyaziwa yi-DOD. Nangona abambalwa eMelika abahlala kufuphi neenqwelo zemikhosi bayazi ukuba ukungcola, imeko ihluke eOkinawa, apho abaphandi kunye nabasebenzi be-activist baye bavakala i-alamu.

Ama-Okinawa athetha nathi.

Umda we-EPA wokuQinisekisa ngezeMpilo kwi-Lifetime Health (LHA) i-70 ppt, ngelixa i-chorus ekhulayo kwindawo yoluntu ejolise ekukhuseleni impilo karhulumente ithi i-70 ppt iphezulu kakhulu. Ukuzithoba kumashishini amashishini, uxanduva lwe-EPA aluyikulawula i-PFAS. Enyanisweni, ekuqaleni kwe2018, i-EPA yaseScott Pruitt kunye ne-White House ngokukhawuleza befuna ukuvimba ukupapashwa yesifundo sezempilo sobumbano kwi-PFAS, emva kokuba umncedisi kulawulo lukaTrump elumkisile ukuba kungadala "ubundlobongela kubudlelwane boluntu."

UScott Pruitt wayemele imboni yeekhemikhali ngelixa abantu behlabathi lonke
     babenobungozi bemichiza obangelwa ngumkhosi waseMelika.
Akukho nto ishintshile ukususela ekuhambeni kukaPruitt.

New iiprofayili zetyhefu kukhutshwa ngoJuni we-2018 yi-Arhente yeZifo eziTyhefu kunye ne-Registry Registry (i-ATSDR) ibeke amanqanaba okuphuza asemanzini okuphucula i-11 ppt ye-PFOA kunye ne-7 ppt ye-PFOS.

Iziphathamandla zase-Okinawan, ezimelela uluntu olujikeleza iziseko, sele zisandulwanga nje ukufikelela kumthombo wokungcola okuqhubekayo. Isivumelwano seSimo seMiqathango yaseJapan-sase-US (SOFA) asinikezeli igunya laseJapan ukufikelela kwiinqununu zase-US, zibaphephe ukuba baphonononge imithombo yongcoliseko. I-SOFA ithi, "Kwiindawo nakwiindawo, iUnited States inokuthatha yonke imilinganiselo efunekayo yokusekwa, ukusebenza, ukukhusela nokulawula."

Isivumelwano se-SOFA sichasene nalabo basebenzayo kwiintlanga zaseYurophu njengeJamani, apho amagunya asekuhlaleni avunyelwe ukungena kwiziseko. Ngokwe-SOFA yaseJapan, izikhulu zaseJapan zingenakuqhuba uphando ngaphandle kwemvume yase-US. EJamani bangakwazi.

Ukwenqaba kwezempi zase-US ukuvumela amagosa aseJapan ukuba afinyelele kwiziseko zibonisa ukuba i-Japan-US Status Agreement ye-Forces ikhusela amagosa aseJapan ekujonganeni ngokufanelekileyo neengxaki ezibangelwa iisiseko. Akumangalisi ukuba abaninzi baseOkinaina kunye namaJapan amaninzi aphikisana nokwakhiwa kweziseko ezasemkhosini.

Ukutyeshela imithetho yasekhaya neyamazwe aphesheya kunye nokucinywa kukaRhulumente wePhondo waseOkinawa wemvume yokwenza imisebenzi yokubuyisela umhlaba, urhulumente waseJapan othobelayo usandula ukuqala ukwakha inqwelomoya enkulu yaseMelika kwiOura Bay entle yaseHenoko. I-80% yabantu baseOkinawan bayaluchasa ulwakhiwo. Ngokuhambelana, babonakalise inkcaso yabo ngokukhetha iRhuluneli uDenny Tamaki ngoSeptemba ka-2018. Njengomanduleli wakhe uTakeshi Onaga, iRhuluneli uTamaki uthe "Hayi!" ukuya eTokyo. Izenzo zeTokyo nxamnye noTamaki kunye norhulumente wakhe "ziyacalucalula, azidemokhrasi kwaye azikho semthethweni," ngamagama engcali yemicimbi yase-Okinawa. IGavan McCormack.

Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba uTamaki uya kumelana njani neTokyo neWashington kuqhubeka kubonakala. Nangona echasene neprojekthi yaseHenoko, uTamaki uye wavakalisa inkxaso yakhe ngokubanzi kwizixhobo zamagosa aseJapan naseMerika.

Kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana, abantu baseOkinawans bafuna ukunyanzelwa kwesikhululo somoya saseMarine Futenma kwaye kangangeminyaka engama-20 bayaphikisana nembono yokutshintsha iFutenma ngesiseko esitsha eHenoko. I-Futenma yinto ecekisekayo, ephazamisayo ibekwe kumbindi weGinowan enabantu abaninzi. Abahlali abakufuphi bothuswe bubukho baseMelika. Iindlebe zabo zahlulwe. Badlwengulwe kwaye badliswa ityhefu kwaye babanjwa kwilizwe labo. Uninzi lwama-Okinawa lujonga urhulumente waseJapan kunye ne-US njengendawo yokuhlala. I-Okinawa i-akhawunti engaphantsi kwepesenti enye yomhlaba wonke waseJapan kodwa ibamba ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sama-47,000 amajoni aseMelika abemi eJapan.

