Ukuvuza kweOli eNgcwele kwiZibuko lasePearl

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Novemba 30, 2022

UStephen Dedalus wayekholelwa ukuba iglasi yokujonga eqhekekileyo yomkhonzi yenza uphawu oluhle lwaseIreland. Ukuba bekufuneka ubize isimboli sase-United States, bekuya kuba yintoni? Umfanekiso Wenkululeko? Amadoda anxibe iimpahla zangaphantsi eminqamlezweni phambi kweMcDonald's? Ndicinga ukuba inokuba yile: i-oyile evuzayo kwinqanawa yedabi ePearl Harbor. Le nqanawa, I-Arizona, enye yezimbini ezisavuza ioyile ePearl Harbour, ishiywe apho njengepropaganda yemfazwe, njengobungqina bokuba umthengisi wezixhobo uphezulu emhlabeni, umakhi okumgangatho ophezulu, ochitha imali ephezulu kwezomkhosi, kunye nomfudumezi ophezulu lixhoba elimsulwa. Kwaye ioli ivumelekile ukuba iqhubeke ivuza ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo. Bubungqina bobubi beentshaba zase-US, nokuba iintshaba zihlala zitshintsha. Abantu baphalaza iinyembezi kwaye beva iiflegi ziwangawangisa eziswini zabo kwindawo entle yeoli, zivunyelwe ukuba ziqhubeke nokungcolisa uLwandlekazi lwePasifiki njengobungqina bendlela esiyithatha nzulu kwaye ngokundilisekileyo ngayo ipropaganda yethu yemfazwe. Loo mfazwe indlela enkulu apho sitshabalalisa ukuhlala kweplanethi inokulahleka okanye ingalahleki kubahambi ngezonqulo kwisiza. Nantsi iwebhusayithi yezokhenketho indlela yokutyelela ukuvuza kweoli engcwele:

“Yenye yezona ndawo zingcwele e-US. . . . Yicinge ngolu hlobo: ubona ioyile ekusenokwenzeka ukuba iphinde yazaliswa ngosuku olungaphambi kohlaselo kwaye kukho nje into ethile ye-surreal malunga naloo mava. Kwakhona kunzima ukungawuva umqondiso kwiinyembezi ezimnyama ezimenyezelayo xa umi ngokuzolileyo kwisikhumbuzo - kuba ngathi inqanawa isazilile ngenxa yohlaselo. "

"Abantu bathetha ngendlela entle ngayo ukubona ioyile ikhazimla phezu kwamanzi kunye nendlela ebakhumbuza ngayo ubomi obulahlekileyo," itsho enye iwebhusayithi.

Abantu bathi 'ziinyembezi ezimnyama ze- Arizona.' Unokubona ukunyuka kweoli kumphezulu, ukwenza imvula emanzini. Uyakwazi nokuvumba izinto. Kwinqanaba langoku, i-oyile iya kuqhubeka iphuma ngaphandle Arizona eminye iminyaka engama-500, ukuba inqanawa ayiqhekeki ngokupheleleyo ngaphambi koko.” -enye ingxelo.

Ukuba uhlala kufutshane nePearl Harbor, kukho amafutha ejethi yase-US amnandi emanzini akho okusela. Ayiveli kwiinqanawa zokulwa, kodwa yona (kwaye ezinye iintlekele zendalo kwindawo enye) yenza bonisa ukuba mhlawumbi amanzi angcolisayo ajongwa njengesiphelo esinqwenelekayo ngokwawo ngumkhosi wase-US, okanye ubuncinci ukuba impilo yomntu ayinamdla omncinci.

Abanye baba bantu bebelumkisa ngesoyikiso samafutha ejethi ixesha elide baye balumkisa malunga nesoyikiso esikhulu sokubulala esibangelwa ngamabali abantu abaxelelana ngawo ngoSuku lwePearl Harbour naxa bendwendwela indawo engcwele yabantsundu. iinyembezi zokungcwalisa imfazwe.

Ukuba uhlala kufutshane nomabonwakude okanye ikhompyuter, naphi na emhlabeni, usemngciphekweni.

Olunye lweentsuku ezingcwele zonyaka lusondela ngokukhawuleza. Ngaba uyilungele i-7 kaDisemba? Ngaba uya kuyikhumbula intsingiselo yokwenyani yoSuku lwePearl Harbour?

Urhulumente wase-US wacwangcisa, walungiselela, waza waxhokonxa imfazwe kunye neJapan iminyaka, kwaye wayesemfazweni ngeendlela ezininzi, elindele ukuba iJapan idubule ukudubula kokuqala, xa iJapan yahlasela iiPhilippines kunye nePearl Harbor. Yintoni elahlekileyo kwimibuzo yokuba ngubani kanye owayesazi ukuba nini ngeentsuku ezingaphambi kolo hlaselo, kwaye yeyiphi indibaniselwano yokungakwazi ukwenza izinto kunye nokugxeka okuvumele ukuba kwenzeke, kukuba amanyathelo amakhulu athatyathwe ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuya emfazweni kodwa akukho nanye ethathiweyo ukuya eluxolweni. . Yaye amanyathelo alula alula okwenza uxolo ayenokwenzeka.

I-Asia pivot yexesha lika-Obama-Trump-Biden yayinomzekelo kwiminyaka ekhokelela kwi-WWII, njengoko i-United States ne-Japan zakha ubukho bazo emkhosini ePasifiki. I-United States yayinceda i-China kumlo ochasene neJapan kwaye yavala iJapan ukuba iyihluthe izixhobo ezibalulekileyo ngaphambi kohlaselo lweJapan kwimikhosi yase-US kunye nemimandla yasebukhosini. Umkhosi wase-United States awuyikhululi iJapan kuxanduva lomkhosi wayo, okanye ngokuchaseneyo, kodwa intsomi yomntu obukeleyo omsulwa ohlaselwe ngendlela eyothusayo ngaphandle kweblue ayiyonyani kunenyani. intsomi yemfazwe ukusindisa amaYuda.

Ngaphambi kwePearl Harbour, i-US yadala idrafti, kwaye yabona ukuchasana kwedrafti enkulu, kwaye yavalela abaxhathisi bedrafti ezintolongweni apho baqala khona amaphulo angenabugorha okubahlula-iinkokeli eziphuhlisayo, imibutho, kunye namaqhinga aya kuthi kamva abe nguMbutho wamaLungelo oLuntu, intshukumo ezalwe phambi kwePearl Harbor.

Xa ndibuza abantu ukuba bathethelele i-WWII, bahlala besithi "Hitler," kodwa ukuba imfazwe yaseYurophu yayithetheleleka ngokulula, kutheni i-United States ingazange ijoyine ngaphambili? Kwakutheni ukuze uluntu lwase-US lube lukhulu kangaka ngokuchasene nokungena kwe-US emfazweni de kwasemva kwe-7 kaDisemba 1941? Kutheni le nto imfazwe neJamani ekucingelwa ukuba ingenisiwe kufuneka iboniswe njengedabi elikhuselayo ngengqiqo edibeneyo yokuba iJapan idubule ukudubula kokuqala, ngaloo ndlela (ngandlela thile) yenza (yintsomi) i-crusade yokuphelisa i-Holocaust eYurophu umbuzo wokuzikhusela? IJamani yabhengeza imfazwe ne-United States, ngethemba lokuba iJapan yayiza kunceda iJamani kumzabalazo ochasene neSoviet Union. Kodwa iJamani ayizange ihlasele iUnited States.

UWinston Churchill wayefuna ukuba iUnited States ingene kwiWWII, kanye njengokuba wayefuna iUnited States ingene kwiWWII. I ELusitania wahlaselwa yiJamani ngaphandle kwesilumkiso, ngexesha le-WWI, sixelelwa kwiincwadi ze-US, nangona iJamani ipapashe izilumkiso kumaphephandaba aseNew York kunye namaphephandaba ajikeleze i-United States. Ezi zilumkiso zishicilelwe kanye ecaleni kweentengiso zokuhamba ngenqanawa kwi ELusitania kwaye zatyobelwa ngumzi wozakuzo waseJamani.[i] Amaphephandaba abhala amanqaku ngezi zilumkiso. Inkampani yaseCunard yabuzwa malunga nezilumkiso. Owayesakuba ngumthetheli weqela ELusitania wayesele eyekile - kuxelwe ukuba kungenxa yoxinzelelo lokuhamba ngesikhephe kwinto iJamani eyayibhengeze esidlangalaleni indawo yemfazwe. Ngelo xesha uWinston Churchill wabhalela uMongameli weBhodi yezoRhwebo yaseBritani esithi, “Kuyeyona nto ibalulekileyo ukutsala iinqanawa ezingathath’ icala kunxweme lwethu ngethemba lokudibanisa iUnited States neJamani.”[ii] Kwakuphantsi komyalelo wakhe ukuba ukhuseleko lomkhosi waseBritani oluqhelekileyo alunikezelwanga ELusitania, nangona uCunard echaze ukuba yayithembele kuloo khuseleko. Loo nto ELusitania yayiphethe izixhobo kunye nemikhosi yokunceda iBritane kwimfazwe echasene neJamani kwaqinisekiswa yiJamani kunye nabanye abakhi-mkhanyo, kwaye yayinyani. Ukutshona i ELusitania yayisisenzo esoyikekayo sokubulala abantu abaninzi, kodwa yayingelohlaselo olothusayo lobungendawo ngokuchasene nokulunga okunyulu.

IMINYAKA engama-1930

NgoSeptemba ka-1932, uColonel Jack Jouett, igqala lomqhubi wenqwelomoya wase-US, waqala ukufundisa abafundi abangama-80 kwisikolo esitsha sokubhabha somkhosi eTshayina.[iii] Kwakusele kugquba imfazwe. NgoJanuwari 17, 1934, uEleanor Roosevelt wenza intetho: “Nabani na ocingayo, umele acinge ngemfazwe elandelayo njengokuzibulala. Hayi indlela esizidenge ngayo ukuba sinokufunda imbali kwaye siphile kwinto esiphila kuyo, kwaye ngokungakhathali sivumele izizathu ezifanayo ukuba zisibeke kwinto enye kwakhona. "[iv] Xa uMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt wayetyelele iPearl Harbor ngoJulayi 28, 1934, uNjengele Kunishiga Tanaka wabhala Umkhangisi waseJapan, bechasa ukwakhiwa kweenqanawa zaseMerika nokwakhiwa kweziseko ezongezelelekileyo eAlaska nakwiZiqithi zeAleutian: “Ihambo yokungakhathali elolo hlobo isenza sikrokre ngakumbi. Isenza sicinge ukuba ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kukhuthazwa ngabom kwiPasifiki. Oku kuzisola kakhulu. ”[v]

Ngo-Oktobha 1934, uGeorge Seldes wabhala Umagazini kaHarper: "Yiyo i-axiom ukuba iintlanga azikhange imfazwe kodwa imfazwe." USeldes wabuza igosa e-Navy League:
"Ngaba uyamkela i-axiom yeenqanawa ozilungiselelayo ukulwa ne-navy ethile?"
Indoda yaphendula yathi "Ewe."
"Ngaba ucinga ngokulwa ne-British navy?"
"Akunjalo, hayi."
"Ngaba ucinga imfazwe neJapan?"
"Ewe."[vi]

Ngo-1935 uSmedley Butler, kwiminyaka emibini emva kokuphazamisa ubhukuqo-mbuso olunxamnye noRoosevelt, kunye neminyaka emine emva kokuvalelwa enkundleni ngenxa yokubalisa ngesiganeko apho uBenito Mussolini wagilana nentombazana ngemoto yakhe.[vii], ipapashwe kwimpumelelo enkulu incwadi emfutshane ebizwa Imfazwe yiRacket.[viii] Wabhala:

"Ngeseshoni nganye yeCongress umbuzo wohlahlo lwabiwo lwezemikhosi luya phezulu. Ama-admirals ahleliyo angasamemeza athi 'Sifuna iimfazwe ezininzi ukulwa nalo hlanga okanye olo hlanga.' Oh hayi. Okokuqala, bazisa ukuba iMelika ixhatshazwa ngamandla amakhulu amakhulu. Phantse nawuphi na usuku, la ma-admirals aya kukuxelela, inqwelo enkulu yeli lizwi eliza kuthiwa liza kubetha ngokukhawuleza kwaye libhubhise abantu bethu be-125,000,000. Nje kanjalo. Emva koko baqala ukulila i-navy enkulu. Yantoni? Ukulwa notshaba? O wam, hayi. Oh hayi. Ngeenjongo zokukhusela kuphela. Emva koko, ngokuqinisekileyo, bavakalisa ukuhamba kwiPacific. Ukukhusela. Uh, hah.

“IPasifiki lulwandlekazi olukhulu. Sinonxweme olukhulu kwiPasifiki. Ingaba iintshukumo ziya kuba selunxwemeni, amakhulu amabini okanye amathathu emayile? Oh hayi. Ukuqhuba kuya kuba ngamawaka amabini, ewe, mhlawumbi namashumi amathathu anesihlanu amakhulu eemayile, ukusuka elunxwemeni. Abantu baseJapan, abantu abanekratshi, ngokuqinisekileyo baya kuvuyiswa ngaphaya kokuchaza ukubona iinqanawa zase-United States kufutshane nonxweme lwaseNippon. Nokuba bekuya kuba mnandi kangakanani na abahlali baseKhalifoniya ukuba babenokubona luzizi, ngenkungu yasekuseni, inqanawa yaseJapan idlala kwimidlalo yemfazwe eLos Angeles. ”

NgoMatshi ka-1935, uRoosevelt wanika iWake Island kuMkhosi waManzi wase-US waza wanika iPan Am Airways imvume yokwakha iindlela zokubaleka eWake Island, eMidway Island, naseGuam. Abaphathi-mkhosi baseJapan bavakalisa ukuba baphazamisekile yaye bazigqala ezi ndlela zokubhabha njengesisongelo. Benjenjalo nabalwela uxolo eUnited States. Ngenyanga elandelayo, uRoosevelt wayecwangcise imidlalo yemfazwe kunye nokuhamba kufutshane neAleutian Islands kunye neMidway Island. Kwinyanga elandelayo, abalweli boxolo babematsha eNew York bekhuthaza ubuhlobo neJapan. UNorman Thomas wabhala oku ngowe-1935: “INdoda yaseMars eyabona indlela abantu ababandezeleka ngayo kwimfazwe yokugqibela nendlela ababhuqa ngayo belungiselela imfazwe ezayo, nezaziyo ukuba iya kuba mbi ngakumbi, yayiza kufikelela kwisigqibo sokuba yayibajongile abantu ababengathobeli. kwindawo yokufihla intloko.”

