Ukumamela ingxoxo yabagqatswa beRiphabhlikhi kwiveki ephelileyo, umntu unokucinga ukuba uMongameli u-Obama ulushiyile uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi wase-US kwaye walishiya ilizwe lethu lingakhuselekanga. Akukho nto inokudlula amanqaku. Kukho ubuthathaka bokwenyani kumgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase-Obama, kodwa ukunqongophala kwemali yezixhobo kunye nemfazwe ayisiyiyo enye yazo. Umongameli u-Obama eneneni ubenoxanduva lohlahlo-lwabiwo mali olukhulu kwezomkhosi wase-US ukusukela ngeMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, njengoko kubhaliwe apha “Incwadi eluhlaza eluhlaza” yonyaka yeSebe lezoKhuselo laseMelika.
Itheyibhile engezantsi ithelekisa i-avareji yohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwePentagon lonyaka phantsi kwawo wonke umongameli ukusukela eTruman, kusetyenziswa amanani "edola rhoqo" kwiFY2016 Green Book. Ndiza kusebenzisa la manani alungelelaniswe nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kulo lonke eli nqaku, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ndihlala ndithelekisa “ii-apile nama-apile”. La manani awabandakanyi inkcitho eyongezelelweyo enxulumene nomkhosi yi-VA, i-CIA, uKhuseleko lwasekhaya, ezamandla, ezobuLungisa okanye amaSebe kaRhulumente, okanye intlawulo yenzala kwinkcitho yomkhosi edlulileyo, edibanisa ukunyusa indleko yokwenyani yomkhosi wase-US malunga $ 1.3 trillion ngonyaka, or ishumi elinesithathu kwishumi loqoqosho lwe-US.
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-US 1948-2015
U-Obama FY2010-15 wezigidi ezingama-663.4 zeedola ngonyaka
UBush Jr FY2002-09 * $ 634.9 "" "
UClinton FY1994-2001 $ 418.0 "" "
UBush Sr FY1990-93 $ 513.4 "" "
UReagan FY1982-89 $ 565.0 ”" "
UCarter FY1978-81 $ 428.1 "" "
IFord FY1976-77 yeedola ezingama-406.7 ""
INixon FY1970-75 $ 441.7 "" "
UJohnson FY1965-69 $ 527.3 "" "
UKennedy FY1962-64 $ 457.2 "" "
Eisenhower FY1954-61 $ 416.3 "" "
ITruman FY1948-53 $ 375.7 "" "
* Ayifaki i $ 80 yezigidigidi ezongeziweyo kwi-FY2009 phantsi kwe-Obama.
Umkhosi wase-US ufumana ngaphezulu ngobubele inkxaso-mali kunabanye abali-10 amakhulu amabutho kwihlabathi elidibeneyo (China, Saudi Arabia, Russia, UK, France, Japan, India, Jamani nase Mzantsi Korea). Kwaye okwangoku, ngaphandle kwesiphithiphithi kunye nobundlobongela kwiminyaka eyi-15 edluleyo, i Abaviwa beRiphabhlikhi kubonakala bengayiqapheli ingozi yelizwe elinye eliphethe amandla amakhulu anempi.
Kwinqanaba leDemocratic, kwanoSenta uBernie Sanders akazange athethe ukuba uza kunciphisa iindleko zempi. Kodwa uSanders uvota rhoqo kwiimali ezigunyazisiweyo kule bhajethi yemikhosi yomkhosi, ukugweba ukuhlengahlengiswa kwezinto ezininzi ezivela kwiimfuno zabantu zangempela kunye Ukunyanzelisa ukuba imfazwe mayibe "sisigqibo sokugqibela".
