Umphengululi uRoger Mac Ginty's Uxolo lwemihla ngemihla ivavanya indlela izenzo zobumbano lomntu okanye ukungathobeli ezibaluleke ngayo ekwenzeni uxolelwaniso phakathi kwemfazwe nobundlobongela.
MIiakhawunti ze-ost zobomi, yithi, kwiJamani yamaNazi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1930 okanye eRwanda kwinyanga zokuqala zika-1994-nganye indawo nexesha apho amalungiselelo emfazwe kunye nobundlobongela babusele buqalisile ukutshintsha ubungakanani bemihla ngemihla-zipeyinta umfanekiso omkhulu -Impixano yokulinganisa njengokubala. EJamani, kwanobudlelwane obusondeleyo baba ziindawo zokulungiselela imfazwe nolawulo. Abazali banyanzelwa kwaye bakhuthazwa ukuba bazale abantwana abangakumbi, yonke into eyayiqhutywa nguHitler yokudala imeko eyomeleleyo, kunye nezigqibo ezazifudula zenzelwa umntu ngoku kwakufuneka zenziwe ngokwezixhobo zokubala ezintsha ezazingaphaya kwenqanaba lomntu. ERwanda, bezingayekeleli iinzame zeengcingane zamaHutu zokubeka isiseko sokutshatyalaliswa kohlanga ngokugxotha amaTutsi "njengabantu bamanye amazwe" kwaye "aboyikisayo," ukuba ubuhlanga buthathe intsingiselo entsha nebulalayo, kwakusenzeka ukuba ukuhlangana kwemihla ngemihla kunqamleze uluntu. , kwaye abahlali kumakhulu amawaka abo baba ngababulali. Zombini iJamani neRwanda yimizekelo yendlela imfazwe kunye nobundlobongela obugqithisileyo bungengomsebenzi wamajoni aqeqeshiweyo kuphela; Endaweni yoko, banokuba ziiprojekthi zokuthatha inxaxheba ngobuninzi ezitsala wonke umntu nayo yonke into kwi-orbit yazo.
Nangona kunjalo amabali asasazekileyo abantu abangavumanga ukuwela emgceni, nanjengoko ukufa kwaba lixabiso lokungahambelani kuwo omabini la mazwe, kusixelela ukuba ungquzulwano alunakuthatha konke. Ngaphakathi kwinto ebonakalayo ekhokelela kwicala elinye njengemfazwe okanye ukubulawa kwabantu, indawo esecaleni ikhona apho izinto ezincinci nezizimeleyo zokuchasana zidlala khona. Ithiyori yobuzwe kunye nolwakhiwo lukarhulumente zithathe i-1930s eJamani njengophawu lwendlela, enikezwe iseti efanelekileyo yemeko, umbono wokubulala ungabamba phakathi kwamacandelo amakhulu oluntu, ukuze izigidi zabantu "abaqhelekileyo" zithathe inxaxheba, okanye iliso elingaboniyo, ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi kunye nokulungiswa kwayo. Kodwa kukho abo babephila phantsi kolawulo lwamaNazi ababengavumi ukuvumela iingcinga zembutho: iintsapho ezazifihla abantwana bamaJuda nabazali babo, okanye abo bathi cwaka bayilahla inyanzeliso likarhulumente lokunyanzelwa kwamashishini angamaYuda; amajoni aseJamani angavumiyo ukudubula abantu abangaxhobanga kunye nee-POWs; abasebenzi basefektri abasebenza ukucothisa ukuveliswa kwezinto zemfazwe — okanye eRwanda, amaHutu athi cwaka enze iinzame zokuhlangula kwincopho yokubulawa kwabantu ngo-1994.