NgoMeyi 18, 1935, amawaka alishumi enza umngcelele enyuka iFifth Avenue eNew York ephethe iipowusta nemiqondiso echasene nokwakhiwa kwemfazwe neJapan. Imiboniso efanayo yayiphindaphindwa izihlandlo ezininzi ngeli xesha.[ix] Abantu benza ityala loxolo, ngelixa urhulumente exhobele imfazwe, esakha iziseko zemfazwe, eqeqeshelwa imfazwe kwiPasifiki, kwaye wayesebenzisa ukucima umbane kunye nokukhusela kuhlaselo lwasemoyeni ukulungiselela abantu imfazwe. Umkhosi wamanzi wase-US waphuhlisa izicwangciso zawo zemfazwe eJapan. Inguqulelo kaMatshi 8, 1939, yezi zicwangciso yachaza "imfazwe ekhubekisayo yexesha elide" eya kutshabalalisa umkhosi kwaye iphazamise ubomi bezoqoqosho baseJapan.

Umkhosi wase-US wade wacwangcisela uhlaselo lwaseJapan eHawaii, olwalucinga ukuba lungaqala ngokoyisa isiqithi saseNi'ihau, apho iinqwelomoya ziya kunduluka ziye kuhlasela ezinye iziqithi. US Army Air Corp. uLt. Col. Gerald Brant waya kusapho lakwaRobinson, elalingabanini bakaNi'ihau nanamhlanje. Wabacela ukuba balime imisele enqumla isiqithi kwigridi, ukuze kungabi namsebenzi kwiinqwelomoya. Phakathi kowe-1933 nowe-1937, amadoda amathathu angamaNi'ihau agawula imisele ngamakhuba atsalwa ziimeyile okanye amahashe atsala nzima. Njengoko kwenzekayo, amaJapan ayengenazo izicwangciso zokusebenzisa i-Ni'ihau, kodwa xa inqwelo-moya yaseJapan eyayisandul’ ukuba yinxalenye yohlaselo lweZibuko iPearl kwafuneka yenze indawo engxamisekileyo, yawela eNi’ihau phezu kwayo nje yonke imigudu yokuhlasela. iimeyile namahashe.

NgoJulayi 21, 1936, onke amaphephandaba eTokyo ayenomxholo ofanayo: urhulumente wase-US wayeboleka iTshayina i-100 lezigidi zeeyuan ukuze athenge ngayo izixhobo zase-US.[X] NgoAgasti 5, 1937, urhulumente waseJapan wavakalisa ukuba kuphazanyisiwe ukuba izikhulu zomoya zaseUnited States ezili-182, ngalinye likhatshwa ngabakhandi ababini, babeza kubhabha ngeenqwelo-moya eTshayina.[xi]

Amanye amagosa ase-US kunye namaJapan, kunye nabaphembeleli boxolo abaninzi, basebenzela uxolo kunye nobuhlobo kule minyaka, bebuyela umva ngokuchasene nokwakhiwa kwemfazwe. Eminye imizekelo injalo kwesi sixhobo.

1940

NgoNovemba 1940, uRoosevelt waboleka iChina ikhulu lezigidi zeedola zokulwa imfazwe neJapan, kwaye emva kokubonisana neBritane, uNobhala we-Ofisi kaNondyebo wase-US uHenry Morgenthau wenza izicwangciso zokuthumela abaqhushumbisi baseTshayina kunye nabasebenzi base-US ukuba basebenzise ibhomu eTokyo nakwezinye izixeko zaseJapan. NgoDisemba 21, 1940, uMphathiswa wezeMali waseTshayina uSoong kunye noColonel Claire Chennault, indiza yase-US edla umhlala phantsi eyayisebenzela amaTshayina kwaye wayebabongoza ukuba basebenzise abaqhubi beenqwelomoya baseMelika ukuqhushumbisa iTokyo ukusukela ngo-1937, badibana kwigumbi lokutyela laseMorgenthau. ukucwangcisa ibhombu yaseJapan. UMorgenthau uthe angakhupha amadoda emsebenzini kwi-US Army Air Corps ukuba amaTshayina angabahlawula i-1,000 yeedola ngenyanga. Wavuma ngokukhawuleza.[xii]

Ngowe-1939-1940, uMkhosi waseLwandle waseUnited States wakha iziseko ezitsha zePasifiki eMidway, eJohnston, ePalmyra, eWake, eGuam, eSamoa, naseHawaii.[xiii]

NgoSeptemba, 1940, iJapan, iJamani neItali zatyikitya isivumelwano sokuncedana emfazweni. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba yayiyi-United States emfazweni nomnye wabo, yayinokuba semfazweni nabo bobathathu.

Ngo-Okthobha we-7, 1940, umlawuli we-Ofisi ye-US ye-Naval Intelligence Far East Asia iCandelo u-Arthur McCollum wabhala imemo.[xiv] Wayenexhala malunga nezisongelo ze-Axis ezinokwenzeka kwixesha elizayo kwiinqanawa zaseBritane, kuBukhosi baseBhritane, nakubuchule beAllies bokuthintela iYurophu. Waqikelela malunga nohlaselo lwe-Axis oluzayo kwi-United States. Wayekholelwa ukuba inyathelo eliqinisekileyo lingakhokelela "ekuweni kweJapan kwangoko." Wacebisa imfazwe neJapan:

“Ngoxa . . . Incinci into enokwenziwa yiUnited States ukubuyisela imeko yaseYurophu kwangoko, iUnited States iyakwazi ukubhangisa ngokusebenzayo isenzo sobundlobongela saseJapan, kwaye iyenze ngaphandle kokunciphisa uncedo lwempahla yase-US kwiGreat Britain.

“. . . KwiPasifiki iUnited States inendawo yokuzikhusela eyomeleleyo kunye nomkhosi wasemanzini kunye nomkhosi wasemanzini womoya okwangoku kulwandlekazi olukwaziyo ukwenza umgama omde wokuhlasela. Kukho ezinye izinto ezithile okwangoku ezisixhasa ngamandla, ezizezi:

1. IZiqithi zakwiiPhilippines zisaphethwe yiUnited States.
2. Urhulumente onobuhlobo kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba abe nomanyano kulawulo lweDutch East Indies.
3. IBritane isabambe iHong Kong neSingapore kwaye iyasithanda.
4. Imikhosi ebalulekileyo yaseTshayina isesentsimini yaseTshayina ngokuchasene neJapan.
5. Umkhosi wamanzi wase-US omncinci okwaziyo ukusongela iindlela zokubonelela ezisemazantsi eJapan sele ukwindawo yemidlalo yeqonga.
6. Amandla omkhosi wamanzi waseDatshi akwiMpuma enokuba nexabiso xa emanyene ne-US

“Ukuqwalaselwa koku kungasentla kukhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba inyathelo elinobundlongondlongo lomkhosi waselwandle nxamnye neJapan yiUnited States liya kwenza iJapan ingakwazi ukunika naluphi na uncedo eJamani nase-Italiya kuhlaselo lwazo lwaseNgilani nokuba iJapan ngokwayo yayiza kujongana nemeko apho umkhosi wakhe waselwandle unokunyanzelwa ukuba ulwe phantsi kwemiqathango emininzi engathandekiyo okanye wamkele ukuwa kwelizwe kwangethuba ngenxa yothintelo. Isibhengezo esikhawulezileyo nesakwangoko semfazwe emva kokungena kumalungiselelo afanelekileyo kunye neNgilani neHolland, kuya kuba luncedo kakhulu ekuziseni ukuwa kweJapan kwangoko kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuphelise utshaba lwethu kwi-pacific ngaphambi kokuba iJamani ne-Italiya zisibethe ngokufanelekileyo. Ngaphaya koko, ukupheliswa kweJapan kufuneka ngokuqinisekileyo kuqinise isikhundla seBritane ngokuchasene neJamani ne-Italiya kwaye, ukongeza, isenzo esinjalo siya kwandisa ukuzithemba kunye nenkxaso yazo zonke izizwe ezithanda ukuba nobuhlobo kuthi.

“Akukholelwa ukuba ngokwembono yangoku yezobupolitika urhulumente waseUnited States unako ukubhengeza imfazwe nxamnye neJapan ngaphandle kokuphoxeka; kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba isenzo esinamandla kwicala lethu sinokukhokelela amaJapan ukuba aguqule isimo sabo sengqondo. Ngoko ke, le nyathelo elilandelayo liyacetyiswa:

1. Yenza ilungiselelo neBhritane ukuze kusetyenziswe iziseko zaseBritane kwiPasifiki, ngakumbi iSingapore.
2. Yenza ilungiselelo kunye neHolland ukusetyenziswa kweziseko ezisisiseko kunye nokufumana izinto kwi-Dutch East Indies.
3. Nika lonke uncedo olunokwenzeka kurhulumente waseTshayina waseChiang-Kai-Shek.
4. Thumela icandelo loluhlu olude lwabakhenkethi abanzima ukuya eMpuma, kwiiPhilippines, okanye eSingapore.
5. Thumela amacandelo amabini eenkwili kwiMpuma.
6. Gcina awona mandla aphambili eenqwelomoya zase-US ngoku kwiPasifiki kwindawo yeZiqithi zaseHawaii.
7. Ukunyanzelisa ukuba amaDatshi ale ukunika iimfuno zaseJapan kwimvumelwano yezoqoqosho engafanelekanga, ngakumbi i-oyile.
8. Luvale ngokupheleleyo lonke urhwebo lwase-US kunye neJapan, ngentsebenziswano kunye ne-embargo efanayo ebekwe nguBukhosi baseBritane.

"Ukuba ngezi ndlela iJapan inokukhokelela ekwenzeni isenzo esicacileyo semfazwe, kungcono kakhulu. Kuzo zonke iziganeko kufuneka sikulungele ngokupheleleyo ukwamkela isoyikiso semfazwe. "

Ngokutsho kombhali-mbali womkhosi wase-US uConrad Crane, “Ukufundwa ngokusondeleyo [kule memo ingasentla] kubonisa ukuba iingcebiso zayo bekufanele ukuba zithintele kwaye ziqulathe iJapan, ngelixa ilungiselela ngcono iUnited States kungquzulwano lwexesha elizayo kwiPasifiki. Kukho intetho ethi isenzo esicacileyo saseJapan semfazwe siya kwenza kube lula ukufumana inkxaso yoluntu ngezenzo ezichasene neJapan, kodwa injongo yolu xwebhu yayingekuko ukuqinisekisa ukuba umcimbi uyenzeka. "[xv]

Ingxabano phakathi kokutolikwa kwale memo kunye namaxwebhu afanayo yinto efihlakeleyo. Akukho mntu ukholelwa ukuba le memo icatshulwe ngasentla yayijoliswe kuthethathethwano ngoxolo okanye ukuthotywa kwezixhobo okanye ukumisela umthetho wobundlobongela. Abanye bacinga ukuba injongo yayikukuqalisa imfazwe kodwa bakwazi ukutyhola iJapan. Abanye bacinga ukuba injongo yayikukulungiselela imfazwe ukuba iqale, kwaye bathathe amanyathelo anokuthi axhokonxe iJapan ukuba iqalise, kodwa endaweni yoko - kwakungenakwenzeka - yoyikisa iJapan ngeendlela zayo zokulwa. Olu luhlu lwengxoxo-mpikiswano lujika ifestile ye-Overton ibe ngumngxuma wesitshixo. Yingxoxo-mpikiswano ekwaye yatsalwa ekugxininiseni ekubeni enye yezi ngcebiso zisibhozo zingasentla - le imalunga nokugcina inqanawa eHawaii - yayiyinxalenye yeyelenqe elibi lokufumana iinqanawa ezininzi zitshatyalaliswe kuhlaselo olumangalisayo (hayi iyelenqe eliyimpumelelo. , njengoko zimbini kuphela iinqanawa ezatshatyalaliswa ngokusisigxina).

Ayisiyiyo loo nto inye - ebalulekileyo kunye okanye ngaphandle kweyelenqe elinjalo - kodwa zonke iingcebiso ezisibhozo ezenziwe kwimemo okanye ubuncinci amanyathelo afana nawo alandelwa. La manyathelo ayejoliswe ngabom okanye ngengozi (umahluko ulungile) ukuqala imfazwe, kwaye kubonakala ngathi kusebenzile. Ukusetyenzwa kwezindululo, ngokuzenzekela okanye akunjalo, kwaqala ngo-Oktobha 8, 1940, ngosuku olulandelayo emva kokubhalwa kwememo. Ngaloo mhla, iSebe leSizwe laseMelika laxelela abantu baseMelika ukuba baphume eMpuma Asia. Kananjalo ngaloo mhla, uMongameli Roosevelt wayalela ukuba iinqanawa zigcinwe eHawaii. UAdmiral James O. Richardson wabhala kamva ukuba uye wasichasa ngamandla eso sindululo nenjongo yaso. “Kungekudala,” wacaphula njengotshilo uRoosevelt, “amaJapan ayeza kwenza isenzo esicacileyo nxamnye neUnited States yaye isizwe siya kukulungela ukungena emfazweni.”[xvi]

EKUQALENI kowe-1941

URichardson wakhululwa kwimisebenzi yakhe ngoFebruwari 1, 1941, ngoko mhlawumbi waxoka ngoRoosevelt njengomsebenzi wangaphambili owayenganelisekanga. Okanye mhlawumbi ukuphuma kwimisebenzi enjalo kwiPasifiki ngaloo mihla yayilinyathelo elithandwayo ngabo babenokubona oko kuza kwenzeka. UAdmiral Chester Nimitz walile ukuyalela iPacific Fleet. Unyana wakhe, uChester Nimitz Omnci. kamva waxelela iHistory Channel ukuba uyise wayecinga ngolu hlobo: “Ndiqikelela ukuba amaJapan aza kusihlasela ngequbuliso. Kuya kubakho uqhushululu elizweni ngokuchasene nabo bonke abaphetheyo elwandle, kwaye baya kutshintshwa ngabantu abakwizikhundla eziphezulu elunxwemeni, kwaye ndifuna ukuba selunxwemeni, hayi elwandle, xa oko kusenzeka. "[xvii]

Ebutsheni bowe-1941, amagosa omkhosi aseMelika nawaseBhritane adibana ukuze acwangcise iqhinga lawo lokoyisa iJamani kunye neJapan, nje ukuba iUnited States yayisemfazweni. Ngo-Epreli, uMongameli Roosevelt waqala ukuba iinqanawa zase-US zazise umkhosi waseBritane ngeendawo zeenqanawa zaseJamani kunye neenqwelomoya. Emva koko waqala ukuvumela ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezithunyelwa kumajoni aseBritane kuMntla Afrika. IJamani yatyhola uRoosevelt “ngokuzama ngazo zonke iindlela anazo ukuxhokonxa iziganeko ngenjongo yokufaka abantu baseMelika emfazweni.”[xviii]

NgoJanuwari 1941, i Umkhangisi waseJapan yavakalisa ukucaphuka kwayo ngokwakhiwa komkhosi wase-US ePearl Harbor kwinqaku lomhleli, yaye unozakuzaku waseUnited States eJapan wabhala kwincwadi yakhe yeziganeko zemihla ngemihla esithi: “Kukho intetho eninzi ethethwa edolophini ebonisa ukuba amaJapan, xa athe aqhawula umtshato. eUnited States, baceba ukwenza konke kuhlaselo lwabantu abaninzi olungalindelekanga kwiZibuko iPearl. Ewe ndimazisile urhulumente wam. ”[xix] NgoFebhuwari 5, i-1941, i-Admiral yangaphambili uRicmond Kelly Turner wabhalela uNobhala weMfazwe uHenry Stimson ukuba axwayise malunga nokuhlaselwa ngokumangalisa ePearl Harbour.