                                 I-Marine Corps yeSiteshi se-Air Futenma

Esikhundleni sokuvala isiseko, ama-American overlords anqume ukwakha isiseko esitsha se-35 kumantla, e-Henoko, ngelixa eshiya umonakalo omkhulu kwi-Futenma. Igosa likaTamaki likhangeleka kwihlabathi, "Ngaphandle kokuxazulula imiba enxulumene nentando yeninzi e-Okinawa, ukusebenzisana kwe-US-Japan ukukhuseleko kuya kuba yingozi kakhulu."

Urhuluneli ucele u-Okinawa ukuba abe ne-referendum ngoFebruwari 24, i-2019 malunga nokunyuka kwaHenoko. Uninzi lwabahlali besiqithi sifuna umkhosi wase-US ukuba ushiye unaphakade kunye nangoko-kwaye bafuna i-US ukuba ihlambulule umonakalo abenzileyo. A sasazwa kakhulu Isikhalazo kuMongameli uTrump ifuna ukuphelelwa komsebenzi kwiHenoko de kubekwe u-referendum.

Inombolo kwiPI-contamination yeFAS

Ngokomqulu we-Marine Corps ofunyanwa ngumlobi weBrithani uJon Mitchell ngoFebruwari 2016, PFOS kwiinkxalabo ze-27,000 izingxenye ze-trillion kunye ne-PFOA kwi-concentration ye-1,800 izingxenye nge-trillion zafunyanwa xa kuphandwa ngamanzi amaninzi kwindawo yokuqeqeshwa komlilo kwi-US Marine Corps Isikhululo seMoto Futenma.

I-Okinawan Prefectural Government iye yafumanisa imilambo ye-15 kunye namaziko enyango lwamanzi anezinga eliyingozi le-PFOS kunye ne-PFOA ukungcola, ngaphezu kwe-EPA ye-Lifetime Health Advisory (LHA) ye-70 ppt.

NgoNovemba 2018, amagosa aseburhulumenteni base-Okinawa umbiko ukuba i-2,000 ppt yeekhemikhali yabonwa kwiChunnagā Spring Water Site (Wakimizu Chunnagā) e-Kiyuna, kwisixeko saseGinowan. I-1,300 ppt yamacandelo afunyenwe kwisayithi enye ngexesha lehlobo, uphando lwe-2016.

                 Imephu ye-PFAS yokungcolisa i-Futenma Station
Iprojekthi kaRhulumente enolwazi

Isityalo seChatan sinika amanzi kwiKapa yaseChatan, kwisiXeko saseOkinawa, isiXeko saseKitagagusuku, isixeko saseNagagusuku, isiXeko saseUrosoe neSixeko saseNaha. Kwi-2015, amanzi kwiCrotan Water Treatment Plant esilinganiselwe kwi-120 ppt ye-PFAS, eyadlula izikhokelo ze-EPA. Ukongezelela, uMlambo waseDakujakugawa oqhutyelwa kwisiseko wafunyanwa uqulethe i-1,379 ppt ye-PFAS.

Amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba aqukethe i-PFAS kufuphi nesiseko sele ifunyenwe kula manqanaba:

I-Survey Survey, i-2017 Ng / L

IHyakāgā 190 ppt
IMendakarihījāgā 680 ppt
Umlambo iOgumuya 100 ppt
Isaufugā 290 ppt
I-Furuchingā inyuka-Umlambo i-Ogumuya 83 ppt

Ubume bunjalo kukuba i-Ginowan City inqamle elunxwemeni lolwandle, (ngasentla ngasentshonalanga) ye Futenma Airbase, ngoko imvula ewela kuyo yonke indawo kunye nomgwaqo incolisa eli phesheya ngaphezu kweendawo ezisemgangathweni yomhlaba ophezulu kwi-Road 330 ngasempuma kusezantsi. Le meko iqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezisengozini ezikufutshane ne-US airbase emhlabeni jikelele.

Umhlaba we-limestone ophazamisayo ofunyanwa kulo lonke elaseOkinawa uvumela ukuhlambulula ukusasazeka kwiindawo ezinkulu.

Xa i-Okinawa Defence Bureau ifike kwii-ofisi zamagosa ase-US ukuba zixubushe ngeziphumo kunye neminye imiba, umkhosi wase-United States wenqabile intlanganiso, ithi i-foam yokulwa nomlilo kunye ne-PFAS ayilawulwa izinto. Umkhosi waseMelika uchanekile. I-EPA, nangona i-firestorm of controversy, iqhubeka ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Ukuzifunda kwezi zinto kunye nokuvuma ukuba igalelo labo elichaphazelayo kunokususa umkhukula wezogwebo kunye nokuphazamiseka emhlabeni jikelele.