Ezo zenzo “zemihla ngemihla” zincinci kakhulu ukuba zingaguqula ngokubonakalayo ikhondo lemfazwe okanye ukubulawa kwabantu, kwaye ngenxa yeso sizathu zihlala zingakhathalelwa kuhlalutyo lwendlela iiprojekthi zobundlobongela baseburhulumenteni ezinokuthi zithintelwe okanye zipheliswe ngayo. Kodwa ekugxileni kuphela kulungelelwaniso olucwangcisiweyo, ulwakhiwo lweendlela zokusombulula ungquzulwano- oonoxolelwaniso, ukupheliswa komlilo, iinkqubo zophuhliso, nokunye okuninzi- ngaba siphoswa yindawo enokubaluleka yokubuza? Kuphi, ukuba konke, ngaba izenzo zodwa zokuchasana zifanelekile kwibali elikhulu lokubuyisela uxolo kuluntu oluqhekekileyo?
Umxholo "wokuchasana mihla le" -izenzo ezenziwa kwindawo yongquzulwano okanye umzabalazo ngabom ongazisi bango eluntwini-uhlala uphazamisekile. Olona hlalutyo lubalulekileyo, uJames C. Scott Izixhobo zababuthathaka: Iifom zemihla ngemihla zokuLwa kwabaLimi (1985), ngulo wasungula intsimi. UScott, isazinzulu ngezopolitiko kunye ne-Southeast Asiaist, wayenze umsebenzi wokuhlalisa abantu kwindawo encinci yaseMalaysian ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, apho wabona abantu belali besebenzisa iindlela ezininzi, uninzi lwazo lufihlakele— “ukurhuqa iinyawo,” “ukuthobela ubuxoki,” "Benze ukungazi," nangaphezulu-ukukhusela umdla wabo "phakathi kovukelo": okt, xa bengekho kungqubano ngqo negunya. Isifundo sakhe, esasigxile kumzabalazo weklasi, sazisa umxholo "wokuchasana kwemihla ngemihla" ekusebenziseni okuqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, gcina ngokuchithakala kweencwadi kunye namanqaku ejenali ukusukela oko kuvavanye ifom kuluhlu lweenkalo-zobufazi, ezasezantsi, ezokulwa, zongquzulwano-inqanaba lophando lisahleli lilula.
Inxalenye yengxaki, njengoko uRoger Mac Ginty ephawula kwincwadi yakhe entsha, Uxolo Lwemihla: Abantu ababizwa ngokuba baqhelekileyo banokuphazamisa njani ungquzulwano olunobundlobongela, kukuba kwimeko yongquzulwano ngokukodwa, iimpembelelo zezenzo ezinjalo kunzima ukuzilinganisa ngeprism yokwakha uxolo. Kwimeko elandelayo emva kokurhweba ngokupheliswa komlilo, umzekelo, amaqela alwayo angathetha-thethana namabango abo, abahlali banokuhamba ngokukhuselekileyo, kunye nethemba loxolo luyakhula. Oko kuyalinganiswa. Kodwa kwenzeka njani ukuthenga isonka komnye umntu okwahlukileyo kwesahlulo sentlalontle, ukuhambisa iyeza kusapho oluvalelwe enkampini okanye kwighetto okanye ngokungafanelekanga ngabom ngexesha lokuhlaselwa kobutshaba -izenzo zobumbano lomntu ngamnye okanye ukungathobeli okuphazamisa ingcinga eyahlukanisayo yongquzulwano — ngaba ichaphazela yonke imeko yeziganeko? Ingenziwa njani i-taxonomy "yempembelelo" xa uninzi lokuchasana kwemihla ngemihla kunqaba ukwenziwa kwemiqondiso emikhulu kwaye ubukhulu becala kungabonakali?