NgoAprili 28, 1941, uChurchill wabhala umyalelo oyimfihlo kwikhabhinethi yakhe yemfazwe: “Kusenokuthatyathelwa njengento eqinisekileyo ukuba ukungena kweJapan emfazweni kuya kulandelwa kukungena kweUnited States ngokukhawuleza.” NgoMeyi 24, 1941, i ENew York Times ingxelo ngoqeqesho lwase-US kumkhosi womoya waseTshayina, kunye nokubonelelwa “kweenqwelo-moya ezininzi zokulwa neziqhushumbisi” eTshayina yi-United States neBritane. “Kulindelwe Ukuqhushumbiswa Kwezixeko ZaseJapan” wawufunda umxholwana.[xx] Ngo-Meyi 31, 1941, kwi-Keep America Out of War Congress, uWilliam Henry Chamberlin wanikela isilumkiso esiqatha: “Ukunqumka kwezoqoqosho ngokupheleleyo eJapan, ngokomzekelo ukuyekiswa kokuthunyelwa kweoyile, kwakuza kutyhalela iJapan kwimikhosi yeAxis. Imfazwe yezoqoqosho iya kuba sisandulela semfazwe yaselwandle neyasemkhosini. ”[xxi]

NgoJulayi 7, 1941, amajoni aseUnited States yahlala eIceland.

NgoJulayi, ngo-1941, iBhodi ye-Joint Army-Navy Board yayivumile isicwangciso esibizwa ngokuba yi-JB 355 yokuqhumisa ibhombu yaseJapan. Umbutho wangaphambili uya kuthenga iinqwelomoya zaseMelika ukuba zihanjiswe ngamavolontiya aseMelika. Roosevelt wavuma, kunye nengcali yakhe yaseTshayina uLauchlin Currie, ngokwamazwi kaNicholson Baker, "wabhalela uMama uChiang Kai-Shek kunye noClaire Chennault ileta eyayicenga ukuba ibanjwe ziintlola zaseJapan." IQela lokuQala lamaVolontiya laseMelika (AVG) loMkhosi woMoya waseTshayina, okwaziwa ngokuba ziiFlying Tigers, laqhubela phambili ngokuqesha noqeqesho ngoko nangoko, lanikwa iTshayina ngaphambi kweZibuko lasePearl, laze labona umlo okokuqala ngoDisemba 1, 20.[xxii]

NgoJulayi 9, 1941, uMongameli Roosevelt wacela amagosa aphezulu omkhosi waseUnited States ukuba enze izicwangciso zemfazwe nxamnye neJamani namahlakani ayo neJapan. Ileta yakhe eyenza oku yacatshulwa ngokupheleleyo kwingxelo yeendaba ngoDisemba 4, 1941 - eyayiyisihlandlo sokuqala ukuba uluntu lwase-US luve nantoni na malunga nayo. Bona umhla kaDisemba 4, 1941, ngezantsi.

NgoJulayi 24, 1941, uMongameli Roosevelt wathi, “Ukuba besinokunciphisa ioli, [amaJapan] mhlawumbi ebeya kuhla aye eDutch East Indies kunyaka ophelileyo, kwaye ubuya kuba nemfazwe. Kwakubaluleke kakhulu kwimbono yethu yokuzingca yokuzikhusela ukuthintela imfazwe ekuqaliseni kuMzantsi Pasifiki. Ke inkqubo yethu yezangaphandle ibizama ukunqanda imfazwe ukuba ingaqhambuka apho. ”[xxiii] Iintatheli ziqaphele ukuba uRoosevelt uthe "ibi" kunokuba "yiyo." Ngosuku olulandelayo, uRoosevelt wakhupha umyalelo olawulayo wokumisa iimpahla zaseJapan. I-United States neBritani zaqhawula i-oyile kunye nentsimbi ezilahliweyo zazisa eJapan. URadhabinod Pal, igqwetha laseIndiya elalisebenza kwinkundla yamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho emva kwemfazwe, wafumanisa ukuba izithintelo zisisoyikiso esixhokonxayo eJapan.[xxiv]

Ngo-Agasti 7, 1941, i Umkhangisi waseJapan Times Wabhala: "Okokuqala kwakukho ukudalwa kweSingapore, eyomelezwa kakhulu yimikhosi yaseBrithani kunye noBukumkani. Ukusuka kule ndawo, ivili elikhulu layakheka kwaye lidibaniswa neenqwelo zaseMerika ukwenza isandi esikhulu esahla kwindawo esezantsi nangasentshona ukusuka kwiiPhilippines ngeMalaya naseBurma, kunye nekhonkco ephukile kuphela kwi-peninsula yaseThailand. Ngoku kuhlongozwa ukuba kufake iincinci kwiindawo ezijikelezayo, eziya eRangoon. "[xxv]

Ngo-Agasti 12, 1941, uRoosevelt wadibana ngokufihlakeleyo noChurchill eNewfoundland (ngelixa etyeshela izicelo ezivela kwiNkulumbuso yaseJapan kwintlanganiso) waza wayila uMqulu weAtlantiki, owawuchaza iinjongo zemfazwe eUnited States yayingekabikho ngokusemthethweni. in. Churchill wacela Roosevelt ukujoyina imfazwe ngoko nangoko, kodwa wala. Emva kwale ntlanganiso yayifihlakeleyo, ngoAgasti 18^th, UChurchill wadibana nekhabhinethi yakhe emva kwe-10 Downing Street eLondon. UChurchill uxelele ikhabhinethi yakhe, ngokwemizuzu: “UMongameli [waseMelika] wayethe uza kulwa imfazwe kodwa angayibhengezi, kwaye uya kuba nomsindo ngakumbi. Ukuba amaJamani ayengayithandi, ayenokuhlasela imikhosi yaseMelika. Kwakuza kwenziwa yonke into ukuze kunyanzeliswe ‘isiganeko’ esasinokukhokelela kwimfazwe.”[xxvi]

UChurchill kamva (ngoJanuwari 1942) wathetha oku kwiHouse of Commons: “Kuye kwaba ngumgaqo weKhabhinethi nangayiphi na indlela ukuphepha ukunxulumana neJapan de siqiniseke ukuba neUnited States nayo iya kubandakanyeka. . . Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukususela kwiNkomfa yeAtlantiki apho ndaxubusha le miba kunye noMongameli Roosevelt, ukuba i-United Slates, nokuba ingazange ihlasele, iya kuza emfazweni kwiMpuma Ekude, kwaye ngaloo ndlela yenza uloyiso lokugqibela luqinisekisiwe. kwabonakala kuthomalalisa amaxhala athile yaye ulindelo alukhange luphazanyiswe ziziganeko.”

Abasasaza bee-propagast baseBhritane baye baxoxa ukusukela ubuncinci ngo-1938 ngokusebenzisa iJapan ukuzisa iUnited States emfazweni.[xxvii] KwiNkomfa yeAtlantiki ngoAgasti 12, 1941, uRoosevelt waqinisekisa uChurchill ukuba iUnited States yayiza kuzisa uxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho eJapan.[xxviii] Kwisithuba seveki, enyanisweni, iBhodi yoKhuselo loQoqosho yaqalisa izohlwayo zezoqoqosho.[xxix] NgoSeptemba 3, 1941, iSebe leLizwe laseUnited States lathumela iJapan ukuba yamkele umgaqo “wokungaphazamisi imeko ekhoyo kwiPasifiki,” nto leyo ethetha ukuba iyeke ukujika amathanga aseYurophu abe ngamathanga aseJapan.[xxx] NgoSeptemba 1941 umshicileli waseJapan wachazela ukuba iUnited States iqalile ukuthumela ioli kwiJapan ekude ifike eRashiya. IJapan, amaphephandaba ayo athi, wayefa ukufa ngokukhawuleza "kwimfazwe yezoqoqosho."[xxxi] NgoSeptemba, ngo-1941, uRoosevelt wabhengeza umgaqo-nkqubo "wokudubula ngokubonakalayo" kuyo nayiphi na inqanawa yaseJamani okanye yase-Italiya emanzini ase-US.

INDLELA YOKUTHENGISA IMFAZWE

Ngo-Oktobha 27, 1941, uRoosevelt wenza intetho[xxxii]:

“Kwiinyanga ezintlanu ezidlulileyo ngobu busuku ndibhengeze kubantu baseMelika ubukho bemeko yonxunguphalo olungenasiphelo. Ukususela ngoko kuninzi okwenzekileyo. Umkhosi wethu kunye noMkhosi weNavy okwethutyana e-Iceland ekukhuseleni i-Western Hemisphere. UHitler uye wahlasela iinqanawa kwiindawo ezikufutshane neMelika kuMntla noMzantsi weAtlantiki. Iinqanawa ezininzi zabarhwebi zaseMelika ziye zatshona kulwandle oluphakamileyo. Omnye umtshabalalisi waseMelika wahlaselwa ngoSeptemba wesine. Omnye umtshabalalisi wahlaselwa kwaye wabetha ngo-Oktobha weshumi elinesixhenxe. Amadoda alishumi elinanye akhaliphileyo nathembekileyo oMkhosi wethu waseLwandle abulawa ngamaNazi. Siye sanqwenela ukukuphepha ukudubula. Kodwa ukudubula kuqalile. Kwaye imbali irekhode ukuba ngubani owadubula kuqala. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, nangona kunjalo, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ngubani odubule imbumbulu yokugqibela. IMelika ihlaselwe. I USS Kearny asiyonqanawa yomkhosi wasemanzini kuphela. Ngowayo yonke indoda, umfazi nomntwana kwesi sizwe. I-Illinois, Alabama, California, North Carolina, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Arkansas, New York, Virginia Kearny. I-torpedo kaHitler yayijoliswe kuwo wonke umntu waseMelika nokuba uhlala kunxweme lwethu lolwandle okanye kwindawo engaphakathi yesizwe, kude nolwandle kwaye kude nemipu kunye neetanki zeqela elihambayo labaza kuba ngabanqobi behlabathi. Injongo yohlaselo lukaHitler yayikukoyikisa abantu baseMelika ukuba basuke kulwandle oluphakamileyo-ukusinyanzela ukuba sirhoxe singcangcazela. Esi ayisosihlandlo sokuqala ewujonga kakubi umoya waseMelika. Lo moya uvuselelwe ngoku.”

Inqanawa yatshona nge-4 kaSeptemba yaba Greer. INtloko yeMisebenzi yaseMkhosini yase-US uHarold Stark wanika ubungqina phambi kweKomiti yeSenethi yeMicimbi yoMkhosi waseLwandle ukuba Greer ibilandelela inkwili yaseJamani yaza yabuyisela indawo ekuyo kwinqwelomoya yaseBritane, eyehlise intlawulo enzulu kwinkwili ngaphandle kwempumelelo. Emva kweeyure zokulandelwa yi Greer, inkwili yajika yadubula.

Inqanawa yatshona ngo-Oktobha 17, i Kearny, ibilumdlalo kwakhona we Greer. Isenokuba yayiyeyomoya wawo wonke umntu waseMelika njalo njalo, kodwa yayingenatyala. Yayithatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe i-United States engazange ingene ngokusemthethweni, ukuba uluntu lwase-US lwaluchasa ngokuqinileyo ukungena, kodwa umongameli wase-US wayezimisele ukuqhubeka. Lo mongameli waqhubeka:

"Ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wethu wesizwe ubunokulawulwa luloyiko lokudubula, ke zonke iinqanawa zethu kunye nezo zeRiphabhlikhi zethu kuya kufuneka zibotshelelwe kumazibuko asekhaya. Umkhosi wethu wamanzi kufuneka uhlale ngentlonipho-ngemva kwawo nawuphi na umgca uHitler onokuwumisela kulo naluphi na ulwandle njengenguqulelo yakhe emiselweyo yendawo yakhe yemfazwe. Ngokwendalo siyasikhaba eso siphakamiso singenangqiqo nesithukayo. Siyikhaba ngawo omane ngenxa yeminqweno yethu, ngenxa yokuzihlonela kwethu, kuba, ngaphezu kwako konke, ngenxa yokholo lwethu oluhle. Inkululeko yolwandle ngoku, njengoko ibisoloko injalo, ingumgaqo-nkqubo osisiseko worhulumente wakho nowam.”

