NguMedea Benjamin noNicolas JS Davies, nge-24 kaDisemba ngo-2019
Isitofu saseMelika “Izifundo ozifundileyo” amaxwebhu ase-Afghanistan apapashwa yiWashington Post ebonisa, kwiinkcukacha ezibonisa ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo awaphumeleli, efihlakele ebantwini iminyaka eli-18. I “Izifundo ozifundileyo” amaphepha, nangona kunjalo, axhomekeke kwisiseko sokuba i-US kunye nabalingane bayo baya kuthi baqhubeke nokungenelela kwezomkhosi kwamanye amazwe, kwaye kufuneka ke ngoko bafunde izifundo ze-Afghanistan ukunqanda ukwenza iimpazamo ezifanayo kwimisebenzi yomkhosi ezayo.
Esi siza siphoswa sisifundo esisicaceleyo sokuba i-Washington bangaphakathi bayale ukufunda: isiphosiso asikho kwindlela i-US izama ngayo kwaye isilele ukwakha izakhiwo ezichithwe “ziinguqu zolawulo,” kodwa kulusemthethweni olungekho mthethweni kulawulo luzitshintsha. Njengomtshutshisi waseNuremberg uBen Ferencz xelele i-NPR kwiintsuku nje ezisibhozo emva kuka-9/11, “Ayikokuphendulwa okusemthethweni ukohlwaya abantu abangabekek 'ityala ngobubi obenziweyo. Ukuba nje uziphindezela ngobuninzi ngokuqhushumbisa iAfghanistan, masithi, okanye iTaliban, uyakubulala abantu abaninzi abangayamkeliyo le nto yenzekileyo. ”
Amaxwebhu "Ezifundo ezifundiweyo" abonisa iinzame ezingapheliyo zolawulo ezintathu zokufihla ukusilela kwabo emva kodonga lwepropaganda ukuthintela ukuvuma ukohlulwa kunye nokugcina "ukudibana, Njengoko ichazwe nguGeneral McChrystal. E-Afghanistan, ukudaka ngodaka kuye kuthetha ukuhla phezu kwe80,000 iibhombu kunye nemipu, phantse kubo bonke abantu abangenanto yakwenza nolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-11 kaSeptemba, kanye njengoko uBen Ferencz waxela kwangaphambili.
Bangaphi abantu abaye babulawa eAfghanistan ngisana kwaye ngokungaziwayo. I-UN ipapashe ubuncinci bokuqinisekisa inani labemi ababulewe ukusukela ngo-2007, kodwa njengoFiona Frazer, inkosi yamalungelo abantu kwi-UN eKabul, yamkelwe kwi-BBC Nge-Agasti ka-2019, "uninzi lwabemi lubulawa okanye lwenzakala e-Afghanistan ngenxa yongqubano lwezixhobo kunanoma yiphina indawo eMhlabeni ... (kodwa) ngenxa yeendlela ezingqongqo zokuqinisekisa, amanani apapashiweyo phantse akabonakalisi ubungozi bokwenyani." I-UN. libala ukubhubha kwabemi kwizehlo apho kugqitywe khona uphando lwamalungelo oluntu, kwaye ayinakho ukufikelela okuncinci okanye kungafikeleli kwiindawo ezikude zeTaliban apho uninzi lomoya wase-US ugwayimba kwaye "ubulale okanye ubambe" uhlaselo. Ke, njengoko uFiona Frazer acebisayo, amanani apapashiweyo e-UN anokuba ligcunwana nje lamanani ayinyani abantu ababuleweyo.