OKwiminyaka eliqela, uMac Ginty, ofundisa kwiDyunivesithi yaseDurham eNgilane kwaye ungumsunguli weprojekthi yeSalathiso soXolo seMihla ngemihla, usebenze ukuvula lo mhlaba ungaphantsi koxolo kunye nezifundo zongquzulwano ukubuza nzulu. Uthintelo lwembambano okanye isisombululo sithambekele kwiindlela eziya ezantsi ezinempembelelo ebonakalayo kude, kwaye ezinokuphembelelwa yimikhosi engabandakanyekanga ngqo kungquzulwano. Kodwa ke, impikiswano kaMac Ginty iyahamba, ezantsi ezantsi, ezentlalontle eziqhubekayo ngaphandle kobundlobongela, okanye isoyikiso sazo, zisebenza kude kwinqanaba apho ubundlobongela bunokuba nefuthe elingenakulungiseka: i-hyperlocal. Phakathi kommelwane nommelwane, izimbo zomzimba ezincinci, izenzo zobubele kunye novelwano-repertoire yokuziphatha kunye nokuma iMac Ginty ibiza "uxolo lwemihla ngemihla" -inokutshintsha "ukuziva" kwendawo, inike umbono wento nako ubekhona, kwaye, ukuba iimeko ziyavuma, kunokuba neziphumo zokunkqonkqoza.
Isakhelo “semihla ngemihla” siyakuchasa ukwenziwa lula kokuba amandla negunya ikakhulu lihleli kubantu abakumgangatho ophezulu okanye kumadoda axhobileyo enza i-ajenda yombuso. Amandla angaphakathi ekhaya kunye nasemsebenzini ngokunjalo; Isekwe kubudlelwane bosapho kunye nabamelwane. Kuthatha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo: ijoni elindisa ubomi bokulwa notshaba, umzali ukhuthaza unyana wakhe ukuba alwe nekhwelo loontanga lokuba aye kulwa nenkwenkwe yelinye iqela lenkolo. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba iintlobo ezithile zongquzulwano, njengokutshatyalaliswa kohlanga, zifuna ukuxhaswa okanye ukungakhathali kwabantu kuwo onke amanqanaba ezentlalo, "yonke imihla" ibona yonke indawo, ukusuka kwiiofisi zikarhulumente ukuya kwigumbi lokutyela losapho, njengezopolitiko. Njengokuba ezo ndawo zinokuba yindawo yokuzala yobundlobongela, ngokunjalo amathuba alele ngaphakathi kubo ukuphazamisa imigaqo eqhuba ubundlobongela. Imihla ngemihla ke ayimisi kubalo-manani, iifom zamadoda zamandla kodwa uyawazi amandla ukuba antsonkothile, alulwelo, kwaye ezandleni zakhe wonke umntu.
Xa uScott wabhala Izixhobo zababuthathaka, wayekulumkele ukufihla imibuzo yakhe ngezilumkiso malunga nokusikelwa umda kokuchasa. Wabhala wathi: “Kuya kuba yimpazamo enkulu ukuthandana ngokugqithiseleyo 'izixhobo zabangenamandla.' Akunakulindeleka ukuba zenze ngaphezulu kokuchaphazela kakubi iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuxhatshazwa abajamelana nazo abalimi. ” UMac Ginty, kwelakhe icala, uyavuma ukuba ukuthandabuza isiphumo sezenzo zoxolo zemihla ngemihla kuyasebenza xa kubonwa ngokuchasene "namandla amakhulu esakhiwo" sempixano. Kodwa, uthi, akukho kwinqanaba lolwakhiwo okanye kwiindawo ezinkulu-urhulumente, owamazwe-jikelele ukuba ezi zenzo zizenza zivakale kakhulu; Endaweni yoko, ixabiso labo lilele kumandla abo okufikelela ngaphandle, ngokuthe tye.