Le ngxoxo yamastrawman ixhomekeke kwingcinga yokuba iinqanawa ezimsulwa ezingathabathi nxaxheba emfazweni zahlaselwa, yaye isidima sikabani sixhomekeke ekuthumeleni iinqanawa zokulwa zijikeleze iilwandlekazi zehlabathi. Ngumzamo ohlekisayo ocacileyo wokukhohlisa uluntu, apho uRoosevelt ebefanele ukuba ahlawule intlawulo kubaxhaphazi beWWI. Ngoku siza kwibango lokuba uMongameli ubonakala ecinga ukuba angalifaka ityala lakhe ngemfazwe. Lityala elisekelwe ngokuqinisekileyo kwinkohliso yaseBritane, eyenza ukuba kube lula ukuba uRoosevelt uyikholelwe ngokwenene le nto wayeyithetha:

"UHitler uhlala eqhankqalaza ukuba izicwangciso zakhe zoloyiso azinabi kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki. Kodwa iinkwili zakhe nabahlaseli bangqina ngenye indlela. Ngokunjalo nalo lonke uyilo lolungelelwaniso lwakhe olutsha lwehlabathi. Ngokomzekelo, ndiphethe imaphu efihlakeleyo eyenziwa eJamani ngurhulumente kaHitler—abacwangcisi bolungelelwaniso olutsha lwehlabathi. Yimephu yoMzantsi Merika kunye nenxalenye yoMbindi Merika, njengoko uHitler ecebisa ukuyihlengahlengisa. Namhlanje kule ndawo kukho amazwe alishumi elinesine ahlukeneyo. Iingcali zejografi zaseBerlin, nangona kunjalo, ziye zayicima ngokungenalusini yonke imida ekhoyo; zaza zawahlulahlula uMzantsi Merika ukuba ube ngamazwe amahlanu aphantsi kolawulo lwawo, ezisa ilizwekazi lonke phantsi kolawulo lwawo. Kwaye bayilungiselele kangangokuba ummandla wenye yezi ndawo zintsha zoonopopi ubandakanya iRiphabhlikhi yasePanama kunye nomgca wethu omkhulu wobomi - iPanama Canal. Licebo lakhe elo. Soze iqalise ukusebenza. Le mephu ikwenza kucace uyilo lwamaNazi kungekuphela nje kuMzantsi Merika kodwa neUnited States ngokwayo. ”

U-Roosevelt uhlele le ntetho ukususa uluvo malunga nobunyani bemephu. Wala ukubonisa imephu kumajelo eendaba okanye eluntwini. Akazange achaze ukuba imephu ivela phi, ukuba wayidibanisa njani noHitler, okanye indlela ebonisa ngayo uyilo oluchasene ne-United States, okanye-ngenxa yaloo nto-indlela umntu anokuthi anqumle ngayo iLatin America kwaye angabandakanyi iPanama.

Wathi akuba yiNkulumbuso ngo-1940, uChurchill waseka iarhente ebizwa ngokuba yiBritish Security Coordination (BSC) ngenjongo yokusebenzisa nawaphi na amaqhinga amdaka ayimfuneko ukuze iMelika ingene emfazweni. I-BSC yachithwa kwimigangatho emithathu ye-Rockefeller Centre eNew York yi-Canadian egama linguWilliam Stephenson - imodeli kaJames Bond, ngokutsho kuka-Ian Fleming. Yayiqhuba isikhululo sayo sikanomathotholo, i-WRUL, kunye ne-arhente yeendaba, i-Arhente yeeNdaba zaNgaphesheya (ONA). Amakhulu okanye amawaka abasebenzi beBSC, kamva kuquka uRoald Dahl, bazigcina bexakekile bethumela izinto ezibubuxoki kumajelo eendaba ase-US, besenza abavumisi ngeenkwenkwezi ukuba baqikelele ngokubhubha kukaHitler, kwaye bevelisa amarhe obuxoki ezixhobo ezitsha ezinamandla zaseBritani. URoosevelt wayewazi kakuhle umsebenzi weBSC, njengoko yayinjalo iFBI.

NgokukaWilliam Boyd, umbhali wenoveli ophande le arhente, “i-BSC ivelise umdlalo weprankish obizwa ngokuba yi-'Vik' - 'ixesha elitsha elinika umdla kubathandi bedemokhrasi'. Amaqela abadlali beVik kulo lonke elase-USA amanqaku axhomekeke kwinqanaba lokuhlazeka kunye nokucaphuka ababangele abaxhasi bamaNazi. Abadlali babongozwa ukuba bazibandakanye kuthotho lwentshutshiso engenamsebenzi – iminxeba eqhubekayo 'yenombolo engalunganga' ebusuku; iimpuku ezifileyo ziwela kwiitanki zamanzi; uku-odola izipho ezinzima ukuba zisiwe, imali ekuhanjisweni, kwiidilesi ekujoliswe kuzo; ukucofa amatayara eemoto; ukuqesha iimvumi zasesitratweni ukuba zidlale ingoma ethi ‘God Save the King’ ngaphandle kwezindlu zabaxhasi bamaNazi, njalo njalo.”[xxxiii]

U-Ivar Bryce, owayengumninawa kaWalter Lippman kunye nomhlobo ka-Ian Fleming, wasebenzela iBSC, kwaye ngo-1975 wapapasha incwadi yengxelo ebanga ukuba uvelise idrafti yokuqala yemephu yamaNazi ekhohlisayo kaRoosevelt, eyayivunywe nguStephenson kunye no. ilungiselelwe ukuba ifunyanwe ngurhulumente waseUnited States ngebali lobuxoki ngemvelaphi yalo.[xxxiv] Ingaba i-FBI kunye / okanye uRoosevelt wayekho kwiqhinga akucaci. Kuzo zonke ii-pranks ezitsalwa zii-arhente “zobukrelekrele” kule minyaka idlulileyo, le yayiyenye yezona zinto ziphumeleleyo, ukanti zinexilongo elincinane, njengoko iBritane ibifanele ukuba lihlakani lase-US. Abafundi beencwadi base-US kunye nababukeli bhanyabhanya kamva baya kulahla ithamsanqa ekuthandeni uJames Bond, nokuba imodeli yakhe yokwenyani izamile ukubalahlekisa kweyona mfazwe imbi kakhulu engazange yabonwa.

Ewe kunjalo, iJamani yayitsala nzima kwimfazwe eyayiza kuphuma neSoviet Union, kwaye ayizange ibe nabuganga bokuhlasela iNgilani. Ukuthabatha uMzantsi Merika kwakungayi kwenzeka. Akukho ngxelo yemephu yobuxoki eyakha yavela eJamani, kwaye intelekelelo yokuba ngandlel' ithile bekunokubakho isithunzi senyaniso kuyo ibonakala icinezelekile kumxholo wecandelo elilandelayo lentetho kaRoosevelt, apho wathi unolunye uxwebhu. akazange abonise nabani na kwaye mhlawumbi akazange abekho, kunye nomxholo owawungekho ngqiqweni:

“Urhulumente wakho unolunye uxwebhu olwenziwe eJamani ngurhulumente kaHitler. Sisicwangciso esineenkcukacha, apho, ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo, amaNazi awazange afune kwaye akafuni ukupapasha okwangoku, kodwa akulungele ukunyanzelisa - emva kwexeshana - kwihlabathi elilawulwayo - ukuba uHitler uyaphumelela. Sisicwangciso sokuphelisa zonke iinkolo ezikhoyo-amaProtestanti, amaKatolika, ama-Mohammed, amaHindu, amaBhuda kunye namaYuda ngokufanayo. Ipropathi yazo zonke iicawa iya kuhluthwa yiReich noonodoli bayo. Umnqamlezo nayo yonke eminye imiqondiso yonqulo ayifanele yalelwe. Abefundisi baza kuvalwa umlomo ngonaphakade phantsi kwesohlwayo kwiinkampu zoxinaniso, apho kwanangoku amadoda amaninzi angenaloyiko athuthunjiswa ngenxa yokuba ebeke uThixo ngaphezu koHitler. Endaweni yeecawa zempucuko yethu, kuza kusekwa iCawa yamaNazi yaMazwe ngaMazwe—icawa eya kukhonzwa ngamaciko athunyelwe nguRhulumente wamaNazi. Endaweni yeBhayibhile, amazwi kaMein Kampf aya kunyanzeliswa kwaye anyanzeliswe njengoMbhalo oNgcwele. Kwaye endaweni yomnqamlezo kaKristu kuya kufakwa iimpawu ezimbini - i-swastika kunye nekrele leze. UThixo weGazi nentsimbi uya kuthatha indawo yoThixo woThando neNceba. Masiyicingisise kakuhle le ngxelo ndiyithethileyo ngobu busuku.”

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, oku kwakungasekelwanga ngokwenyani; unqulo lwaluqheliselwa ngokuphandle kwiintlanga ezazilawulwa ngamaNazi, kwezinye iimeko zazisandul’ ukubuyiselwa emva kokungakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo okwakunyanzeliswe yiSoviet, yaye iimbasa ezazinikelwa ngamaNazi kubaxhasi bawo abakhulu zazimilise okweminqamlezo. Kodwa i-pitch yokungena kwimfazwe yothando nenceba yaba yinto emnandi. Ngosuku olulandelayo, intatheli yacela ukubona imephu kaRoosevelt kwaye yachithwa. Ngokokwazi kwam, akukho mntu wade wacela ukubona olu xwebhu. Kungenzeka ukuba abantu baqonde oku kungekhona ukuba ibango langempela lokuba noxwebhu lwangempela, kodwa kunokukhusela inkolo engcwele ngokumelene nobubi - kungekhona into enokubuzwa ngokungathandabuzeki okanye ukungathí sina. Roosevelt waqhubeka:

“Ezi nyaniso zimbi endinixelele zona ngezicwangciso zangoku nezexesha elizayo zobuHitler ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kukhanyelwa ngokushushu ngobu busuku nangomso kumaphephandaba alawulwayo nakunomathotholo weAxis Powers. Kwaye abanye abantu baseMelika - hayi baninzi - baya kuqhubeka begxininisa ukuba izicwangciso zikaHitler akufuneki zisikhathaze - kwaye akufuneki sizixhalabise ngayo nantoni na eqhubeka ngaphaya kompu wokudubula konxweme lwethu. Uqhanqalazo lwaba bemi baseMelika - abambalwa ngenani - baya kuthi, njengesiqhelo, baqhwatyelwe izandla kumajelo eendaba e-Axis kunye nonomathotholo kwezi ntsuku zimbalwa zizayo, kumzamo wokuqinisekisa umhlaba ukuba uninzi lwabantu baseMelika bachasa ukhetho lwabo ngokufanelekileyo. Urhulumente, kwaye eneneni ulindele kuphela ukutsibela kwinqwelo yeqela likaHitler xa isiza ngale ndlela. Iinjongo zaba bantu baseMelika ayisiyiyo eyona nto ibalulekileyo. ”

Hayi, ingongoma ibonakala ikukukhawulela abantu kwiinketho ezimbini kwaye bangene emfazweni.

“Inyani yeyokuba ubuxoki bamaNazi buyaqhubeka ngokunqwenela ukubamba ezo ngxelo zikwanti njengobungqina bokungavisisani kwaseMelika. AmaNazi enze uluhlu lwawo lwamagorha anamhlanje aseMelika. Ngethamsanqa, luluhlu olufutshane. Ndiyavuya kuba ingenalo igama lam. Sonke thina maMelika, kuzo zonke iimbono, sijongene nokhetho phakathi kohlobo lwehlabathi esifuna ukuhlala kulo kunye nohlobo lwehlabathi uHitler nemikhosi yakhe eya kuthi ibeke phezu kwethu. Akukho namnye kuthi ofuna ukugrumba phantsi komhlaba aze aphile ebumnyameni obupheleleyo njengentunjana etofotofo. Ukuhamba phambili kukaHitler kunye noHitlerism kunokumiswa - kwaye kuya kumiswa. Ngokulula kwaye ngokungafihlisiyo - sizimisele ukutsala iphini lethu ekutshatyalalisweni kukaHitlerism. Yaye xa siye sanceda ekupheliseni isiqalekiso sikaHitler siya kunceda ekusekeni uxolo olutsha oluya kunika abantu abanesidima kuyo yonke indawo ithuba elilunge ngakumbi lokuphila baze baphumelele ngonqabiseko nakwinkululeko nangokholo. Suku ngalunye oludlulayo sivelisa kwaye sibonelela ngezixhobo ezininzi ngakumbi nangakumbi kumadoda alwayo kumadabi okwenene. Lowo ngumsebenzi wethu ophambili. Kwaye yintando yesizwe ukuba ezi zixhobo zibalulekileyo kunye nezibonelelo zazo zonke iintlobo aziyi kuvalelwa kumazibuko aseMelika okanye zithunyelwe emazantsi olwandle. Kuyintando yesizwe ukuba iMelika izise iimpahla. Ngokuchasene ngokuphandle naloo ntando, iinqanawa zethu ziye zatshona kwaye oomatiloshe bethu babulewe.”

Apha uRoosevelt uyavuma ukuba iinqanawa zase-US ezitshiswe yiJamani zazibandakanyeke ekuxhaseni imfazwe neJamani. Ubonakala ekholelwa ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukukholisa uluntu lwase-US ukuba sele lusemfazweni kunokuqhubeka nebango lokuba iinqanawa ezihlaselweyo zazimsulwa ngokupheleleyo.