Akufuneki kuthathe iminyaka eyi-18 ukuba amagosa ase-US avume esidlangalaleni ukuba akukho sisombululo somkhosi kwimfazwe ebulalayo nengaphumeleliyo apho i-US inoxanduva kwezopolitiko nakwezomthetho. Kodwa ukunganyaniseki e-Afghanistan yimeko enye kuphela kumgaqo-nkqubo wase-US ongenazimpembelelo kunye neziphumo zehlabathi. Oorhulumente abatsha abafakwe nguRhulumente "kutshintsho lolawulo" kwilizwe emva kwelinye ilizwe baye babonakalisa ubuqhetseba, abasemthethweni kwaye abakwazi ukulawula umhlaba wabo kunaleyo i-US ibatshabalalisileyo, ishiya abantu babo bexakeke bubundlobongela obungapheliyo kunye neengxabano ezingenanto Umsebenzi oqhubekayo waseMelika unokulungiswa.
"Utshintsho kulawulo" yinkqubo yokunyanzelwa eyilelwe ukunyanzelisa ukuthanda kwezopolitiko kurhulumente wase-US kumazwe kwihlabathi liphela, ephula ubukhosi babo kunye nokuzimisela nge-arhente yomkhosi, ezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko:
- Ugunyaziso. Inyathelo lokuqala ekujolise kulo ilizwe ngotshintsho lolawulo kukunikezela korhulumente okhoyo emehlweni e-US kunye noluntu oluhlangeneyo, kunye ne-propaganda ekujoliswe kuyo okanye "Ulwazi lwemfazwe" ukwenza idemon umongameli wayo okanye inkulumbuso. Ukupeyinta iinkokeli zamanye amazwe njengabahlali belizwe kwidrama yencwadi kaManichean ngokwengqondo kulungisa uluntu lwaseMelika ngokunyanzelwa yi-US ukuba ibasuse emandleni. Isifundo esinye kuthi sokuba sichasene nokutshintsha korhulumente kukuba kufuneka siwacele umngeni ngala makhankaso kweli nqanaba lokuqala ukuba sifuna ukuthintela ukunyuka kwawo. Umzekelo, Rhashiya kwaye iTshayina namhlanje bobabini banezikhuselo ezinamandla, kubandakanya izixhobo zenyukliya, besenza imfazwe yase-US nokuba yenye yazo yentlekele, okanye bazibulale. Ke kutheni le nto iUS is stoke a entsha Cold War nxamnye nabo? Ngaba ubucukubhede bemikhosi yasemkhosini busoyikisa ngokuphela kuphela ukuthethelela uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi? Kutheni le nto ubuchule bokuthethathethana buzakuthethathethana malunga nokuhlalisana ngoxolo kunye nokususwa kwezixhobo "kungabikho etafileni," xa kufanelekile ukuba kube yinto ephambili?
- Izithintelo. Ukusebenzisa isohlwayo kwezoqoqosho njengesixhobo sokunyanzela utshintsho kwezopolitiko kwamanye amazwe kuyabulala kwaye akukho semthethweni. Iz Sanctions ibulala abantu ngokubakhapha ukutya, amayeza kunye nezinye izinto ezisisiseko. Izono ze-UN zibulewe ngamakhulu amawaka ze-Iraqis ngeminyaka yo-1990. Namhlanje, un -ateral US Sanction iyabulala amashumi amawaka eIran naseVenezuela. Oku akukho semthethweni phantsi komthetho wamazwe aphesheya, kwaye kugwetywe ngokuqinile ngabarhwebi abakhethekileyo be-UN. Uphando lukaNjingalwazi uRobert Pape lubonisa ukuba izohlwayo zoqoqosho zenze kuphela utshintsho kwezopolitiko I-4% yamatyala. Ke eyona njongo yabo iphambili kumgaqo-nkqubo wase-US kukuphelisa uqoqosho olubulalayo kunye neendlela ezinobuntu ezinokuthi emva koko zisebenzele njengezinye iindlela zongenelelo lwaseMelika.
