NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Agasti 1, 2022
Xa isiXeko saseNew York kutshanje sikhuphe ividiyo embi “yesibhengezo senkonzo kawonke-wonke” echaza ukuba ufanele uhlale ezindlwini ngexesha lemfazwe yenyukliya, indlela asabela ngayo amajelo eendaba yayingengomsindo kukwamkelwa kweso siganeko okanye ubudenge bokuxelela abantu ukuba ndiyifumene lento!” ngokungathi banokusinda kwi-apocalypse ngokudibana neNetflix, kodwa endaweni yoko bahlekisa ngembono yokuba imfazwe yenyukliya inokwenzeka. Ukuvota kwe-US kwiinkxalabo eziphezulu zabantu bafumana i-1% yabantu abaxhalabileyo malunga nemozulu kunye ne-0% echaphazelekayo ngemfazwe yenyukliya.
Nangona kunjalo, i-US ibeke nje ngokungekho mthethweni i-nukes kwisizwe se-6 (kwaye akukho mntu e-US onokuthi igama okanye ezinye ezintlanu i-US esele inazo ii-nukes ngokungekho mthethweni), ngelixa iRashiya ithetha ngokubeka i-nukes kwelinye ilizwe, kwaye oorhulumente ababini abanobuninzi bee-nukes bathetha kakhulu-ekuhleni nangasese-ngemfazwe yenyukliya. Izazinzulu ezigcina iwotshi yomhla wentshabalalo zicinga ukuba umngcipheko mkhulu kunangaphambili. Kukho ukuvumelana ngokubanzi ukuba ukuthumela izixhobo e-Ukraine emngciphekweni wemfazwe yenyukliya kufanelekile - nokuba yintoni na "enokuba yiyo. Kwaye, ubuncinci kwintloko kaSomlomo weNdlu yase-US uNancy Pelosi, amazwi ayavumelana ukuba uhambo oluya eTaiwan lufanelekile.
UTrump wasikrazula isivumelwano saseIran, kwaye uBiden wenze konke okusemandleni ukusigcina sinjalo. Xa uTrump wayecebisa ukuthetha noMntla Korea, amajelo eendaba ase-US aphambana. Kodwa lulawulo oluye lwabetha ukuphakama kwenkcitho yasemkhosini ehlengahlengisiweyo ngokwenyuka kwamaxabiso, yabeka irekhodi yenani lezizwe ngaxeshanye ibhombu, kwaye yayila imfazwe yenqwelomoya yerobhothi (leyo kaBarack Obama) ekufuneka umntu ayenze kabuhlungu ngoku, njengoko esenza isigezo. -kodwa-ngcono kunemfazwe yase-Iran, yenqaba ukuxhobisa i-Ukraine, kwaye yayingenalo ixesha lokufumana imfazwe neChina. Ukuxhotyiswa kwe-Ukraine nguTrump kunye ne-Biden yenze okungakumbi kumathuba okukutshisa ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye into, kwaye nantoni na emfutshane kwi-bellicosity yonke yi-Biden ibuliswe ngezikhalo ezinxanelwe igazi ziinkampani zakho zeendaba zase-US ezinobuhlobo.
Ngeli xesha, kanye njengabantu baseHiroshima naseNagasaki, kunye nabahlali behagu abanehagu kwisiqithi esikhulu sovavanyo lwenyukliya sePasifiki, kunye nabasezantsi kuyo yonke indawo, akukho mntu uyibonayo isiza. Kwaye, ngakumbi, abantu baqeqeshelwe ukuba baqiniseke ngokupheleleyo ukuba akukho nto banokuyenza ukutshintsha izinto ukuba baye baqaphela naluphi na uhlobo lwengxaki. Ke, iyamangalisa imizamo abo banikela ingqalelo kuyo nayiphi na ingqalelo, umzekelo:
Yeka uMlilo kwaye Thethana ngoxolo eUkraine
Izibongozo zeHlabathi kuRhulumente weThoba
Yithi Hayi kuhambo oluyingozi lukaNancy Pelosi lwaseTaiwan
IVIDIYO: Ukupheliswa kwezixhobo zeNyukliya kwihlabathi jikelele nakwiNdawo - IWebinar
Ngomhla we-12 kuJuni iividiyo zeLifa leNyukliya
Ukuthomalalisa iMfazwe yeNyukliya
Ngo-Agasti 2: IWebinar: Yintoni enokubangela imfazwe yenyukliya neRashiya neTshayina?