Ubhala athi, "Indawo yalapha," yinxalenye yochungechunge lothungelwano olubanzi kunye noqoqosho lwezopolitiko, "isekethe encinci ehlala kwiisekethe ezinkulu. Uxolo oluncinci lunokuzuzwa ngomcimbi obonakala ungabalulekanga okanye ungalindelwanga othi, kwimeko elungileyo, uthathe intsingiselo entsha: Umama ongumProtestanti eBelfast ngexesha leNgxaki ebukele umama ongumKatolika edlala nomntwana wakhe, kwaye ebona kulomfanekiso iseti ye izazisi ezinqamlezileyo kunye neemfuno-umama, umntwana; isenzo sokondla-ukuba akukho sixa songquzulwano sinokwaphuka. Okanye uxolo oluncinci lunokuba nesiphumo esiphindaphindayo. Iiakhawunti ezivela kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala zibonisa ukuba amaqela amajoni, engaziwa ngamagosa awo, avumile ngokuthe cwaka "kwiindawo ezinomlilo ophantsi" owasekwa kungekudala kwenye indawo ngaphambili, ngaloo ndlela ehlisa inani lokufa ledabi, ukuba ayitshintshi ikhosi yemfazwe ngokupheleleyo.
Izenzo zobumbano, ukunyamezelana, nokungahambelani, kunye nezinye izinto ezinoxolo, zibalulekile hayi kuba zinethuba lokuphelisa imfazwe kodwa ngenxa yokuba ziphazamisa umbono oxhasa ukwahlukana, inzondo kunye noloyiko, kwaye oko kuyaqhubeka nokwenza njalo kudala emva kokuba ubundlobongela buphelile. Banokuba, ngamazwi kaMac Ginty, "uxolo lokuqala nolokugqibela": eyokuqala, kuba banokujongela phantsi amalinge okuqala ngabezopolitiko, inkolo, okanye ubuhlanga. kwaye okokugqibela, kuba banokukhumbuza amacala adibeneyo ukuba "utshaba" ngumntu, uziva uvelwano, kwaye unomdla ohambelana nowabo. Ezo zenzo zinokukhawulezisa ukuphilisa kunye nokwenza buthathaka igunya labo abathi, belandela ubundlobongela, baqhubeke nokusebenzisa uloyiko kunye nenzondo ukugcina uluntu luhlukene.
WUkunyanzeliswa kwe-hile, olu hlalutyo ubukhulu becala lunokushiya iingcali zokwakha uxolo ngakumbi zibuza ukuba zinokusetyenziswa njani kwimeko-yokwenyani zehlabathi. Ngokungafaniyo nokupheliswa kwemililo, ukutshintshwa kwamabanjwa, kunye nezinye iindlela ezisetyenziswa xa kuthethathethwana ngoxolo, ezi azikho ngqiqweni, zayalela iinkqubo ezinokuthi zilungiswe zilandelwe ngabalamli bangaphandle; amaxesha ngamaxesha kunokuba kunjalo, azenzeki, ayathula, ubukhulu becala ahambelani, kwaye kunqabile ukuba axhumeke kwiiseti zeziganeko ezithi, ukuba ziyadlakadlaka, ziyenze ngokwendalo, ngokuzithandela. Ugqirha othunyelwe eRwanda ngewayengazange athathe iqela lamaHutu anenzondelelo ayisa kwiindawo apho amaHutu aphakathi ayefihle amaTutsi kwaye ecebisa ukuba alandele, kanye njengokuba ngewayebudenge ukuya kwikhaya losapho lwamaRakhine kwintshona yeMyanmar. ukuphakama kokubulawa kwabantu ngo-2017 apho kwaye ubakhuthaze ukuba balungise ubudlelwane kunye nabamelwane babo baseRohingya.
Ezo nkxalabo zinokuba nokunyaniseka okuthile. Nangona kunjalo zikhanyisa utyekelo, ngakumbi phakathi kwe-NGOs zaseNtshona ezikhululekileyo kunye nemibutho yokulamla, ukubona amathuba okusombulula kuphela kwiifom ezicacileyo kwaye ziyafikeleleka kubantu bangaphandle. Koku kufunda, uxolo lungeniswa kwindawo yongquzulwano; ayiveli ngaphakathi. Isithuthi sokufika kwayo ngurhulumente. Abahlali, okwangoku, abanaso isimo sengqondo okanye ubunzima bokuxoxisana ngoxolo ngokwabo. Bafuna uncedo lwangaphandle ukubahlangula kubo.