Iivoti zikaSanders zokuhlasela iYugoslavia ngo-1999 kunye ne-Afghanistan ngo-2001, ngelixa Charter UN ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okungaxilwanga kwamanye amazwe, ukuphakamisa imibuzo ephazamisayo malunga nokuba uthetha ntoni "ngecebo lokugqibela." Njengoko umsizi wakhe uJeremy Brecher wabuza uSanders incwadi yokuyeka ngaphezulu kwevoti yakhe yaseYugoslavia, "Ngaba kukho umda wokuziphatha kubundlobongela basemkhosini ovumayo ukuthatha inxaxheba okanye ukuxhasa? Uphi loo mda? Kwaye xa loo mda ufikelelwe, leliphi inyathelo eliyakwenza nina uthabathe? ” Abantu abaninzi baseMelika banomdla wokuva ukuba uSanders uzinikele kuxolo nakwizixhobo zomdlalo ukuze azimelanise nokuzibophelela kwakhe kubulungisa bezoqoqosho.
Xa uMongameli Obama ethatha isikhundla, uMninimandla weBhunga likaBarney Frank wabiza ngokukhawuleza I-25% inqunywe kwiinkcitho zempi. Endaweni yoko, umongameli omtsha ufumene i-80 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi eyongezelelekileyo kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwe-FY2009 ukuze axhase ukunyuka kwakhe kwemfazwe e-Afghanistan, kwaye uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lokuqala lomkhosi (FY2010) yayiyi- $ 761 yezigidigidi, ngaphakathi kwe- $ 3.4 yezigidigidi zeerandi ezingama-764.3 zezigidigidi ze-post-WWII irekhodi UMongameli Bush ngo-FY2008.
The Igqiza loKhuselo loKhuselo, othunywe nguCongressman Frank kunye namaBipartisan Amalungu eCongress ngo-2010, abiza i-$ 960 ibhiliyoni ngokuchongwa kwi-budget yeprojekthi yebhajethi kwiminyaka elandelayo ye-10. Jill Stein we-Green Party kwaye U-Rocky Anderson we-Justice Partybabiza i-50% yokusika kwinkcitho yomkhosi wase-US kwimikhankaso yabo kamongameli ka-2012. Oko kubonakala kungathandeki ekuboneni kuqala, kodwa i-50% esikiweyo kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwe-FY2012 inokuba kuphela yi-13% kunqunyulwe oko uMongameli uClinton wachitha kwi-FY1998.
Uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi lukaClinton lwama- $ 399 ezigidi zezigidi ze-FY1998 yeyona ikufutshane esifikileyo kuyo ekufezekiseni "isabelo soxolo" esathenjiswa ekupheleni kweMfazwe ebandayo. Kodwa loo nto ayikhange yaphule iMfazwe ebandayo yesiseko se- $ 393 yezigidigidi ezibekwe emva kweMfazwe yaseKorea (FY1954) kunye neMfazwe yaseVietnam (FY1975). Eyona ntlekele ingaziwayo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje kukuba siye savumela “isahlulo soxolo” ukuba sikhohliswe yinto uCarl Conetta Iprojekthi yezinye iindlela zokuKhusela ubiza "isahlulo samandla", umnqweno wemikhosi yezomkhosi kunye nemizi-mveliso ukuthatha ithuba lokuwa kweUSSR ukudibanisa amandla omkhosi wase-US.
Uloyiso “lokwahlulahlula amandla” phezu “kolwahlulo loxolo” lwaluqhutywa zezinye zezona zinto zibalulekileyo embalini. Kodwa kwinyathelo ngalinye, zazikhona ezinye iindlela zokulwa, ukuveliswa kwezixhobo kunye nokwandiswa komkhosi wehlabathi.
Ku Iindaba zeeKomiti zoHlahlo lwabiwo-mali ngoDisemba 1989, owayekade eyiNtloko Unobhala uRobert McNamara kunye noNobhala oNcedisayo uLawrence Korb, iDemocrat kunye neRiphabhlikhi, bangqina ukuba uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwe-FY1990 yezigidi ezingama-542 zeebhiliyoni zePentagon zinokunqunyulwa ngesiqingatha kule minyaka ilishumi izayo ukusishiya nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi osemva kweMfazwe ebandayo ye- $ 10 yezigidigidi, I-270% ingaphantsi kuno-Mongameli u-Obama echithe kunye ne-60% ngaphantsi kwento uJill Stein kunye no-Rocky Anderson abayifunayo.