NgoAgasti 5: Kwiminyaka engama-77 Kamva: Ukuphelisa IiNukes, Kungekhona Ubomi Emhlabeni
NgoAgasti 6: “Ngosuku Olusemva” lokuboniswa kwefilimu kunye nengxoxo
Ngo-Agasti 9: Usuku lwe-Hiroshima-Nagasaki lwe-77th yesikhumbuzo seSikhumbuzo
Seattle ukuya kwiRally yokupheliswa kweNyukliya
Imvelaphi encinci yeHiroshima kunye neNagasaki:
Iinukes azizange zisindise ubomi. Babulala, mhlawumbi abangama-200,000 XNUMX kubo. Zazingajoliswanga kukusindisa ubomi okanye ukuphelisa imfazwe. Kwaye abazange bayiphelise imfazwe. Uhlaselo lwaseRashiya lwenjenjalo. Kodwa imfazwe yayiza kuphela nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwazo zombini ezo zinto. UPhando loBuchule lwe-United States lokuqhushumba bagqiba kwelokubaNgokuqinisekileyo ngaphambi komhla wama-31 kuDisemba, 1945, kwaye konke okunokwenzeka ngaphambi komhla woku-1 kuNovemba, 1945, iJapan yayiza kunikezela nokuba iibhombu zeathom zazingazange ziwiswe, nokuba iRussia yayingazange ingene emfazweni, nokuba kwakungekho luhlaselo. bekucetyiwe okanye kucingwe.”
Omnye umchasi owathi wavakalisa olu luvo lunye kuNobhala weMfazwe kwaye, ngeakhawunti yakhe, kuMongameli Truman, ngaphambi koqhushumbo yayinguGeneral Dwight Eisenhower. Ngaphantsi kukaNobhala weNavy uRalph Bard, ngaphambi koqhushumbo, wakhuthaza ukuba IJapan inikwe isilumkiso. U-Lewis Strauss, uMcebisi kuNobhala woMkhosi waManzi, naye ngaphambi koqhushumbo, kucetyiswa ukuvuthela ihlathi kunesixeko. Jikelele uGeorge Marshall ngokucacileyo wavuma ngaloo mbono. Isazinzulu seAtomic uLeo Szilard izazinzulu ezilungelelanisiweyo ukubongoza umongameli ngokuchasene nokusebenzisa ibhombu. Isazinzulu seAtomic uJames Franck uququzelele izazinzulu ababethethelela ukuphatha izixhobo zeathom njengomba womgaqo-nkqubo wabantu, hayi nje isigqibo somkhosi. Esinye isazinzulu, uJoseph Rotblat, wafuna ukuba kupheliswe iProjekthi yaseManhattan, kwaye warhoxa xa ingagqitywanga. I-poll yezazinzulu zase-US eziye zaphuhlisa iibhombu, ezithathwe ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa kwazo, zafumanisa ukuba i-83% yayifuna ibhombu yenyukliya iboniswe esidlangalaleni ngaphambi kokulahla enye eJapan. Umkhosi waseMelika wawugcina loo mfihlo yovoto. UNjengele Douglas MacArthur wabamba inkomfa yoonondaba ngo-Agasti 6, 1945, ngaphambi kokuba kuqhushumbiswe iHiroshima, ukuze abhengeze ukuba iJapan sele ibethiwe.