EKUPHELENI kuka-1941

Ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthobha, ngo-1941, intlola yase-US u-Edgar Mowrer wathetha nendoda yaseManila egama lingu-Ernest Johnson, ilungu leKomishoni yaseLwandle, owathi wayelindele ukuba "IiJaps ziza kuthatha iManila ngaphambi kokuba ndiphume." Xa uMowrer wabonisa ukumangaliswa, uJohnson waphendula wathi, “Ubungazi na ukuba inqanawa yaseJap ihambele ngasempuma, mhlawumbi isiya kuhlasela inqanawa yethu ePearl Harbor?”[xxxv]

NgoNovemba 3, 1941, unozakuzaku wase-US eJapan, uJoseph Grew, wazama-kungekhona okokuqala-ukunxibelelana norhulumente wakhe, urhulumente owayengakwazi ukuqonda, okanye ebandakanyeka kakhulu ekuqulunqeni imfazwe, okanye zombini. , kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo wayengacingi nokucinga ngokusebenzela uxolo. UGrew uthumele iTelegram ende kwiSebe likaRhulumente elumkisa ukuba izohlwayo zezoqoqosho ezibekwe yi-United States zinokunyanzela iJapan ukuba yenze "i-hara-kiri yesizwe." Wabhala: “Ungquzulwano ngezixhobo neUnited States lusenokuza ngequbuliso eyingozi nekhwankqisayo.”[xxxvi]

Kwincwadi ka-2022 Oonozakuzaku kunye neeAdmirals, uDale A. Jenkins amaxwebhu aphindaphindiweyo, amalinge aphelelwe lithemba eNkulumbuso yaseJapan Fumimaro Konoe ukufumana intlanganiso yobuqu, umntu-mntu kunye ne-FDR ukuthethathethana ngoxolo ngendlela urhulumente waseJapan kunye nomkhosi kuya kufuneka bayamkele. UJenkins ucaphula ileta evela kuGrew evakalisa inkolelo yakhe yokuba le nto yayiza kusebenza, ukuba i-US yayivumile kwintlanganiso. UJenkins uphinda abhale ukuba abantu base-US (uHull, uStimson, u-Knowx), ngokungafaniyo neenkokheli zomkhosi wase-US, bakholelwa ukuba imfazwe neJapan iya kukhawuleza kwaye ibangele uloyiso olulula. UJenkins ukwabonisa ukuba uHull waphenjelelwa yiTshayina kunye neBritane ngokuchasene nantoni na ngaphandle kobutshaba kunye noxinzelelo lwaseJapan.

NgoNovemba 6, 1941, iJapan yenza isindululo sesivumelwano neUnited States esasiquka ukurhoxa kancinane kwamaJapan eTshayina. IUnited States yasikhaba esi siphakamiso nge-14 kaNovemba^th.[xxxvii]

NgoNovemba 15, 1941, uMphathi Womkhosi waseUnited States uGeorge Marshall wachazela amajelo eendaba ngento esingayikhumbuliyo “njengeCebo likaMarshall.” Enyanisweni asisakhumbuli kwaphela. “Silungiselela imfazwe ekhubekisayo ngokuchasene neJapan,” utshilo uMarshall, ecela iintatheli ukuba ziyigcine iyimfihlo, into endiyaziyo ukuba bayenzile.[xxxviii] UMarshall uxelele iCongress ngo-1945 ukuba iUnited States yaqalisa izivumelwano ze-Anglo-Dutch-American malunga nesenzo esimanyeneyo ngokuchasene neJapan kwaye yaqalisa ukusebenza ngaphambi kwe-7 kaDisemba.^th.[xxxix]

NgoNovemba 20, 1941, iJapan yenza isindululo sesivumelwano esitsha neUnited States soxolo nentsebenziswano phakathi kwala mazwe mabini.[xl]

NgoNovemba 25, 1941, uNobhala weMfazwe uHenry Stimson wabhala kwidayari yakhe ukuba udibene kwiOfisi ye-Oval kunye noMarshall, uMongameli Roosevelt, uNobhala weNavy Frank Knox, u-Admiral Harold Stark, kunye noNobhala kaRhulumente uCordell Hull. Roosevelt wayebaxelele ukuba amaJapan ayeza kuhlasela kungekudala, mhlawumbi ngoMvulo olandelayo, ngoDisemba 1, 1941. UStimson wabhala wathi: “Umbuzo yayikukuba sasifanele sibaqhubele njani ukuze badubule imbumbulu yokuqala ngaphandle kokuvumela ingozi enkulu. kuthi. Yayisisindululo esinzima. ”

NgoNovemba 26, 1941, iUnited States yenza isindululo esichasene nesindululo saseJapan seentsuku ezintandathu ngaphambilana.[xli] Kwesi siphakamiso, ngamanye amaxesha sibizwa ngokuba yi-Hull Note, ngamanye amaxesha i-Hull Ultimatum, i-United States ifuna ukurhoxa ngokupheleleyo kweJapan e-China, kodwa akukho ukurhoxa kwe-US kwiiPhilippines okanye naphi na kwiPasifiki. AmaJapan asikhaba eso sicelo. Akukho sizwe, kubonakala ngathi, satyala ukude izibonelelo kolu thethwano abalwenzileyo ukulungiselela imfazwe. UHenry Luce ubhekiselele kuyo ubomi ngoJulayi 20, 1942, elalisiya “kumaTshayina awathi iUnited States yawayalela ukuba afikelele kwiZibuko iPearl.”[xlii]

"Ekupheleni kukaNovemba," ngokutsho kokuvota kukaGallup, i-52% yabantu baseMelika baxelele abavoti beGallup ukuba iUnited States iya kulwa neJapan "ngexesha elizayo."[xliii] Imfazwe yayingayi kuba yinto emangalisayo ngaphezu kwesiqingatha selizwe, okanye kurhulumente wase-US.

Ngomhla wama-27 kuNovemba ka-1941, uMthetheli ongemva uRoyal Ingersoll wathumela isilumkiso semfazwe neJapan kwimiyalelo emine yomkhosi waselwandle. Ngomhla wama-28 kuNovemba, uAdmiral Harold Rainsford Stark waphinda wayithumela kunye nomyalelo owongezelelweyo: "UKUBA UBUDLO ABUYIPHINDA ABUYI KUPHETHWA I-UNITED STATES INQWENO YOKUBA IJAPAN YENZE UMTHETHO WOKUQALA."[xliv] NgoNovemba 28, 1941, uSekela Admiral uWilliam F. Halsey, Omnci., wanikela imiyalelo yokuba “sidubule phantsi nantoni na esiyibonayo esibhakabhakeni size siqhubhise nantoni na esiyibonayo elwandle.[xlv] Ngomhla kaNovemba 30, 1941 Umthengisi we Honolulu wawunomxholo othi “Uqhankqalazo LwaseJapan Ngempelaveki.”[xlvi] NgoDisemba 2, 1941, i ENew York Times yanikela ingxelo yokuba iJapan “yayihluthwa kurhwebo oluqhelekileyo olumalunga nama-75 ekhulwini ngenxa yokuvingciwa kwamaZwe amanyeneyo.”[xlvii] Kwimemo enamaphepha angama-20 ngoDisemba 4, 1941, iOfisi yezobuNgcali zaseLwandle yalumkisa, “Ngokokulindela ungquzulwano oluvulelekileyo neli lizwe, iJapan isebenzisa ngamandla onke amaziko akhoyo ukukhusela ulwazi lwasemkhosini, lwasemanzini nolwezorhwebo, ithathele ingqalelo ngakumbi UNxweme oluseNtshona, iPanama Canal, kunye nommandla waseHawaii.”[xlviii]

NgoDisemba 1, 1941, uAdmiral Harold Stark Admiral uHarold Stark, oyiNtloko yeMisebenzi yaseMkhosini, uthumele iradiogram kuAdmiral uThomas C. Hart, uMphathi oyiNtloko womkhosi waseAsia waseManila, kwiiPhilippines: “UMONGAMELI UYALALELA UKUBA OKU KULANDELAYO MAKWENZIWE KAMVA KAMVA KWAYE NGEENTSUKU EZIMBINI UKUBA KUNOKUQHUBEKA EMVA KOKUFUMANA OKU. IQHATHA EZINTATHU IMIZIMBA EMINCINANE UKUZE ZENZE ICAPHULO LOKHUSELEKO LOLWAZI LOKHUSELEKO UNQUOTE. UBUNCINANE IIMFUNO UKUSEKWA UBUZISI NJENGOKO UNITED STATES AMADODA-WE-MFAZWE ayalelwa YIGOSA LASEMkhosini kunye nokuxhoma UMPU OMNCINANE KUNYE NOMPU OMNYE UYA KWANELA. I-FILIPINO CREWS INGAQESHWA NGOBUCHULE BANGAPHANDLE KWE-NAVAL RATINGS UKUZE KUPHUNYEZELWE INJONGO EKUJONGA FUTHI INGXELO NGOKUHAMBA KWERADIO YASEJAPANESE KULWANDLE ENTSHONA TSHINA KUNYE NEGULF OF SIAM. ISIKHUMBI ESINYE ESIZA KUMISWA PHAKATHI KWE-HAINAN KUNYE NE-HUE IMIZIMBA ENYE KULUNXWEMBE lwase-Indo-CHINA PHAKATHI KWE-CAMRANH BAY NE-CAPE ST. UJACQUES KUNYE NEMVELO ENYE OFF POINTE DE CAMAU. UKUSETYENZISWA KWE Isabel IGUNYAZIWE NGUMONGAMELI NJENGENYE YEMIKHUMBO EZINTATHU KODWA AKUKHO EZINYE IMIKHOSI YASEMALI. INGXELO IMIQATHANGO ETHATHWEYO UKUZE UKWENZA IMBONO ZOBONGAMELI. NGEXESHA ELINYE UNDAZISE NGOKUBA AMALUNGISELELO OKUBUYISA EYENZIWA RHOQO ELWANDLE YIMIBUTHO YOMBINI YOMKHOSI KUNYE NE-NAVY NOBA NGEZIKHUMBI ZOMOYA OKANYE NGEZINDLU EZINZIWAYO KUNYE UVO LWAKHO NJENGOKUSEBENZA KWEZI ZINTO mva. IMFIHLO EZIPHEZULU."

Enye yemikhumbi enikwe umsebenzi ongentla, i Lanikai, yabanjwa yindoda egama linguKemp Tolley, eyathi kamva yabhala incwadi ebonisa ubungqina bokuba i-FDR yayizimisele ukuba ezi zikhephe zibe yinto yokubambisa, ngethemba lokuba zihlaselwe yiJapan. (Ii Lanikai wayelungiselela ukwenza ngokomyalelo xa iJapan yahlasela iZibuko iPearl.) UTolley wathi uAdmiral Hart akazange anele nje ukuvumelana naye kodwa wathi uyakwazi ukukungqina oko. U-Admiral Tolley osele esidla umhlala-phantsi wangemva wasweleka ngo-2000. Ukususela ngo-1949 ukuya ku-1952, ebengumlawuli wecandelo lezobuntlola kwiKholeji ye-Armed Forces eNorfolk, eVirginia. Ngo-1992, wangeniswa kwi-Defence Attache Hall of Fame eWashington. Ngo-1993, wahlonitshwa kwi-White House Rose Garden nguMongameli uBill Clinton. Intsimbi yobhedu ka-Admiral Tolley yakhiwa kwi-United States Naval Academy ngembeko yakhe. Ungazifumana zonke ezi zinto zibaliswayo Wikipedia, ngaphandle kokucinga ukuba uTolley wakha wathetha igama elinye malunga nokunikezelwa komsebenzi wokuzibulala ukuze ancede ukuqala iWWII. Nangona kunjalo, i-obituaries yakhe kwimbali Baltimore Sun kwaye i Washington Post bobabini baxela inkcazo yakhe esisiseko ngaphandle kokongeza negama elinye malunga nokuba izibakala ziyayixhasa na. Ngamagama amaninzi kulo mbuzo, ndincoma incwadi kaTolley, epapashwe yiNaval Institute Press e-Annapolis, eMaryland, Ukuhamba ngenqanawa kweLanikai: Ukuvuselela iMfazwe.

NgoDisemba 4, 1941, amaphephandaba, kuquka ne Chicago Tribune, yapapasha isicwangciso se-FDR sokuphumelela emfazweni. Ndibhale iincwadi kunye namanqaku malunga nesi sihloko iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba ndikhubeke kule ndinyana kwincwadi ka-Andrew Cockburn ka-2021, Amaxhoba eMfazwe: "

“[T] ndiyabulela ekuvuzeni okwenza ukuba izityhilelo zika-Edward Snowden zibonakale zingenamsebenzi xa kuthelekiswa, iinkcukacha ezipheleleyo zesi 'Sicwangciso soloyiso' zivele kwiphepha elingaphambili lomntu obeka yedwa. Chicago Tribune kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa ngaphambi kohlaselo lwaseJapan. Isikrokro sawela kwinjengele yoMkhosi etyholwa ngokuba novelwano lwaseJamani. Kodwa ke yenkulungwaneUmphathi weofisi yaseWashington ngelo xesha, uWalter Trojan, wandixelela kwiminyaka eyadlulayo ukuba yayiyinkomanda yeAir Corps, uGen. Henry “Hap” Arnold, owayedlulise ulwazi ngeSenator esemthethweni. U-Arnold wayekholelwa ukuba isicwangciso sasisenzima kakhulu ekwabiweni kwezixhobo zokusebenza kwinkonzo yakhe, kwaye ke ijolise ekuyihlambeni ngexesha lokuzalwa. "

Le mifanekiso mihlanu iqulethe yenkulungwane nqaku:

Isicwangciso soloyiso, njengoko kuxeliwe kwaye sicatshulwe apha, ubukhulu becala malunga neJamani: siyirhangqe nge-5 yezigidi zemikhosi yase-US, mhlawumbi baninzi ngakumbi, ukulwa ubuncinci iminyaka emi-2. IJapan ikwisekondari, kodwa izicwangciso zibandakanya ukuvalwa kunye nohlaselo lomoya. I yenkulungwane Iingcaphulo ezipheleleyo zeleta kaJulayi 9, 1941, evela kuRoosevelt ekhankanywe ngasentla. Inkqubo yoloyiso ibandakanya iinjongo zemfazwe zase-US zokuxhasa uBukhosi baseBritane kunye nokuthintela ukwanda kobukumkani baseJapan. Igama elithi “amaYuda” aliveli. Imfazwe yase-US eYurophu yayicetywe ngoAprili 1942, ngokutsho “kwemithombo ethembekileyo” ye yenkulungwane. The yenkulungwane yayichasa imfazwe yaye ithanda uxolo. Yayikhusela uCharles Lindbergh kwizityholo zovelwano lwamaNazi, awayenalo ngokwenene. Kodwa akukho mntu, njengoko ndikwazi ukuxelela, owakhe wabuza ukuchaneka kwengxelo malunga nesicwangciso sangaphambi kwePearl Harbour sokulwa kwe-US kwiWWII.