Kwakukho inkcaso ebalulekileyo kwi-First Gulf War - I-22 Senators kunye ne-183 Reps bavote ngokuchasene nayo, kubandakanya uSanders - kodwa abonelanga ukumisa umlo ukuya emfazweni. Imfazwe yaba ngumzekelo weemfazwe ezikhokelwa yi-US kwaye zasebenza njengomboniso wentengiso kwisizukulwana esitsha sezixhobo zase-US. Emva kokuphatha uluntu kwiibhombu ezingapheliyo zeevidiyo "zeebhombu ezinobuchule" ezenza "uqhankqalazo", amagosa aseMelika ekugqibeleni avuma ukuba izixhobo "ezichanekileyo" ezinjalo I-7% yeebhomu kunye neemfono kuyana eIraq. Eminye yayiyinto entle yakudala ekhaphethi-yokuqhushumisa, kodwa ukubulawa kwabantu baseIraq kwakungeyonxalenye yephulo lokuthengisa. Ukupheliswa kwebhombu, abaqhubi beenqwelo moya baseMelika bayalelwa ukuba babhabhe ukusuka eKuwait baye ngqo I-Paris Air Show, kunye neminyaka emithathu ezayo isetyenziswe iirekhodi ezintsha izixhobo zokuthumela iimpahla ze-US.
Oomongameli uBush noClinton benze unciphiso olukhulu kwinkcitho yomkhosi phakathi konyaka we-1992 nowe-1994, kodwa ukwehla kwehla ukuya kwi-1-3% ngonyaka phakathi kuka-1995 no-1998 kwaye uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwaqala ukunyuka ngo-1999. Umkhosi wase-US ukubeka isiseko semibono kwiimfazwe ezizayo. Iimangalo ezingathandabuzekiyo kunye neengxaki ezinokungabaza ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ase-US okubundlobongela kunokuthintela uhlanga eRwanda or imfazwe yoluntu eYugoslavia baye bakhonzelela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwenye indawo ukususela ngelo xesha, kunye neziphumo eziyingozi. Neoconservatives waya phambili kwaye wathi ukuba ukuthatha i-post-Cold War power dividend kwakubalulekile ekukhuselekeni kwe-US kunye nokuchuma kwekhulu le-21.
Amabango abo bobabini abangeneleli ngoncedo kunye neoconservatives babenomdla kwiimpawu ezahlukeneyo kwi-American psyche, iqhutywe kwaye ikhuthazwa ngabantu abanamandla kunye namaziko ayenomsebenzi kunye neminqweno eyayibophekile ekukhuleni kwenkampani yezobugcisa. Abangeneleli ngoncedo babhenela kwiminqweno yabantu baseMelika yokuba yinto elungileyo kwihlabathi. Njengoko UMadeleine Albright wabuza uColin Powell, "Iyintoni injongo yokuba nomkhosi obalaseleyo ohleli uthetha ngawo ukuba asikwazi ukuwusebenzisa?" Kwelinye icala, ii-neocons zadlala ngokungabinantsingiselo kunye nokungazithembi kwabantu abaninzi baseMelika ukubanga ukuba umhlaba kufuneka ulawulwe ligunya lomkhosi wase-US ukuba sifuna ukugcina indlela yethu yobomi.