USihlalo weeNtloko eziManyeneyo zaBasebenzi u-Admiral uWilliam D. Leahy wathi ngomsindo ngo-1949 ukuba uTruman wayemqinisekisile kuphela iithagethi zomkhosi eziya kuba nuked, kungekhona abantu. “Ukusetyenziswa kwesi sixhobo sikhohlakeleyo eHiroshima naseNagasaki akuncedi nganto kumlo wethu nxamnye neJapan. AmaJapan asele oyiswe kwaye alungele ukunikezela, ”utshilo uLeahy. Amagosa aphezulu omkhosi athi emva nje kwemfazwe ukuba amaJapan anikezela ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kweebhombu zenyukliya aquka uGeneral Douglas MacArthur, uGeneral Henry "Hap" Arnold, General Curtis LeMay, General Carl "Tooey" Spaatz, Admiral Ernest King, Admiral Chester Nimitz. , Admiral William "Bull" Halsey, kunye noBrigadier General Carter Clarke. Njengoko u-Oliver Stone kunye noPeter Kuznick beshwankathela, amagosa asixhenxe e-United States asibhozo aneenkwenkwezi ezisibhozo ezifumene inkwenkwezi yazo yokugqibela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II okanye nje emva koko-iiNjengele uMacArthur, uEisenhower, noArnold, kunye noAdmirals Leahy, uKumkani, uNimitz noHalsey. - ngowe-1945 wayikhaba ingcamango yokuba iibhombu zeathom zazifuneka ukuze kupheliswe imfazwe. Ngelishwa, nangona kunjalo, akukho bungqina buncinci bokuba balicinezela ityala labo noTruman ngaphambi kwenyani.
Nge-6 ka-Agasti ka-1945, uMongameli uTruman waxoka kunomathotholo esithi ibhombu yenyukliya ibiphoswe kwisiseko somkhosi, endaweni yesixeko. Kwaye wayithethelela, hayi njengokukhawulezisa ukuphela kwemfazwe, kodwa njengempindezelo ngokuchasene neempazamo zaseJapan. "Mr. UTruman wayevuya, ”ubhale watsho uDorothy Day. Kwiiveki ngaphambi kokuba ibhombu yokuqala iyekwe, nge-13 kaJulayi, i-1945, i-Japan yathumela i-telegraph kwi-Soviet Union ivakalisa umnqweno wayo wokunikezela kunye nokuphelisa imfazwe. I-United States yaphule iikhowudi zaseJapan kwaye yafunda itelegram. Kwidayari yakhe uTruman wabhekisela “kwitrafigram evela kuJap Emperor ecela uxolo.” UMongameli uTruman wayexelelwe ngamajelo aseSwitzerland nawasePortugal amajoni oxolo aseJapan kwinyanga ezintathu ngaphambi kweHiroshima. IJapan yakuchasa ukunikezela kuphela ngaphandle kwemiqathango kwaye yancama umlawuli wayo, kodwa i-United States yanyanzelisa loo miqathango de kwaba emva kokuwa kweebhombu, ngelo xesha yavumela iJapan ukuba igcine umlawuli wayo. Ke, umnqweno wokulahla iibhombu unokuyandisa imfazwe. Iibhombu azizange ziyifinyeze imfazwe.