Icaphula kwi Ukuba unayo kwaye awunayo nguJonathan Marshall: “Ngomhla wesi-5 kuDisemba, iiNtloko zaBasebenzi zaseBritani zaxelela uMhlekazi uRobert Brooke-Popham, umphathi weRoyal Air Force eMalaya, ukuba iUnited States yayizibophelele inkxaso yasemkhosini ukuba iJapan ihlasele ummandla waseBritani okanye iNetherlands East Indies; kwasebenza ukuzinikela okufanayo ukuba iBhritane iphumeze isicwangciso sokuqulela iMATADOR. Isicwangciso sokugqibela sabonelela ngohlaselo lwaseBritane lwangaphambi kokuba lubambe iKra Isthmus kwimeko apho iJapan yavukela khona ikhona inxalenye yeThailand. Ngosuku olulandelayo uKapteni uJohn Creighton, igosa lomkhosi wamanzi wase-US eSingapore, watsalela umnxeba u-Admiral Hart, umphathi-mkhosi oyintloko we-US Asiatic Fleet, ukumazisa ngezi ndaba: “UBrooke-Popham ufumene ngoMgqibelo kwiSebe leMfazwe laseLondon. ngoku sifumene isiqinisekiso senkxaso exhobileyo yaseMelika kwiimeko ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: a) sinyanzelekile ukuba senze izicwangciso zethu zokuthintela ukufika kweJaps kwi-Isthmus yaseKra okanye sithathe inyathelo ekuphenduleni uhlaselo lwe-Nips nayiphi na enye inxalenye yeSiam XX b) ukuba i-Dutch Indies ihlaselwa kwaye thina yiya ekuzikhuseleni kwabo XX c) ukuba iJaps isihlasele iBritish XX Ngoko ke ngaphandle kokubhekisela eLondon beka isicwangciso kwisenzo ukuba okokuqala unolwazi oluhle uhambo lweJap oluqhubela phambili ngenjongo ebonakalayo yokufika eKra yesibini ukuba iNips iphula nayiphi na inxalenye yeThailand Para Ukuba i-NEI iyahlaselwa faka izicwangciso zokusebenza ekuvunyelwene ngazo phakathi kweBritane namaDatshi. Ungacaphuli. UMarshall ucaphula: “Ii-PHA Hearings, X, 5082-5083,” okuthetha ukuba iindibano zeCongressional kuHlaselo lwasePearl Harbour. Intsingiselo yale nto ibonakala icacile: iBritane yayikholelwa ukuba iqinisekisiwe ukuba i-US ijoyine imfazwe eJapan yahlasela i-US okanye ukuba iJapan yahlasela iBritane okanye ukuba iJapan yahlasela amaDatshi okanye ukuba iBritish yahlasela iJapan.

Ukusukela nge-6 kaDisemba, 1941, akukho phando lufumene uninzi lwenkxaso yoluntu yase-US yokungena emfazweni.[xlix] Kodwa uRoosevelt wayesele esungule idrafti, wavula uMkhosi weSizwe, wadala uMkhosi omkhulu weNavy kwiilwandle ezimbini, wathengisa ababhubhisi abadala eNgilani ngokutshintshiselana nokuqeshwa kweziseko zayo kwiCaribbean naseBermuda, wanikezela ngeenqwelomoya kunye nabaqeqeshi kunye nabaqhubi beenqwelomoya eChina, ebekwe eChina. Izohlwayo eziqatha eJapan, wacebisa umkhosi wase-US ukuba imfazwe neJapan iyaqala, kwaye-kwiintsuku nje ze-11 ngaphambi kohlaselo lwaseJapan-yalela ngokufihlakeleyo ukuba kwenziwe uluhlu lwabantu baseJapan kunye nabaseJapan baseMelika eUnited States. (Khawuleza iteknoloji ye-IBM!)

NgoDisemba 7, 1941, emva kohlaselo lwaseJapan, uMongameli Roosevelt wakhupha isibhengezo semfazwe nxamnye neJapan kunye neJamani, kodwa wagqiba kwelokuba ayizukusebenza kwaye wahamba neJapan yedwa. NgoDisemba 8^th, ICongress ivotele imfazwe echasene neJapan, kunye noJeanette Rankin ekhupha ivoti kuphela.

INGXAKI NOKUNGEKHO

URobert Stinnett Usuku lokukhohlisa: Inyaniso malunga ne-FDR nePearl Harbor iphikisana phakathi kwababhali bembali, kubandakanywa kumabango ayo malunga nolwazi lwase-US lweekhowudi zaseJapan kunye nonxibelelwano olubhaliweyo lwaseJapan. Andicingi, nangona kunjalo, ukuba enye yezi ngongoma zilandelayo ifanele ibe yimpikiswano:

1. Ulwazi esele ndilubonisile apha ngasentla sele lungaphezu kokwaneleyo ukuqonda ukuba iUnited States yayingengomntu obukeleyo omsulwa ohlaselwe ngaphandle kwesibhakabhaka okanye iqela elibandakanyekayo elenza umzamo opheleleyo woxolo nozinzo.
2. U-Stinnett ulungile ukuba ubeke kwiinzame anazo ukuhlalutya kwaye enze amaxwebhu karhulumente woluntu, kwaye kulungile ukuba akukho sizathu esihle sokuba i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweSizwe iqhubeke nokugcina amanani amakhulu eemfihlo zomkhosi waselwandle waseJapan kwiifayile ze-1941 US Navy.[l]

Ngelixa uStinnett ekholelwa ukuba ezona ziphumo zibalulekileyo azifumeneyo ziye zenza ukuba ibe kwiphepha le-2000 lencwadi yakhe, ENew York Times Uphononongo olwenziwe nguRichard Bernstein woqweqwe olulukhuni luka-1999 luphawuleka kwindlela oluyichaza kancinci ngayo imibuzo esele ithandabuzeka:[li]

“Ababhali-mbali beMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngokuqhelekileyo bayavuma ukuba uRoosevelt wayekholelwa ukuba imfazwe neJapan ayinakuphepheka yaye wayefuna ukuba iJapan idubule kuqala. Yintoni eyenziwe nguStinnett, ephuma kuloo mbono, idibanisa ubungqina obubhaliweyo bokuba uRoosevelt, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukudubula kokuqala kuya kuba nefuthe elibi, kubashiya ngamabomu abantu baseMelika bengenakuzikhusela. . . .

“Eyona ngxoxo inamandla neyona iphazamisayo kaStinnett inxulumene nenye yeengcaciso ezisemgangathweni zempumelelo yeJapan ekugcineni uhlaselo oluzayo lweZibuko lasePearl luyimfihlo: oko kukuthi iqela labathwali benqwelo-moya eliye layikhulula liye lagcina ukuthula kukanomathotholo ngokungqongqo kuzo zonke iiveki ezintathu ukuya kutsho kuDec. 7 yaye ngaloo ndlela wakuphepha ukubhaqwa. Enyanisweni, u-Stinnett ubhala, amaJapan aqhubeka eqhekeza ukuthula kukanomathotholo njengoko abantu baseMelika, besebenzisa iindlela zokufumana i-rediyo, bakwazi ukulandela inqanawa yaseJapan njengoko yayisiya eHawaii. . . .

“Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uStinnett unyanisile ngale nto; ngokuqinisekileyo izinto azivulileyo zifanele ukuphononongwa ngabanye ababhali-mbali. Ukanti ubukho nje bobukrelekrele akungqini ukuba obo bulumko buye bangena ezandleni ezifanelekileyo okanye bebuya kutolikwa ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo.

“UGaddis Smith, umbhali-mbali weYunivesithi yaseYale, uphawula ngolu nxulumano ngokusilela ukukhusela iiPhilippines kuhlaselo lwaseJapan, nangona kwakukho ulwazi oluninzi olwalubonisa ukuba olo hlaselo lwalusiza. Akukho mntu, nditsho noStinnett, okholelwa ukuba bekukho nakuphi na ukubanjwa ngabom kolwazi kumphathi waseMelika kwiiPhilippines, uDouglas MacArthur. Ulwazi olukhoyo lwalungenxa yesizathu esithile esingasetyenziswanga.

“Kwincwadi yakhe ka-1962, I-Pearl Harbor: Isilumkiso kunye neSigqibo, Umbhali-mbali uRoberta Wohlstetter wasebenzisa igama elithi static ukuchonga ukudideka, ukungahambelani, ukungaqiniseki ngokubanzi okuchaphazele ukuqokelelwa kobukrelekrele ngaphambi kwemfazwe. Ngelixa u-Stinnett ecinga ukuba uninzi lolwazi olubonakala lubalulekile ngoku belufumene ingqalelo ekhawulezileyo ngelo xesha, imbono kaWohlstetter yeyokuba bekukho ubungqina obuninzi bobu bungqina, amawaka amaxwebhu mihla le, nokuba amaziko obuntlola angenabasebenzi abangasebenziyo nabasebenza ngokugqithisileyo asenokungabi nawo. baye bayitolika ngokuchanekileyo ngelo xesha.”

Ukungakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi okanye ubutshijolo? Ingxoxo eqhelekileyo. Ngaba urhulumente wase-US akazange akwazi ukuzazi iinkcukacha zohlaselo oluzayo ngenxa yokuba engakwazi okanye engafuni ukubazi, okanye engafuni ukuba iinxalenye ezithile zikarhulumente zibazi? Ngumbuzo onika umdla, kwaye kulula kakhulu ukukujongela phantsi ukungakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi, kwaye konke kuyaqinisekisa ukubujongela phantsi ububi. Kodwa akukho mathandabuzo okuba urhulumente wase-US wayeyazi inkcazo ngokubanzi yohlaselo oluzayo kwaye ebesenza ngokwazi iminyaka ngeendlela ezenze ukuba kwenzeke ngakumbi.

IIFILIPPINES

Njengoko uphononongo lwencwadi lukhankanyiwe ngasentla, umbuzo ofanayo malunga neenkcukacha zokwazi kwangaphambili kunye nokunqongophala okufanayo kwawo nawuphi na umbuzo malunga nolwandlalo oluqhelekileyo lwalo lusebenza kwiiPhilippines njengePearl Harbor.

Ngapha koko, ityala lokungcatsha ngabom kuya kuba lula kubabhali-mbali ukuba bacinge malunga nePhilippines kunokuba bajonge eHawaii, ukuba babetyekele. "I-Pearl Harbour" yinto emfutshane engaqhelekanga. Iiyure emva kohlaselo lweZibuko iPearl - kwangolo suku lunye kodwa ngobuchwephesha nge-8 kaDisemba^th ngenxa International Umhla Line, yaye ilibazisekile iiyure ezintandathu yimozulu - Japanese wahlasela US zomkhosi kwikoloni US of the Philippines, elindele ngokupheleleyo ukuba nzima, ngenxa yokuba ukumangala akuyi kuba yinto. Enyanisweni, uDouglas MacArthur wafumana umnxeba ngo-3:40 kusasa ngexesha lakwiiPhilippines elalimlumkisa ngohlaselo lweZibuko iPearl nemfuneko yokulungiswa. Kwiiyure ezisithoba ezidlulileyo phakathi kwaloo mnxeba kunye nokuhlaselwa kwePhilippines, uMacArthur akazange enze nto. Washiya iinqwelomoya zase-US zimile kwaye zilindile, njengokuba iinqanawa zazisePearl Harbor. Isiphumo sohlaselo kwiiPhilippines, ngokutsho komkhosi wase-US, sasiyingozi njengaleyo yaseHawaii. IUnited States iphulukene ne-18 kweziyi-35 ze-B-17 kunye nezinye iinqwelo-moya ezingama-90, yaye ezininzi ngakumbi zonakala.[lii] Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ePearl Harbour, phezu kwayo nje intsomi yokuba iinqanawa zokulwa ezisibhozo ziye zatshona, inyaniso yeyokuba akukho nanye yayinokutshoniswa kwizibuko elingekho nzulu kangako, ezimbini zenziwa zangasebenzi, yaye ezintandathu zalungiswa zaza zaya kulwa kwiWWII.[liii]

Kwangolo suku lwe-7 kaDisemba^th / 8^th Kuxhomekeke kwisikhundla soMda woMhla weHlabathi - iJapan yahlasela amathanga ase-US ePhilippines naseGuam, kunye nemimandla yase-US yaseHawaii, iMidway, neWake, kunye neekoloni zaseBritane zaseMalaya, Singapore, Honk Kong, kunye ilizwe elizimeleyo laseThailand. Ngoxa uhlaselo lwaseHawaii lwaluluhlaselo olunye kunye nokubuyela emva, kwezinye iindawo, iJapan yahlasela ngokuphindaphindiweyo, yaye kwezinye iimeko yahlasela yaza yoyisa. Ukuwela phantsi kolawulo lwaseJapan kwiiveki ezizayo kuya kuba ziiPhilippines, iGuam, Wake, Malaya, Singapore, Hong Kong, kunye nencam esentshona yeAlaska. KwiiPhilippines, abemi base-US abazizigidi ezili-16 bawela phantsi kolawulo olukhohlakeleyo lwaseJapan. Ngaphambi kokuba benze njalo, umsebenzi wase-US wafaka abantu bemvelaphi yaseJapan, kanye njengoko kwakusenziwa e-United States.[liv]

Kwangoko emva kohlaselo, amajelo eendaba ase-US ayengazi ukuba kufuneka abhekisele kubo bonke nge-shorthand ye "Pearl Harbor," kwaye endaweni yoko basebenzisa amagama ahlukeneyo kunye neenkcazo. Kwidrafti yentetho yakhe "yemini yobubi", uRoosevelt wabhekisa kwiHawaii nakwiPhilippines. Ngo-2019 wakhe wenza njani Fihla uBukhosi, UDaniel Immerwahr uthi uRoosevelt wenza yonke imizamo yokubonisa uhlaselo njengohlaselo lwase-United States. Ngelixa abantu bakwiiPhilippines naseGuam eneneni babengabemi bobukumkani baseMelika, yayingabantu abangalunganga. IiPhilippines zazijongwa njengenganelanga emhlophe kwi-statehood kunye nendlela eya kwinkululeko enokwenzeka. IHawaii yayimhlophe, kwaye isondele ngakumbi, kwaye inokuba ngumgqatswa welizwe elizayo. URoosevelt ekugqibeleni wakhetha ukushiya iiPhilippines kuloo nxalenye yentetho yakhe, eyibuyisela kwinto enye kuluhlu lwamva olubandakanya amakoloni aseBritane, kwaye achaze uhlaselo njengokuba lwenzekile "kwiAmerican Island of Oahu" - isiqithi esinobume baseMelika. Kakade ke, iyaphikiswa ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje ngabantu abaninzi bomthonyama baseHawaii. Ugxininiso lugcinwe kwiZibuko lasePearl ukususela ngoko, kwanabo bachukunyiswa kukubhuda okanye ukuceba emva kohlaselo.[lv]

NGAPHAMBILI

Akunzima ukucinga ngezinto ezinokuthi zenziwe ngokwahlukileyo kwiminyaka kunye neenyanga ezikhokelela ekungeneni kwe-US kwi-WWII, okanye nokukhokelela kwiintlantsi zokuqala zemfazwe e-Asia okanye eYurophu. Kulula ngakumbi ukuchaza izinto ebezinokwenziwa ngokwahlukileyo ukuba umntu ubuyela umva kancinci kwixesha elidlulileyo. Izinto ngezenziwe ngokwahlukileyo ngurhulumente ngamnye kunye nomkhosi obandakanyekayo, kwaye ngamnye unoxanduva lwezenzo zakhe zenkohlakalo. Kodwa ndifuna ukukhankanya ezinye izinto urhulumente wase-US anokuthi azenze ngokwahlukileyo, kuba ndizama ukuchasana nombono wokuba urhulumente wase-US wanyanzeliswa ngokuthandabuza kwimfazwe eyayikhethwe ngabanye.