I-Okinawa Prefecture sele ifake inkqubo yokucoca i-carbon kwi-Plantan Water Treatment Plant ngexabiso le-1.5 yezigidi ngenzame yokususa iPPAS emanzini okusela. Ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo entsha ngokupheleleyo bekuya kuba ngcono kwimpilo yoluntu. Umkhosi wase-US akazange anikezele ukuhlawula iindleko zokujongana nokungcola kwiChatan. Umkhosi uye wathintela uxanduva lwezezimali kwi-PFAS ukungcola kuluntu olukufutshane neziseko zase-US. Umgaqo-nkqubo weDOD ufanele khanyela uxanduva kwaye unqabe intlawulo zamanzi iinkqubo.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukungcola kwe-PFAS yincinci yelifa lempi lase-US e-Okinawa. Ukulandela kulandelelana okufutshane kwe-cocktail ye-US e-Okinawa ngaphezu kweminyaka. Uninzi lwezi khemikhali lithatha izizukulwana okanye ixesha elide ukuba liphule.

I-Camp Kinser

Kwi-2015, emva kwenkqubo yeFOIA emva kwexesha elide, i-Pentagon ikhuphe iirekhodi ezichaza amanqanaba aphezulu okungahlambuluki kwilizwe leKinser yelizwe eyayilindeleke ukuba libuyele kuluntu.

               I-Camp Kinser yaseMarine Corps Base, Okinawa

I-Camp Kinser iquka i-46,000 sq.-meter ene-contamated storage environment yindawo engaphandle kwendawo yokufakela. "Ukubuyisela kwakhona izinto ezivela eVietnam," kubandakanywa inambuzane, utywala, kunye ne-solvents zigcinwe khona. IWashington iye yazisa izicwangciso zokubuyisela ininzi yeCamp Kinser ngo-2024. Nangona kunjalo, ukubuya kwepakethe ye-5-acre yomhlaba kufuphi nesiseko seSango 5 ulahlekile umhla wokubuyisela we-2014 ohleliweyo. Lelo lizwe libonakala lifumaneka ngaphakathi-kwaye liseduze-kummandla ongcolileyo.

Ulwazi olukhuphelelweyo lwe-FOIA luchaza iindawo eziphezulu:

Chlordane
DDT
Malathion
Dioxin
I-Polychlorinated Biphenyls (i-PCB)
Khokela
Cadmium

Ngokutsho kwe-FOIA, ubuninzi bobuninzi bokungatshatyalaliswa benqanda i-compounds, i-acoric acid, i-alkalis, ne-12.5 itoni Chloride yeFerty wangcwatyelwa okanye "wahluthwa" kwisiseko.

I-US ibuye ishiye Arsenic, I-uranium ephele, Amagulane, yaye I-Hexavalent Chromium.

I-Pentagon iphendulela uxanduva lokumonakalisa izizathu zayo.

Inani elikhulu leentlobo zepilisi zangcwaba eCamp Hansen edolobheni laseKin.

Amagosa aseJapan afuna ukuba i-US ilandele izikhokelo ze-EPA zokulungiswa ngaphambi kokuba kubuyiselwe umhlaba kunye namabhenqo asetyenziswa ngabantu. I-US ayisayi kukhupha naliphi na izimvo malunga nokungcola.

Amaxwebhu akhululwe yi-FOIA avela ukuba axhasane neengxelo zamakhulu amabutho ase-United States athi aphethwe yi-fooxin-defied li-dioxin-kuquka i-Agent Orange-e-Okinawa.

Ukuba isiseko saseHenoko sigqityiwe siya konakalisa enye indawo entle yaseOkinawa- indlela yoluntu olujikeleze iFutenma, iKadena, neKinser zingcolisiwe. Emva kwekota ezintathu zenkulungwane yokuhlala umkhosi wasemzini, olu hlaselo lutsha e-Okinawa kufuneka lumiswe.

I-Okinawan kunye ne-American activists baya kubamba inkundla phambi kweNdlu ye-White House ngoJan. 7th ukusuka kwi-11: 00 ukuya kwiNtshonalanga ukubeka uxinzelelo kulawulo lukaMongameli uTrump ukungenelela kwakhiwo sokwakhiwa kwe-Henoko. Japan Times Uxelile ukuba ukhonkco luhlelwe nguRobert Kajiwara, waseHawaii-Okinawan owaqala isicengululo seHenoko esithi, "Sifuna ukuthumela umyalezo eWashington, DC," kusho uKawara. "Siyathemba ukuba uMongameli uTrump uzothatha umcimbi kwiHenoko kwaye sinethemba lokuba uya kulandelela ubuncinci ukuma kwexeshana kwi-landfill kwaze kwaba ngu-referendum."

=========

Imbulelo ekhethekileyo kuJoseph Essertier, uNjingalwazi onxulumene, iNokia Institute of Technology kunye noMququzeleli waseJapan World BEYOND War. Ezinye zezinto ezifunyenweyo kweli nqaku zisekelwe kuphando UJon Mitchell, intatheli yaseBrithani nomlobi waseJapan kunye UMasami Kawamura wase-Okinawa Iprojekthi Yoluntu-Inolwazi, inxaxheba yophando egxininisa imiba engqongileyo.