Umcebisi kaMongameli uJames Byrnes uxelele uTruman ukuba ukuwisa iibhombu kuya kuvumela iUnited States ukuba "imisele imiqathango yokuphelisa imfazwe." USosiba woMkhosi waManzi uJames Forrestal wabhala kwidayari yakhe ukuba uByrnes “wayekuxhalabele kakhulu ukulungisa imicimbi yaseJapan ngaphambi kokuba amaRashiya angene.” UTruman wabhala kwidayari yakhe ukuba iiSoviet zazilungiselela ukuqhankqalaza ngokuchasene neJapan kunye "neFini Japs xa oko kusenzeka." Ukuhlasela kweSoviet kwakucwangcisiwe ngaphambi kweebhombu, kungekhona ukugqitywa ngabo. I-United States yayingenazicwangciso zokuhlasela iinyanga, kwaye akukho zicwangciso kwisikali sokubeka umngcipheko kumanani obomi ootitshala besikolo saseMelika abaya kukuxelela ukuba usindisiwe. Umbono wokuba uhlaselo olukhulu lwase-US lwalusondele kwaye ekuphela kwendlela yokuya kwizixeko ze-nuking, ukuze izixeko ze-nuking zisindise inani elikhulu lobomi base-US, yintsomi. Ababhali-mbali bayakwazi oku, njengokuba besazi ukuba uGeorge Washington wayengenamazinyo enkuni okanye ehlala ethetha inyaniso, kwaye uPaul Revere akazange akhwele yedwa, kwaye intetho kaPatrick Henry eyayiphethe ikhoboka malunga nenkululeko yabhalwa emva kweminyaka emashumi emva kokufa kwakhe, kwaye uMolly. Ingqayi yayingekho. Kodwa iintsomi zinamandla azo. Ubomi, ngendlela, ayiyona ipropathi ekhethekileyo yamajoni ase-US. Abantu baseJapan nabo babenobomi.
UTruman wayalela ukuba kuqhushumbe iibhombu, enye kwi-Hiroshima ngo-Agasti 6 kunye nolunye uhlobo lwebhombu, ibhombu ye-plutonium, neyayifunwa ngumkhosi ukuyivavanya nokubonisa, e-Nagasaki nge-9 ka-Agasti. Ibhombu yaseNagasaki yasuswa kwi-11th kwi9th ukunciphisa amathuba okuba iJapan inikezele kuqala. Kwakhona ngo-Agasti 9, iiSoviets zahlasela amaJapan. Kwiiveki ezimbini ezizayo, iiSoviets zabulala i-84,000 yaseJapan ngelixa ilahlekelwa yi-12,000 yamajoni abo, kwaye i-United States yaqhubeka ibhobhoza iJapan ngezixhobo ezingezizo zenyukliya-itshisa izixeko zaseJapan, njengoko yenze kuninzi lwaseJapan ngaphambi kwe-6 ka-Agasti.th ukuba, xa kwafika ixesha lokukhetha iidolophu ezimbini ukuya kwi-nuke, bekungekho nto ishiyekileyo ukuba ikhethe. Emva koko amaJapan anikezela.
Ukuba bekukho isizathu sokusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya yintsomi. Ukuba kunokuphinda kubekho isizathu sokusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya yintsomi. Ukuba sinokusinda ekusetyenzisweni ngakumbi kwezixhobo zenyukliya yintsomi — AYISIYO “isibhengezo senkonzo yoluntu.” Ukuba kukho isizathu sokuvelisa izixhobo zenyukliya nangona ungasoze uzisebenzise kububudenge kakhulu nokuba yintsomi. Kwaye ukuba singaphila ngonaphakade sinazo kwaye sandise izixhobo zenyukliya ngaphandle komntu ozisebenzisayo ngabom okanye ngempazamo bubugeza obumsulwa.
Kutheni le nto ootitshala bembali yaseMelika kwizikolo zaseprayimari zase-US namhlanje-ngo-2022! - uxelele abantwana ukuba iibhombu zenyukliya zaphoswa eJapan ukusindisa ubomi - okanye "ibhombu" (isinye) ukunqanda ukukhankanya iNagasaki? Abaphandi kunye noonjingalwazi bathulule ubungqina iminyaka engama-75. Bayazi ukuba uTruman wayesazi ukuba imfazwe iphelile, kwaye iJapan ifuna ukuzinikezela, ukuba iSoviet Union yayizokuhlasela. Baye babhala konke ukuxhathisa ukuqhushumisa ngaphakathi kwezomkhosi wase-US nakurhulumente kunye noluntu lwenzululwazi, kunye nenkuthazo yokuvavanya iibhombu ukuba umsebenzi omninzi kunye neendleko zingene, kunye nenkuthazo yokoyikisa umhlaba kwaye ngakumbi iiSoviet, kunye nokubeka okuvulekileyo nokungabi nazintloni kwexabiso le-zero kubomi baseJapan. Ziveliswe njani ezo ntsomi zinamandla kangangokuba iinyani ziphathwa okwe-skunks epikinikini?