IUnited States yayinokunyula uWilliam Jennings umongameli uBryan ngaphezu kukaWilliam McKinley owalandelwa ngusekela-mongameli wakhe, uTeddy Roosevelt. UBryan ukhankasele ngokuchasene nobukumkani, uMcKinley exhasa. Kwabaninzi, eminye imiba yayibonakala ibaluleke ngakumbi ngelo xesha; akucaci ukuba bafanele ukuba nabo.

UTeddy Roosevelt akenzanga nto. Oko kwaphumela emfazweni, kulawulo lwama impiriyali, nakwinkolelo yakhe eyayisaziwa ngaphambili kwiingcamango “zohlanga” lwama-Aryan. I-TR ixhase ukuxhatshazwa kunye nokubulawa kwabantu bomthonyama baseMelika, abaphambukeli baseTshayina, amaCuba, amaFilipino, ama-Asiya kunye namaMerika akuMbindi phantse zonke iindidi. Wayekholelwa ukuba ngabamhlophe kuphela abakwaziyo ukuzilawula (eyayiziindaba ezimbi kumaCuba xa abakhululi babo base-US bafumanisa ukuba abanye babo bamnyama). Wadala umboniso wabantu bakwiiPhilippines besenzela uMboniso weHlabathi waseSt.[lvi] Wasebenza ukugcina abaphambukeli baseTshayina baphuma eUnited States.

Incwadi kaJames Bradley ka-2009, I-Imperial Cruise: Imbali Yembali yoBukumkani kunye neMfazwe, ibalisa ibali elilandelayo.[lvii] Ndishiya iinxalenye zale ncwadi ebenamathandabuzo aphakanyisiweyo ngazo.

Ngowe-1614 iJapan yayizikhwebule eNtshona, nto leyo eyaphumela ekubeni kubekho uxolo neenkulungwane zoxolo nokuchuma nokuchuma kobugcisa nenkcubeko yaseJapan. Ngowe-1853 uMkhosi Waselwandle waseUnited States wanyanzela iJapan ukuba ivuleleke kubarhwebi baseUnited States, abavangeli basemazweni nabasemkhosini. Iimbali zase-US zibiza uhambo luka-Commodore Matthew Perry oluya eJapan “njengezozakuzo” nangona basebenzise iinqanawa zemfazwe ezixhobileyo ukunyanzela iJapan ukuba ivume ubudlelwane obuchasa ngokungqongqo. Kwiminyaka eyalandelayo, amaJapan afunda ucalucalulo lwamaMerika aza asebenzisa iqhinga lokuhlangabezana nalo. Bazama ukuzinza entshona kwaye bazibonakalisa njengohlanga olwahlukileyo olungaphezulu kunabo bonke abantu base-Asiya. Baye baba ngama-Aryans ahloniphekileyo. Ekubeni bengenathixo omnye okanye uthixo owoyisayo, bayila umlawuli ongokobuthixo, eboleka imali eninzi kwisithethe samaKristu. Banxiba baze batye njengabantu baseMerika baza bathumela abafundi babo ukuba baye kufunda eUnited States. AmaJapan ayedla ngokubizwa eUnited States “njengeeYankees zeMpuma Ekude.” Ngowe-1872 umkhosi wase-US waqalisa ukuqeqesha amaJapan ngendlela yokoyisa ezinye izizwe, ejonge iTaiwan.

UCharles LeGendre, umMelika jikelele oqeqeshe amaJapan ngeendlela zemfazwe, ucebise ukuba bamkele iMfundiso yeMonroe yeAsia, ngumgaqo-nkqubo wokulawula iAsia ngendlela iUnited States eyayilawula ngayo umhlaba wayo. IJapan yaseka i-Bureau of Savage Affairs kwaye yavelisa amagama amatsha anje koronii (ikoloni). Intetho eJapan yaqala ukugxila kuxanduva lwamaJapan lokuphucula iindlavini. Ngo-1873, iJapan yahlasela iTaiwan kunye nabacebisi bomkhosi base-US. Kwalandela iKorea.

IKorea neJapan zazinoxolo kangangeenkulungwane. Xa amaJapan afika neenqanawa zase-US, enxibe iimpahla zase-US, ethetha ngomlawuli wabo wobuthixo, kwaye ephakamisa isivumelwano "sobudlelwane," amaKorea acinga ukuba amaJapan alahlekelwe zingqondo, kwaye abaxelela ukuba balahleke, besazi ukuba iChina yayilapho. Umva waseKorea. Kodwa amaJapan athetha neTshayina ukuba avumele iKorea ukuba isayine isivumelwano, ngaphandle kokuchazela amaTshayina okanye amaKorea ukuba sithetha ntoni isivumelwano kwinguqulelo yesiNgesi.

Ngo-1894 iJapan yabhengeza imfazwe eTshayina, imfazwe apho izixhobo zase-US, kwicala laseJapan, zaluthwala usuku. I-China yanikezela ngeTaiwan kunye ne-Liaodong Peninsula, yahlawula imbuyekezo enkulu, yabhengeza ukuba iKorea izimele, kwaye yanika iJapan amalungelo orhwebo afanayo e-China awayenawo i-US kunye nezizwe zaseYurophu. IJapan yoyisa, de iTshayina yacenga iRashiya, iFransi, kunye neJamani ukuba bachase ubunini baseJapan beLiaodong. IJapan yayinikezela kwaye iRussia yayithatha. IJapan yaziva ingcatshiwe ngamaKristu amhlophe, kwaye kungekhona okokugqibela.

Ngomnyaka we-1904, uTeddy Roosevelt wayevuyiswe kakhulu ngokuhlaselwa kweJapan kwiinqanawa zaseRashiya. Njengoko amaJapan aphinda alwa imfazwe ne-Asiya njengama-Aryan ahloniphekileyo, uRoosevelt waqhawula izivumelwano ngokufihlakeleyo nangokungekho mthethweni, evuma iMfundiso kaMonroe yaseJapan eAsia. Ngeminyaka yee-1930, iJapan yanikezela ukuvula urhwebo eUnited States kummandla wayo wobukhosi ukuba iUnited States iya kwenza okufanayo eJapan kwiLatin America. Urhulumente waseMelika wathi hayi.

ETSHAYINA

IBritane yayingenguye kuphela urhulumente wangaphandle oneofisi yepropaganda kwisiXeko saseNew York esikhokelela kwiWWII. ITshayina yayilapho.

Urhulumente wase-US watshintsha njani kwimanyano yakhe kunye nokuchongwa kunye neJapan ukuya kwelinye neTshayina kunye neJapan (kwaye wabuya kwakhona ngenye indlela emva kweWWII)? Inxalenye yokuqala yempendulo inento yokwenza nepropaganda yaseTshayina kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwenkolo kunobuhlanga, kunye nokubeka i-Roosevelt eyahlukileyo kwi-White House. Incwadi kaJames Bradley ka-2016, I-China Mirage: Imbali efihliweyo yeNtlekele yaseMelika eTshayina tliyathetha eli bali.[lviii]

Kwiminyaka ekhokelela kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, iLobby Lobby yase-United States yacenga uluntu lwase-US, kunye namagosa amaninzi aphezulu e-US, ukuba abantu baseTshayina bafuna ukuba ngamaKristu, ukuba uChiang Kai-shek wayeyinkokeli yabo ethandekayo yedemokhrasi kunokuba abe buthathaka. I-fascist, ukuba uMao Zedong wayengumntu ongabalulekanga akukho mntu wayesiya ndawo, kwaye iUnited States inokuxhasa ngemali uChiang Kai-shek kwaye uya kuyisebenzisa yonke ukulwa namaJapan, ngokuchasene nokuyisebenzisa ukulwa noMao.

Umfanekiso womlimi obekekileyo nongumKristu waseTshayina wawuqhutywa ngabantu abafana noBathathu Emnye (kamva owaba nguDuke) waza uVanderbilt wafundisa uCharlie Soong, iintombi zakhe uAiling, uChingling, noMayling, nonyana uTse-ven (umabonwakude), kwakunye nomyeni kaMayling uChiang. Kai-shek, uHenry Luce owaqala ixesha Imagazini emva kokuzalwa kwikoloniyari e-China, kunye no-Pearl Buck owabhalayo Umhlaba olungileyo emva kohlobo olufanayo lobuntwana. U-TV Soong waqesha u-Colonel we-Air Corps yase-US uJack Jouett kwaye ngo-1932 wayekwazi ukufikelela kubo bonke ubuchwephesha boMkhosi woMkhosi wase-US kwaye wayenabahlohli abalithoba, ugqirha wotyando ngenqwelomoya, oomatshini abane, kunye nonobhala, bonke be-US Air Corps baqeqeshiwe kodwa ngoku bayasebenza. ngoSoong eTshayina. Yayisisiqalo nje soncedo lomkhosi wase-US ukuya e-China olwenze iindaba ezincinci e-United States kunaseJapan.

Ngowe-1938, xa iJapan ihlasela izixeko zaseTshayina, yaye uChiang akazange aphinde alwe, uChiang wayalela umsasazi wakhe oyintloko uHollington Tong, owayesakuba ngumfundi wezobuntatheli kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia, ukuba athumele abathunywa eUnited States ukuya kukhangela abavangeli basemazweni baseUnited States baze babanike ubungqina bezenzo zenkohlakalo zaseJapan, uqeshe uFrank Price (umthunywa wevangeli othandwayo nguMayling), kunye nokugaya iintatheli zase-US kunye nababhali ukuba babhale amanqaku kunye neencwadi ezifanelekileyo. UFrank Price kunye nomntakwabo uHarry Price bazalelwa eTshayina, bengazange badibane neTshayina yamaTshayina. Abazalwana bakwaPrice baseka ivenkile kwisiXeko saseNew York, apho abambalwa babenoluvo lokuba basebenzela iqela leenjubaqa iSoong-Chiang. UMayling noTong bababela ukuba beyisele abantu baseMerika ukuba eyona nto yayiza kuzisa uxolo eTshayina yayikukuvalwa kweJapan. Bayila iKomiti yaseMelika yokungathabathi nxaxheba kuHlaselo lwaseJapan. UBradley ubhala athi: “Uluntu lwalungazi ukuba abavangeli basemazweni baseManhattan basebenza ngenkuthalo kwiSitrato sase-East Fortieth ukuze basindise aBantu abaNcumisayo babehlawulwa abameli baseTshayina Lobby ababebandakanyeke kwizinto ekusenokwenzeka ukuba zazingekho mthethweni nezingcatsha.”

Ndithatha inqaku likaBradley lokuba ayisiyiyo into yokuba abalimi baseTshayina ababalulekanga, kwaye ayisiyiyo iJapan enetyala lobundlongondlongo, kodwa ukuba iphulo lokusasaza laqinisekisa uninzi lwabantu baseMelika ukuba iJapan ayinakuhlasela i-United States ukuba i-United States inqumle ioyile kwaye Isinyithi esiya eJapan-ebesiyinyani kumbono wababukeli abanolwazi kwaye iya kungqinwa ibubuxoki ngexesha leziganeko.

Owayesakuba nguNobhala kaRhulumente kunye noNobhala wexesha elizayo weMfazwe uHenry Stimson waba ngusihlalo weKomiti yaseMelika yokungathathi nxaxheba kwi-Aggression yaseJapan, eyongeza ngokukhawuleza iintloko zangaphambili zeHarvard, i-Union Theological Seminary, i-Church Peace Union, i-World Alliance for Friendship, I-Federal Council of Churches of Christ eMelika, i-Associate Boards of Christian Colleges e-China, njl. njl ibango lichithwe ngabo banolwazi kwiSebe likaRhulumente kunye ne-White House. NgoFebruwari 1940, uBradley ubhala athi, i-75% yabantu baseMelika baxhasa ukuvalwa kweJapan. Kwaye abaninzi baseMelika, ewe, babengafuni imfazwe. Babethenge ipropaganda ye-China Lobby.

Utat'omkhulu kaFranklin Roosevelt wayetyebile ngokuthengisa i-opium eTshayina, kwaye unina kaFranklin wayehlala eTshayina njengomntwana. Uye waba ngusihlalo ohloniphekileyo weBhunga loNcedo laseTshayina kunye neKomiti yaseMelika yeeNkedama zaseTshayina. Umfazi kaFranklin u-Eleanor wayengusihlalo ohloniphekileyo weKomiti yase-China yoNcedo oluNgxamisekileyo yase-Pearl Buck. Ngamawaka amabini emibutho yabasebenzi yase-US yaxhasa isithintelo eJapan. Umcebisi wokuqala wezoqoqosho kumongameli wase-US, uLauchlin Currie, wasebenzela urhulumente wase-US kunye neBhanki yaseChina ngaxeshanye. Umbhali wemihlathi ohlanganisiweyo kunye nesihlobo sikaRoosevelt uJoe Alsop ukhuphe iitshekhi kwiTV Soong "njengomcebisi" ngelixa esenza inkonzo yakhe njengentatheli. UBradley ubhala athi: “Akakho unozakuzaku waseBritani, waseRashiya, ongumFrentshi, okanye waseJapan owayenokukholelwa ukuba uChiang wayenokuba ngunozakuzaku weSivumelwano Esitsha.” Kodwa uFranklin Roosevelt usenokuba wayekholelwa. Wanxibelelana noChiang noMayling ngokufihlakeleyo, ejikeleza iSebe lakhe leSizwe.