The Ulawulo lukaClinton luye lwalukhupha amaninzi kula mabango kwisiqulatho sokwandiswa kwempi yase-United States I-1997 Quadrennial Defense Review. I-QDR isoyikisa ukusetyenziswa ngokungakhethiyo komkhosi wase-US, ngokuchasene ngokucacileyo noMgaqo-siseko we-UN, ukukhusela umdla "obalulekileyo" wase-US kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya "ukuthintela ukuvela komanyano lwengingqi olunobutshaba," kunye "nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela okungathintelwanga kwisitshixo." iimarike, ubonelelo lwamandla kunye nezixhobo zobuchule. ”
Ukuya kwinqanaba lokuba bayazi ngokunyuka okukhulu kwenkcitho yezomkhosi ukusukela nge1998, uninzi lwabantu baseMelika bayayidibanisa neemfazwe zase-US e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq kunye "nemfazwe yoloyiko" echazwe gwenxa. Kodwa uphando lukaCarl Conetta lwaqinisekisa ukuba, phakathi kuka-1998 no-2010, Kuphela yi-20% yokuthengwa komkhosi wase-US kunye ne-RDT & E (uphando, uphuhliso, uvavanyo kunye novavanyo) inkcitho kunye nesiqingatha kuphela sonyuso kwinkcitho yezomkhosi enxulumene nemisebenzi eqhubekayo yomkhosi. Kwiphepha lakhe le-2010, Ukhuselo olungaphelele, UConetta wafumanisa ukuba urhulumente wethu uchithe i-1.15 yezigidigidi zeedola ngaphezulu nangaphaya kwe-FY1998 kaClinton kwiindleko ezingahambelaniyo neemfazwe zakhe zangoku.
Most yemali eyongezelelweyo, $ 640 yezigidigidi, ichithwe kwizixhobo nakwizixhobo ezitsha (Ukuthengwa + kweRDT & E kwiGreen Book). Okumangalisayo kukuba, oku bekuphindwe kabini kwi-290 yezigidigidi zomkhosi ezichithwe kwizixhobo nakwizixhobo kwiimfazwe ezazisilwa. Kwaye isabelo sengonyama sasingengomkhosi, kodwa siMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi noMkhosi wamanzi.
Kukho inkcaso yezopolitiko kulo F-35 warplane, Abaphembeleli abayibize ngokuba "yindiza eyityile uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali" kunye neendleko zayo eziqikelelweyo I-1.5 trillion kwiiplani ze-2,400. Kodwa ukuthengwa kweNavy kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lweRT & E lubangisana noMkhosi woMoya.
I-CEO ye-General Dynamics CEO Ukuxhaswa kwezopolitiko nguLester Crown wezopolitiko oselula ogama linguBarack Obama, owaqala ukudibana naye ngo-1989 e-Chicago firm firm apho u-Obama wayefundela khona, usebenze kakuhle kakhulu kwifamily firm. Oko u-Obama waphumelela u-Mongameli, kunye nonyana ka-Lester uJames kunye nomolokazana uPaula njengezitulo zakhe zokuxhasa ngemali e-Illinois kunye ne-4 ngobukhulu. bundlers lonke ilizwe, ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lempahla yesitokethi lifumene i-170% kunye nalo ingxelo yonyaka yonyaka uyincomile i-2014 njengonyaka wayo onenzuzo kakhulu, ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa kwe-30% yokuthengwa kwePentagon kunye nenkcitho ye-RDT kunye ne-E ukusukela nge-FY2009.
Nangona iGeneral Dynamics ithengisa iitranki ezimbalwa zeAbrams kunye nezithuthi ezixhobileyo okoko i-US yarhoxa uninzi lwemikhosi yayo e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, icandelo layo le-Marine Systems liqhuba ngcono kunangaphambili. Umkhosi wamanzi wanyusa ukuthengwa kwawo I-submarines yaseVirginia ukusuka kwinye ukuya kwezimbini ngonyaka ngo-2012 kwi- $ 2 yezigidigidi inye. Ithenga entsha Arleigh Burke intshabalazi ngonyaka nge-2022 kwi-$ 1.8 yebhiliyoni enye (u-Obama wabuyisela kwakhona loo program njengenxalenye yesicwangciso sakhe sokukhusela i-missile), kwaye uhlahlo lwabiwo-FY2010 lunikezela i-General Dynamics isivumelwano kunye nokwakha i-3 entsha Ababhubhisi beeklasi zeZumwalt I-3.2 yezigidigidi zeedola inye, ngaphezulu kwe- $ 10 yezigidigidi esele ichithwe kuphando nakuphuhliso. Oko kwenzeka nangona isithethi somkhosi wamanzi wase-US sibiza iZumwalt “ngenqanawa ongayifuniyo,” njengoko injalo Iya kuba sesichengeni ngakumbi kwimijukujelwa entsha yokulwa iinqanawa ephuhliswe ziintshaba ezinokubakho. I-General Dynamics ikwangomnye wabavelisi abakhulu beebhombu kunye neembumbulu, kunjalo ke kuzuza kakuhle ukususela kwi-campaign yaseBu-bombing e-Iraq naseSiriya.