Kwincwadi ka-2020 kaGreg Mitchell, Ukuqala okanye ukuphela: Njani iHollywood- kunye neMelika- yaFunda ukuyeka ukukhathazeka nokuthanda ibhombu, sineakhawunti yokwenziwa kwefilimu ye-MGM ka-1947, Isiqalo okanye isiphelo, eyaphenjwa ngobuchule ngurhulumente waseUnited States ukuze ikhuthaze ubuxoki. Ifilim yaqhushumba. Ilahlekelwe yimali. Eyona nto ilungileyo kwilungu loluntu lwase-US ngokucacileyo yayingajongi i-pseudo-documentary embi kakhulu kwaye ekruqulayo kunye nabadlali abadlala izazinzulu kunye nabashushu abavelise uhlobo olutsha lokubulala. Inyathelo elifanelekileyo yayikukuphepha nayiphi na ingcamango ngalo mbandela. Kodwa abo bangazange bakwazi ukuyiphepha banikwe intsomi ekhazimlayo yesikrini esikhulu. Unga yibukele kwi-Intanethi mahala, kwaye njengoko uMark Twain wayenokuthi, kufanelekile yonke idenariyo.
Ifilimu ivula ngento uMitchell ayichazayo njengokunika i-UK kunye neCanada ngetyala ngendima yabo ekuveliseni umatshini wokufa - ekucingelwa ukuba uyagxeka ukuba ubuxoki buyindlela yokubhenela kwimarike enkulu yefilimu. Kodwa ngenene kubonakala ngathi kutyhola ngaphezulu kunokutyala. Lo ngumzamo wokusasaza ityala. Ifilimu itsiba ngokukhawuleza ukugxeka iJamani ngesoyikiso esizayo sokwenza umhlaba ukuba i-United States ingazange iqale. (Okunene unokuba nobunzima namhlanje ekwenzeni abantu abaselula bakholelwe ukuba iJamani yayinikezele ngaphambi kweHiroshima, okanye ukuba urhulumente waseUnited States wayesazi ngowe-1944 ukuba iJamani yayilushiyile uphando lwebhombu yeathom ngowe-1942.) Emva koko umdlali owenza umfanekiso ombi weEinstein utyhola ixesha elide. uluhlu lwezazinzulu ezivela kwihlabathi liphela. Ke omnye umntu ucebisa ukuba abafana abalungileyo bayaphulukana nemfazwe kwaye kungcono bakhawuleze baye kwenza iibhombu ezintsha ukuba bafuna ukuyiphumelela.
Ngokuphindaphindiweyo sixelelwa ukuba iibhombu ezinkulu ziya kuzisa uxolo kwaye ziphelise imfazwe. Umlingisi kaFranklin Roosevelt ude enze isenzo sikaWoodrow Wilson, esithi ibhombu yeathom inokuphelisa yonke imfazwe (into eyothusayo inani labantu liyakholelwa ukuba liyenzile, nokuba bekuneminyaka engama-75 edlulileyo yemfazwe, abathi oonjingalwazi baseMelika bayichaza Uxolo Olukhulu). Sixelelwe kwaye saboniswa ububhanxa obungenanjongo, njengokuba i-US yaphosa amaphetshana e-Hiroshima ukulumkisa abantu (kunye neentsuku ezili-10- "Ziintsuku ezili-10 zesilumkiso ngaphezu kokuba besinikile ePearl Harbour," isimemezelo somlinganiswa) kwaye AmaJapan adubule inqwelo moya njengoko yayisiya kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo. Ngokwenyani, i-US ayizange ilahle iphetshana ku-Hiroshima kodwa -kwindlela entle ye-SNAFU-yaphosa iitoni zamaphetshana e-Nagasaki kusuku olulandelayo emva kokuba kuqhushumbe ibhombu i-Nagasaki. Kwakhona, iqhawe lomdlalo bhanyabhanya lisweleka ngengozi ngelixa liqhubhana nebhombu ukuze lilungele ukusetyenziswa-idini elinenkalipho elungiselelwe uluntu egameni lamaxhoba okwenyani emfazwe - amalungu omkhosi wase-US. Ifilimu ikwathi abantu abaqhubhiswe yibhombu "ngekhe bazi ukuba babethwe yintoni," ngaphandle kokuba abenzi bemiboniso bhanyabhanya besazi ngentlungu yabo basweleke kancinci kancinci.