Olu luvo, nangona kunjalo, lulonke luphela "ekuphendukeni kwengingqi" ekwakheni uxolo, okugxininisa ukuba abantu abasemhlabeni kwimimandla edlakazwe yimfazwe banayo iarhente, kwaye ukuba iingxelo zemveli zibambe ulwazi olufunekayo ukuze kuphuhliswe ungenelelo lwangaphandle olusebenzayo. Isakhelo sokwakha uxolo esenziwe ngobuchule ekususeni kwilizwe jikelele labadlali ababandakanyekayo, kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo bebeka phambili urhulumente njengoyena mntu ungoyena ndoqo wembambano, ngekhe aqonde kwaye afake izinto ezintsokothileyo ezihlala zikhona ezinqanaba lendawo ezibumba kwaye zigcina ubundlobongela. .
Kodwa ukujika kwendawo kubambe ixabiso elingaphezulu koku. Inyanzelisa ukujongwa ngokusondeleyo kwabantu ngokwabo abathi babe ngabadlali kwimpikiswano. Ngokwenza njalo, iqala ukubenza babe ngabantu kwakhona, ngcono okanye ngokubi. Ukuba sikholelwa kwii-akhawunti ezininzi zongquzulwano ngezixhobo kunye nobundlobongela ekuhlaleni obuvela kwiindawo zosasazo zaseNtshona, ngakumbi ezo zemfazwe zamazwe onke kunye nokubulawa kwabantu kwasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-20, ziziganeko ezohlula uluntu lube zizinto: kunye nobubi, kwiqela kunye neqela elingaphandle, amaxhoba kunye nababulali. Njengomphengululi waseUganda uMahmood Mamdani wabhala Imiboniso eyonqenayo yenkululeko yobundlobongela, iguqula imigaqo-nkqubo entsonkothileyo ibe lihlabathi “apho inkohlakalo inyuka ngejometri, abenzi bobubi bangendawo kwaye amaxhoba engenakuzinceda kangangokuba ekuphela kwento onokuyenza kukuhlangulwa ngabantu bangaphandle.”
Uhlalutyo olucocekileyo olungumongo wenguqu yalapha, eyenziwe nguMac Ginty kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo yenze lukhulu ukukhuthaza, ibonisa impazamo yamabali anje. Ikhupha iintlobo ezininzi zobuntu ziphila phakathi kwento eyaphukileyo, kwaye isixelele ukuba abantu bahlala beguquka ngexesha lemfazwe njengoko besenza ngexesha loxolo: Banokwenza ingozi kwaye yenza okulungileyo, yomeleza, kwaye Ukwahlulahlula ukwahlukana kwezentlalo, kwaye banokwenza iprojekthi yokuthobela igunya elinobundlobongela ngelixa besebenza ngokuzolileyo ukuyonakalisa. Ngokusebenzisa iprism "yemihla ngemihla", izinto ezenziwa ngabantu basekuhlaleni ezinokuthi zichithwe njengophawu lokungabi namandla okunamandla endaweni yoko zibe ziimpawu zamandla angaqhelekanga emehlweni angaphandle.
"Imishini yokuhlangula" awayikhalaza uMamdani, eyazalwa eqinisekile ukuba iNtshona "izisa" uxolo kwimimandla eyohlulwayo, ibisoloko ibulala. Uxolo lwemihla ngemihla yinxalenye yomzimba omncinci kodwa obalulekileyo obonisa ukuba imfazwe ayinakuze iphelele, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha xa kudlula ungquzulwano xa abantu bangaphandle bebona kuphela ukwahlulahlula kunye nokuqina, abantu benza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokuthunga nokwakha kwakhona, ngaphakathi kweendawo— usapho, ubumelwane — ekungafane kucingwe ukuba amandla alala kuwo.