UCarl Conetta Icacisa ukwakhiwa kweengalo ezizimeleyo zase-US njengesiphumo sokungabikho kwengqeqesho kunye nokusilela kwabacwangcisi bemikhosi ukwenza ukhetho olunzima malunga nohlobo lweemfazwe abazilungiselela ukulwa okanye imikhosi kunye nezixhobo abanokuzifuna. Kodwa olu tyalo-mali lukazwelonke luthetheleleka ezingqondweni zamagosa ase-US ngento abanokuyisebenzisa ngayo le mikhosi. Ngokwakha umatshini wemfazwe obiza kakhulu kwaye utshabalalise, uyila ukuba ubenako ukoyikisa okanye ukuhlasela malunga nabani na naphina, kunye nokuthethelela ubukho bayo ngokudibanisa i-neocon kunye nemibono yongenelelo ngoncedo, Amagosa ase-United States akhuthaze ukunyaniseka okuyingozi malunga kakhulu Uhlobo lomkhosi. Njengombhali-mbali uGabriel Kolko wa lumkisa ngo 1994, "Ukhetho kunye nezigqibo eziyingozi kakhulu kwaye zingenangqondo azipheleli nje ekubeni zizizathu kodwa kuphela kwendlela yokuqiqa malunga nemfazwe kunye nozakuzo olunokwenzeka kwizikhundla zaseburhulumenteni."
Ukusetyenziswa komkhosi wamajoni kuyonakalisa. Izixhobo zemfazwe zenzelwe ukonzakalisa abantu kunye nokwaphula izinto. Zonke izizwe zibanga ukuzakha nokuzithenga kuphela ukuzikhusela kwaye babo abantu ngokuchasene nobundlongondlongo babanye. Uluvo lokuba ukusetyenziswa komkhosi wamajoni kunakho Ungaze ube yinto elungileyo inokuthi, okona kulungileyo, isebenze kwiimeko ezimbalwa ezinqabileyo, ezizodwa apho ukusetyenziswa okuncinci kodwa kokuthatha isigqibo kuphelise ukungqubana okukhoyo kwaye kukhokelele ekubuyiselweni koxolo. Iziphumo eziqhelekileyo zokusebenzisa okanye ukunyuka kwamandla kunyanzelisa ukufa kunye nentshabalalo, ukuxhathisa amafutha kunye nokubangela ukungazinzi ngokubanzi. Yile nto yenzekileyo naphina apho i-US isebenzise amandla ukusukela ngo-2001, kubandakanya in proxy yayo kunye nemisebenzi efihlakeleyo eSyria naseUkraine.
Kubonakala ngathi siya kuzala ingqungquthela epheleleyo, ukuba sibuye siqaphele ingozi yobutyebi kunye nobulumko beenkokheli zase-US kunye nabadibanisi abadlala indima ekusebenzeni Charter UN, i KwiiNdibano zeGenesva, i Kellogg Briand Pact kwaye uninzi lwenkqubo-sikhokelo esele ikho yomthetho wamanye amazwe. Ezi zivumelwano kunye neenkomfa zazisekwe kumava oomawokhulu ukuba ilizwe apho imfazwe yayivunyelwe yayingasekho. Ke bazinikezele, kangangoko banako, ukuthintela nokuphelisa imfazwe kunye nokukhusela abantu kuyo yonke indawo kwimfazwe eyothusayo njengelungelo lomntu elisisiseko.