Olunye unxibelelwano oluvela kubenzi bamabhayisikobho ukuya kumcebisi wabo kunye nomhleli, uGeneral Leslie Groves, lubandakanya la magama: "Nakuphi na okuthetha ukwenza uMkhosi ubonakale ububudenge kuyakususwa."
Esona sizathu siphambili sokuba imovie iyabulala, ndiyacinga, ayisiyo yokuba iifilimu ziye zakhangela ukulandelelana kwezenzo zazo minyaka le, iminyaka engama-75, zongezwa umbala, zaza zenza zonke iintlobo zezixhobo zokothuka, kodwa sisizathu sokuba umntu abe ucinga ukuba ibhombu leyo oonobumba bonke abathetha malunga nabo bonke ubude befilimu yinto enkulu esele ishiywe. Asiboni ukuba yenza ntoni, hayi emhlabeni, kuphela esibhakabhakeni.
Incwadi kaMitchell ifana nokubukela isoseji eyenziwe, kodwa ikwafana nokufunda imibhalo evela kwikomiti edibanise icandelo elithile leBhayibhile. Le yintsomi eyintsusa yePolisa leHlabathi xa kusenziwa. Kwaye kubi. Kubi kakhulu. Kwa umbono wokuba lo mboniso bhanyabhanya uvela kwisazinzulu esifuna abantu baqonde ingozi, hayi ukuzukisa intshabalalo. Lo sosayensi ubhalele uDonna Reed, elo nenekazi lihle litshate noJimmy Stewart in Ubomi obumnandi, kwaye ibhola yaqengqeleka. Emva koko yaqengqeleka inxeba eliphuma iinyanga ezili-15 kwaye ngoku, kwavela i-cinematic turd.
Kwakungekho mbuzo wokuthetha inyani. Yimovie. Uyazenza izinto. Kwaye uyenza yonke ibe kwicala elinye. Iskripthi sale bhanyabhanya sasiqulathe ngamanye amaxesha zonke iintlobo zobubhanxa ezingazange zihlale, ezinje ngamaNazi anika amaJapan ibhombu yeathom - kwaye amaJapan amisela ilabhoratri yezenzululwazi zamaNazi, kanye njengokuba kubuyela kwilizwe lokwenyani koku ixesha umkhosi wase-US wawuseta iilebhu zenzululwazi yamaNazi (kungasathethwa ke ngokusebenzisa oosonzululwazi baseJapan). Akukho nanye kwezi ehlekisa ngakumbi kunale Indoda ekwinqaba ende, ukuthatha umzekelo wakutshanje weminyaka engama-75 yale nto, kodwa oku kwakusekuqaleni, le yayiyiseminal. Amampunge angakhange ayenze le filimu, wonke umntu khange aphele ekholwa kwaye efundisa abafundi amashumi eminyaka, kodwa ngokulula wayenokuba nayo. Abenzi bemiboniso bhanyabhanya banike ulawulo lokugqibela kumkhosi wase-US kunye ne-White House, hayi kwizazinzulu ezazineengxaki. Uninzi lwezinto ezintle kunye neempazamo zobuqhetseba zazikwisikripthi okwethutyana, kodwa zaxolelwa ngenxa yepropaganda efanelekileyo.