- Izibini kunye neemfazwe zommeli. Izibini kunye neemfazwe zomlobi kudala zizixhobo zokukhetha xa amagosa aseMelika efuna ukubhukuqa oorhulumente bamanye amazwe. Kutshanje i-US-backed coups e-Honduras, e-Ukraine kwaye ngoku iBolivia isuse oorhulumente abakhethiweyo kwaye yafaka oorhulumente base-US abaxhasa ngakwicala lasekunene. Izwe laseMelika lithembele kakhulu kumlo wokulwa kunye nemfazwe yokulwa ngenxa yeentlekele zasemkhosini e-Korea, eVietnam, nase-Afghanistan nase-Iraq, ukuzama ukutshintsha kolawulo ngaphandle kwetyala lezopolitiko lase-US. Ngaphantsi kwemfundiso ka-Obama yokufihla kunye nemfazwe yommeli, i-US yasebenzisana nayo Qatari yomhlaba womkhosi eLibya, Libya Amaqela adityaniswe ngu-Q Qeda eSiriya kunye iinkokheli zomkhosi eHonduras. Kodwa ukuguqula ulawulo lutshintsho kwiinkokeli zedemokhrasi yendawo kunye nemikhosi yokuphikisana nayo yongeza ukungaqiniseki kwisiphumo, ukwenza iimfazwe zommiselo njengaleyo eSyria inegazi, isiphithiphithi kwaye ingenakuphepheka.
- Imikhankaso yokuqhushumisa ibhombu. Imikhankaso yokuqhushumisa ngebhombu yaseMelika inciphisa ukubulawa kwabantu baseMelika kodwa yenza ukufa okungachazwanga kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwiintshaba kunye nabamsulwa. Njengokutshintsha kolawulo, "Izixhobo ezichanekileyo" sisithethi esiyimbumba esenzelwe ukufihla ukungcungcutheka kwemfazwe. URob Hewson, umhleli wejenali yezorhwebo ngezixhobo iJane's Air-Launched Weapons, uxelele i-AP ngexesha le- "Shock and Awe" ukuqhushumisa i-Iraq ngo-2003 ukuba ukuchaneka kwezixhobo ezichanekileyo zase-US bekuyi-75-80% kuphela, oko kuthetha ukuba amawaka eebhombu Imijukujelwa ibiphosa iithagethi zazo kwaye yabulala abantu abangahleliyo. Njengoko uRob Hewson watsho. “… Awunakuwisa iibhombu kwaye ungabulali abantu. Yonke into iyinyani. ” Emva kokuba uMosul noRaqqa babhujisiwe kwiphulo elikhokelwa yi-IS elikhokelwa yi-US eliye lehla phezu kwe100,000 iibhombu kunye nokuphosa e-Iraq naseSyria ukusukela ngonyaka ka-2014, intatheli uPatrick Cockburn wachaza uRaqqa njenge "Kuqhushumbe kude kubonakale," kwaye watyhila ukuba iingxelo zobuntlola zaseIraq Kurdish bezibale okungenani Abantu base40,000 ubulewe eMosul.
- Ukuhlasela kunye nokuhlasela umkhosi. "Icebo lokugqibela" elidumileyo lemfazwe epheleleyo lixhomekeke kwimbono yokuba, ukuba akukho enye into esebenzayo, umkhosi wase-US wezigidigidi zeedola unokuwenza umsebenzi. Le ngcinga iyingozi ikhokele i-US kwimikhosi yezomkhosi e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan nangona "zifundile" iVietnam ngaphambili, zigxininisa kwisifundo esingafundiswanga sokuba imfazwe ngokwayo iyintlekele. E-Iraq, intatheli u-Nir Rosen uchaze umkhosi wase-US njenge “olahlekileyo e-Iraq… engenakho ukusebenzisa naliphi na igunya ngaphandle kwekona yesitalato esikufuphi apho ikhoyo.” Namhlanje, malunga ne-6,000 yamajoni ase-US ahlala e-Iraq, evalelwe kwiziseko zawo, rhoqo uhlaselo lomngxunya, ngelixa isizukulwana esitsha se I-Iraqis iphakama ukubuyisa ilizwe labo kubukhoboka obonakeleyo ngaphambili i-US ibhabhekile yangena ngemikhosi yalo yokuhlasela kwiminyaka eli-17 eyadlulayo.