Njengoko uMongameli uCarter wathi kuye Inkulumo kaNobel ngowama-2002, “Imfazwe ngamanye amaxesha ingabububi obuyimfuneko. Kodwa nokuba kuyimfuneko kangakanani na, ihlala inobubi, ayilunganga. ” Umgaqo-nkqubo wamva nje wase-US ube lilinge elibi ekuhleleni kwakhona ububi bemfazwe. Olu vavanyo aluphumelelanga, kodwa kusekho umsebenzi omningi owenziwe ukubuyisela uxolo, ukulungisa umonakalo, nokukhuthaza iUnited States ukulawula umthetho.
Ukuba sithelekisa inkcitho yezomkhosi yase-US kunye nenkcitho yomkhosi wehlabathi, siyabona ukuba, njengoko i-US isike uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi ngesinye kwisithathu phakathi kowe-1985 nowe-1998, lonke ilizwe lalandela ngokufanayo nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi wehlabathi. yawa ngeyesithathu phakathi kwe-1988 ne-1998. Kodwa njengokuba i-US ichithe izigidi ngezigidi zeedola kwizixhobo nakwimfazwe emva ko-2000, isonyusa isabelo sayo kwinkcitho yezomkhosi kwihlabathi liphela ukusuka kwi-38% ukuya kwi-48% ngo-2008, omabini amahlakani kunye neentshaba ezinokubakho baphinde baphendula ngohlobo. Ukunyuka kwama-92% kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi wase-US ngo-2008 kukhokelele ekunyukeni kwama-65% kwinkcitho yomkhosi wehlabathi ngowama-2011.
I propaganda yase-US ibonisa ulwaphulo lwe-US kunye nokwandiswa kwempi as amandla okhuseleko kunye nozinzo. Ngokwenyani, yimikhosi yaseMelika eqhuba umlo wehlabathi, kunye neemfazwe ezikhokelwa yi-US kunye nongenelelo olufihlakeleyo oluye lwakhokelela kungquzulwano lwenkxaso-mali kwaye lwaphanga izigidi zabantu ukhuseleko kunye nozinzo kwilizwe emva kwelinye. Kodwa kanye njengokuba ubuchule kunye noxolo phakathi kwe-US kunye ne-USSR kukhokelele ekuweni kwe-33% kwinkcitho yomkhosi wehlabathi kwii-1990s, ukuzibophelela okutsha e-US kuxolo nakwizixhobo zomkhosi namhlanje kuya kubeka umhlaba wonke kwikhondo elinoxolo.
Kwidiploma yakhe eCuba naseIran nasekubonakaliseni kwakhe ukulungela kwakhe ukuphendula kwidiploma yaseRussia eSyria naseUkraine, uMongameli u-Obama ubonakala ngathi ufundile izifundo ezibalulekileyo kubundlobongela nakwisiphithiphithi athe yena no-Mongameli Bush bazikhupha kwihlabathi. Oyena mxhasi unesisa kumzi-mveliso wezomkhosi owakha waziwa unokugqibela ukubonakalaisisombululo sezopolitiko kwiimeko ezibangelwa yimigaqo yakhe.
Kodwa ukuvuka kuka-Obama, ukuba kuyiloo nto, kuye kwafika kabuhlungu kubongameli bakhe, kwizigidi zamaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe yase-US nakwikamva lelizwe lethu kunye nehlabathi. Nabani na esimonyule njengoMongameli olandelayo makabe sele elungile ngomhla wokuqala ukuqala ukukhupha lo matshini wemfazwe ongapheliyo kunye nokwakha “Ulwakhiwo loxolo”, kwisiseko esisisiseko sabantu, idiplomacy kunye nokuzibophelela ngokutsha kwe-US ekulawuleni umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
I mpendulo
Eli nqaku lifanelekileyo kakhulu ukufunda, ngalinye igama elilodwa.