Ukanti uFranklin Roosevelt wayekholelwa ukuba xa evalwe, iJapan iya kuhlasela iDutch East Indies (Indonesia) ngesiphumo esinokubakho semfazwe yehlabathi ebanzi. UMorgenthau, ekuxeleleni kukaBradley, wazama ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukutyibilika kwi-embargo epheleleyo kwipetroleum ukuya eJapan, ngelixa uRoosevelt exhathisa okwexeshana. U-Roosevelt uye wanyanzelisa i-embargo encinci kwi-aviation-fuel kunye ne-scrap. Wabolekisa ngemali kuChiang. Wayebonelela ngeenqwelomoya, abaqeqeshi kunye nabaqhubi. Xa uRoosevelt ecela umcebisi wakhe uTommy Corcoran ukuba ajonge inkokeli yalo mkhosi omtsha womoya, owayesakuba ngukapteni we-US Air Corps uClaire Chennault, usenokuba wayengazi ukuba ucela umntu ohlawula iTV Soong ukuba amcebise komnye umntu hlawula iTV Soong.

Nokuba ngaba amaBhritane okanye amaTshayina asasaza iindaba ezisebenza eNew York afudusele urhulumente wase-US naphina apho ebengekafuni ukuya khona ngumbuzo ovulelekileyo.

##

[i] I-C-Span, “iSaziso seSilumkiso samaphephandaba kunye neLusitania,” ngoAprili 22, 2015, https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4535149/newspaper-warning-notice-lusitania

[ii] ILusitania Resource, "Iyelenqe okanye iNtsindo?" https://www.rmslusitania.info/controversies/conspiracy-or-foul-up

[iii] UWilliam M. Leary, "Amaphiko eTshayina: iMishini yaseJouett, ngo-1932-35," Uphononongo lweMbali yePasifiki 38, hayi. 4 (Novemba 1969). Icatshulwe nguNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 32.

[iv] I-Associated Press kaJanuwari 17, ishicilelwe ngaphakathi ENew York Times, “'IMFAZWE yililize,' Utsho uNkskz. ROOSEVELT; Umfazi kaMongameli Uxelela Abameli Boxolo Abantu Bafanele Bacinge Ngemfazwe Njengokuzibulala,” ngoJanuwari 18, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/01/18/archives/-war-utter-futility-says-mrs-roosevelt-presidents-wife-tells-peace-.html Icatshulwe nguNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 46.

[v] ENew York Times, “UJIKELELE WASEJAPAN USIFUMANA 'SITHUKILE'; UTanaka ukhalazela indumiso kaRoosevelt 'ekhwaza' yokusekwa kwethu komkhosi waselwandle eHawaii. IFUNA UKULINGANA KWEZIXHOBO Uthi ITokyo Ayisayi Kurhoxa Ekuphazamiseni ILondon Parley Ukuba Isicelo Saliwe,” ngoAgasti 5, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/08/05/archives/japanese-general-finds-us-insolent-tanaka-decries-roosevelts-loud.html Icatshulwe nguNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 51.

[vi] UGeorge Seldes, Iphephancwadi likaHarper, "I-Propaganda entsha yeMfazwe," ngo-Oktobha 1934, https://harpers.org/archive/1934/10/the-new-propaganda-for-war Ikhankanywe nguNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 52.

[vii] UDavid Talbot, Inja kaMtyholi: Ibali eliyiNyaniso elimangalisayo leNdoda eyasindisa iMelika, (uSimon & Schuster, 2010).

[viii] UMajor General Smedley Butler, Imfazwe liqhinga, https://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/warisaracket.html

[ix] UNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 56.

[X] UNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 63.

[xi] UNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 71.

[xii] UNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 266.

[xiii] Isebe laManzi ase-US, "Ukwakha iziseko zoMkhosi woMkhosi kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi," uMqulu I (Icandelo I) iSahluko V Ukuthengwa kwempahla kunye noLungiselelo lweZiseko eziPhambili, https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading- igumbi/isihloko-uluhlu-ngokwealfabhethi/b/ukwakha-iziseko-zeenqanawa/ukwakha-i-navys-bases-vol-1.html#1-5

[xiv] Arthur H. McCollum, "Imemorandam yoMlawuli: Uqikelelo lweMeko kwiPasifiki kunye neeNgcebiso zokuSebenza yi-United States," ngo-Oktobha 7, 1940, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum

[xv] I-Conrad Crane, iiParameters, iKholeji yeMfazwe yase-US, "Ukuphononongwa kweNcwadi: Usuku lweNkohliso," i-Spring 2001. Icatshulwa yi-Wikipedia, "i-McCollum memo," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-15

[xvi] URobert B. Stinnett, Usuku lweNkohliso: INyaniso malunga ne-FDR kunye nePearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 11.

[xvii] Udliwano-ndlebe lweNkqubo yesitishi seMbali "uAdmiral Chester Nimitz, Thunder of the Pacific." Icatshulwe yiWikipedia, "iMcCollum memo," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-13

[xviii] U-Oliver Stone kunye noPeter Kuznick, Imbali engaziwayo yeUnited States (USimon & Schuster, 2012), iphe. 98.

[xix] UJoseph C. Grew, Iminyaka elishumi eJapan, (ENew York: uSimon & Schuster, 1944) p. 568. Icatshulwe nguNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 282.

[xx] ENew York Times, “UMBUTHO WASEMOYA WASETSHAYINA UZA KUHLASELA; Ukuqhushumbiswa kwezixeko zaseJapan kulindeleke ukuba kuphume kwimbono entsha eChungking,” ngoMeyi 24, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/05/24/archives/chinese-air-force-to-take-offensive-bombing-of-japanese-cities-is.html Icatshulwe nguNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 331.

[xxi] ENew York Times, “KWESIJONGA UKUPHEPHA IMFAZWE; Izithethi kwiiNtetho eziRoundtable kwiiNtlanganiso zaseWashington zibuza uMgaqo-nkqubo oHlaziyiweyo waNgaphandle,” ngoJuni 1, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/06/01/archives/avoidance-of-war-urged-as-us-aim-speakers-at-roundtable-talks-at.html Icatshulwe nguNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 333.

[xxii] UNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 365.

[xxiii] IKholeji yaseMount Holyoke, "Iingxelo ezingaqhelekanga zikaMongameli uRoosevelt kwiKomiti yokuThatha iNxaxheba yeVolontiya malunga nokuba kutheni ukuthunyelwa kwe-oyile ngaphandle kwe-Oil kuqhutyelwe eJapan, eWashington, ngoJulayi 24, 1941," https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/fdr25.htm

[xxiv] Isigwebo esichasayo sikaRB Pal, iNkundla yamaTyala yaseTokyo, iCandelo 8, http://www.cwporter.com/pal8.htm

[xxv] Otto D. Tolischus, ENew York Times, “ABASEJAPANE ABASIXELELA THINA NEBRITAIN IYAPHUTHA ETHAILAND; Izilumkiso zikaHull ne-Eden Zazibanjwe ‘Kunzima Ukuqondwa’ Ngenxa Yemigaqo-nkqubo yaseTokyo,” ngoAgasti 8, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/08/08/archives/japanese-insist-us-and-britain -impazamo-kwi-thailand-izilumkiso-nge-hull-and.html Icatshulwe nguNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 375.

[xxvi] U-Oliver Stone kunye noPeter Kuznick, Imbali engaziwayo yeUnited States (USimon & Schuster, 2012), iphe. 98.

[xxvii] Ikhankanywe yiCongresswoman uJeanette Rankin kwiRekhodi yeCongressional, ngoDisemba 7, 1942.

[xxviii] Ikhankanywe yiCongresswoman uJeanette Rankin kwiRekhodi yeCongressional, ngoDisemba 7, 1942.

[xxix] Ikhankanywe yiCongresswoman uJeanette Rankin kwiRekhodi yeCongressional, ngoDisemba 7, 1942.

[xxx] Ikhankanywe yiCongresswoman uJeanette Rankin kwiRekhodi yeCongressional, ngoDisemba 7, 1942.

[xxxi] Icatshulwe nguNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, ngo-2008, iphe. 387

[xxxii] Ividiyo yecandelo eliphambili lale ntetho nantsi: https://archive.org/details/FranklinD.RooseveltsDeceptiveSpeechOctober271941 Isiqendu esipheleleyo sentetho silapha: ENew York Times, "Intetho kaMongameli Roosevelt yoSuku lweNavy kwiMicimbi yehlabathi," Oktobha 28, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/10/28/archives/president-roosevelts-navy-day-address-on-world-affairs .html

[xxxiii] UWilliam Boyd, Mail Daily, "Imephu emangalisayo kaHitler eyaguqula iMelika ngokuchasene namaNazi: Ingxelo eqaqambileyo yombhali wengxelo yendlela iintlola zaseBritane e-US zenze uqhanqalazo olwanceda ukutsalela uRoosevelt emfazweni," ngoJuni 28, 2014, https://www.dailymail.co.uk /iindaba/inqaku-2673298/Hitlers-amazing-map-turned-America-against-Nazis-A-leading-novelists-brilliant-account-British-spies-US-staged-coup-helped-drag-Roosevelt-war.html

[xxxiv] Ivar Bruce, Uphila kanye (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984).

[xxxv] Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Uloyiso kunye nesiphithiphithi: Imbali yoBuqu yeXesha lethu (ENew York: Weybright and Talley, 1968), iphepha 323, 325. Icatshulwe nguNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 415.

[xxxvi] UJoseph C. Grew, Iminyaka elishumi eJapan, (ENew York: uSimon & Schuster, 1944) p. 468, 470. Icatshulwe nguNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 425.

[xxxvii] I-Wikipedia, “Inqaku leHull,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_note

[xxxviii] UNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 431.

[xxxix] UJohn Toland, Infamy: iPearl Harbour kunye neMva yayo (Doubleday, 1982), iphe. 166.

[xl] Isindululo saseJapan (iSicwangciso B) se-20 kaNovemba 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xli] I-American Counter-Proposal kwi-Japan Plan B-Novemba 26, 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xlii] Ikhankanywe yiCongresswoman uJeanette Rankin kwiRekhodi yeCongressional, ngoDisemba 7, 1942.

[xliii] ULydia Saad, iGallup Polling, "iGallup Vault: Ilizwe eliManyeneyo emva kwePearl Harbor," ngoDisemba 5, 2016, https://news.gallup.com/vault/199049/gallup-vault-country-unified-pearl-harbor.aspx

[xliv] URobert B. Stinnett, Usuku lweNkohliso: INyaniso malunga ne-FDR kunye nePearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) iphepha 171-172.

[xlv] Ingxelo kaLieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, kwi NgeMigqibelo yoMgqibelo ka-Oktobha 10, 1942, ecatshulwe nguNkongolokazi uJeanette Rankin kwiRekhodi yeCongressional, ngoDisemba 7, 1942.

[xlvi] Al Hemingway, UCharlotte Sun, "Isilumkiso sokuqala sokuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbour sibhaliwe," i-7 Dec, i-2016, https://www.newsherald.com/news/20161207/early-warning-of-attack-on-pearl-harbor-documented

[xlvii] Ikhankanywe yiCongresswoman uJeanette Rankin kwiRekhodi yeCongressional, ngoDisemba 7, 1942.

[xlviii] UPaul Bedard, Iindaba zaseMelika kunye neNgxelo yeHlabathi, "I-Memo engachazwanga echazwe ngo-1941 kuhlaselo lwaseHawaii: Incwadi yeBlockbuster ikwatyhila i-FDR isibhengezo semfazwe esichasene namagunya e-axis," ngoNovemba 29, 2011, https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/11/29 /declassified-memo-hinted-of-1941-hawaii-attack-

[xlix] IUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum, amaMerika kunye nokuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo: “Yatshintsha njani Uluvo lukawonke-wonke Ngokungena kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II Phakathi kowe-1939 nowe-1941?” https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/us-public-opinion-world-war-II-1939-1941

[l] URobert B. Stinnett, Usuku lweNkohliso: INyaniso malunga ne-FDR kunye nePearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 263.

[li] URichard Bernstein, ENew York Times, “'Usuku Lwenkohliso': NgoDisemba 7, Ngaba Besisazi Ukuba Besisazi?” NgoDisemba 15, 1999, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/12/12/daily/121599stinnett-book-review.html

[lii] UDaniel Immerwahr, Indlela yokufihla uBukhosi: Imbali yeUnited States enkulu, (Farrar, Straus, kunye noGiroux, 2019).

[liii] URichard K. Neumann Omnci., iNethiwekhi yeeNdaba zeMbali, iYunivesithi yaseGeorge Washington, “Intsomi ethi ‘Iinqanawa zokulwa ezisibhozo zatshona’ ePearl Harbor,” https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/32489

[liv] UDaniel Immerwahr, Indlela yokufihla uBukhosi: Imbali yeUnited States enkulu, (Farrar, Straus, kunye noGiroux, 2019).

[lv] UDaniel Immerwahr, Indlela yokufihla uBukhosi: Imbali yeUnited States enkulu, (Farrar, Straus, kunye noGiroux, 2019).

[lvi] "Amagqabantshintshi ngokuBekwa kwePhilippine," https://ds-carbonite.haverford.edu/spectacle-14/exhibits/show/vantagepoints_1904wfphilippine/_overview_

[lvii] UJames Bradley, I-Imperial Cruise: Imbali Yembali yoBukumkani kunye neMfazwe (Back Bay Books, 2010).

[lviii] UJames Bradley, I-China Mirage: Imbali efihliweyo yeNtlekele yaseMelika eAsia (Omncinci, uBrown, kunye neNkampani, ngo-2015).