Nawuphi na urhulumente oxanduva wase-Amelika okhethwe ngo-2020 kufuneka afunde kwi-ososayensi ebhalwe kakuhle kunye neendleko ezibi zokuhlaselwa kolawulo lwase-US kwi-Afghanistan, Iraq, Haiti, Somalia, Honduras, Libya, Syria, Ukraine, Yemen, Venezuela, Iran nase Bolivia ngoku.
Ezi "zifundo zifundileyo" kufuneka zikhokelele ekurhoxisweni kwe-US kumazwe esiqhekeze kuwo, evula indlela yokuba i-UN kunye nabanye abameli abasemthethweni bangene kwaye bancede abantu babo babumbe, oorhulumente abazimeleyo nokusombulula iingxwabangxwaba ezingenakuphinda zibekho kwiimfazwe zase-US. kwaye imisebenzi yokufihla ikhuphe.
Okwesibini, i-US kufuneka iqhube ukufikelela kwilizwe lonke ukuze yenze uxolo neentshaba zethu, iphelise isohlwayo esingekho mthethweni kunye nosongelo, kwaye iqinisekise abantu behlabathi ukuba abasafuneki boyike kwaye bazixhobise ngokuchasene nesoyikiso se-US. Eyona miqondiso inamandla yokuba siliguqule ngenene eli gqabi litsha iya kuba kukusika kakhulu kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi wase-US-okwangoku sisebenzisa amajoni asixhenxe okanye asibhozo alandelayo edityanisiwe, ngaphandle kokusilela emkhosini okungapheliyo; ukuncitshiswa kwemikhosi yesiqhelo yase-US kunye nezixhobo ukuya kwinqanaba elifunekayo lokuhlangabezana neemfuno zokuzikhusela ezisemthethweni zelizwe lethu; kunye nokuvalwa koninzi lwamakhulu amaziko emikhosi yase-US kwimimandla yezinye izizwe, ethi yona ibe ngumkhosi wehlabathi.
Mhlawumbi ubukhulu becala, i-US kufuneka isinciphise isoyikiso sesona sihelegu sazo zonke iimfazwe, imfazwe yenyukliya, ngokuthi ekugqibeleni ihambisane nezibophelelo zayo phantsi kweSivumelwano se-Non-Proliferation se-1970, esifuna i-US kunye namanye amazwe axhobileyo ngenyukliya ukuba aye nokuphelisa izixhobo zenyukliya. ”
Ngo-2019, i-Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists zigcine izandla zewashi yayo ngemizuzu emibini ukuya kuthi ga ezinzulwini zobusuku, zibonisa ukuba sikufuphi kakhulu ekuzenzakaliseni. Its Ingxelo ka-2019 Wacaphula ingozi ephindwe kabini yotshintsho lwemozulu kunye nemfazwe yenyukliya: "Uluntu ngoku lujamelene nezisongelo ezibini ezivela ngaxeshanye, enye yazo inokuba ngunobangela wokukhathazeka kakhulu nokuqwalaselwa kwangoko." Ke ngumcimbi wokusinda e-US ukuba basebenzisane nehlabathi liphela ukufezekisa impumelelo enkulu kuzo zombini ezi nkalo.
Ukuba oku kubonakala kukude okanye kuthambekele kakhulu, lelo linqanaba lokuba siphambuke kangakanani kuluntu, ubuntu kunye nentsebenziswano yoxolo esiya kuyidinga ukuze siphile kule nkulungwane. Ilizwe apho imfazwe iyinto eqhelekileyo kwaye uxolo lungafikeleleki alusekho okanye luzinze ngaphezulu kunehlabathi apho imeko yomoya eshushu minyaka le. Ukupheliswa ngokusisigxina kwalo mgaqo-nkqubo wonke wase-US wotshintsho kulawulo olululo ngoko kufanelekile kwezopolitiko, isimilo kwaye kubalulekile.