Ukuba ikhona induduzo, kunokuba kubi ngakumbi. Into ephambili yayikukhuphiswano lwefilimu yenyukliya kunye ne-MGM kwaye yaqesha u-Ayn Rand ukuba ayile iskripthi sokuthand 'izwe. Umgca wakhe wokuvala wawusithi "Umntu unokuyisebenzisa yonke indalo - kodwa akukho mntu unokukwazi ukubamba umntu." Ngethamsanqa kuthi sonke, khange isebenze. Ngelishwa, ngaphandle kukaJohn Hersey Yintsimbi ka-Adano ukuba yimovie engcono kun Isiqalo okanye isiphelo, incwadi yakhe ethengiswa kakhulu kwiHiroshima ayizange ibhenele nakweyiphi na studio njengebali elilungileyo lemveliso yeemovie. Ngelishwa, UDkt Strangelove Ayizukuvela kude kube ngo-1964, apho abaninzi babekulungele ukubuza ukusetyenziswa kwe "bhombu" kwixa elizayo kodwa kungasetyenziswanga ngaphambili, kusenza konke ukubuzwa kosetyenziso kwixesha elizayo kube buthathaka. Obu budlelwane kwizixhobo zenyukliya buhambelana nemfazwe ngokubanzi. Uluntu lwase-US lunokubuza ngazo zonke iimfazwe ezizayo, kwaye kwanezo mfazwe ziye zaviwa kwiminyaka edlulileyo ye-75, kodwa hayi i-WWII, isenza konke ukubuzwa kweemfazwe ezizayo kubuthathaka. Ngapha koko, ukuvota kwakutshanje kufumanisa ukuzimisela okoyikisayo ukuxhasa imfazwe yenyukliya yoluntu lwase-US.
Ngelo xesha Isiqalo okanye isiphelo yayiprintwa kwaye ihluzwa, urhulumente wase-US wayethatha kwaye efihla yonke indawo yokufihla enokuthi ifumane iifoto ezizezona zineefoto okanye zeefayile zeendawo zebhombu. UHenry Stimson wayenomzuzu wakhe weColin Powell, etyhalela phambili esidlangalaleni ukuba enze eli tyala ngokubhala phantsi ngokuba yaphosa phantsi iibhombu. Iibhombu ezingakumbi zazisakhiwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ziphuhliswa, kwaye bonke abantu bakhutshelwa kumakhaya abo esiqithi, baxoka, kwaye basebenza njengepropathi yeendaba apho baboniswa njengabathathi-nxaxheba abonwabileyo ekutshatyalalisweni kwabo.
UMitchell ubhala ukuba esinye sezizathu sokuba iHollywood ibuyiselwe emkhosini yayikukusebenzisa iinqwelo-moya zayo, njl., Kwimveliso, kunye nokusebenzisa awona magama abalinganiswa ebalini. Ndikufumanisa kunzima kakhulu ukukholelwa ukuba ezi zinto zibaluleke kakhulu. Ngohlahlo-lwabiwo mali olungenamda yayilahla kule nto-kubandakanya ukubhatala abantu ebabanika amandla e-veto- i-MGM ngeyazenzela iipropu zayo ezingathandekiyo kunye nelifu layo lamakhowa. Kumnandi ukucinga ukuba ngenye imini abo bachasene nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi banokuthatha into efana nesakhiwo esikhethekileyo se-US Institute of “Peace” kwaye bafuna ukuba iHollywood ihlangabezane nemigangatho yoxolo ukuze ifilim apho. Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo uxolo alunamali, iHollywood ayinamdla, kwaye nasiphi na isakhiwo sinokulingiswa kwenye indawo. I-Hiroshima ibinokulingiswa kwenye indawo, kwaye kwi-movie ayiboniswanga kwaphela. Eyona ngxaki iphambili apha yayiyingcinga kunye nemikhwa yokuzithoba.
Kwakukho izizathu zokoyika urhulumente. I-FBI yayihlola abantu ababandakanyekayo, kubandakanya oososayensi abanomdla njengo-J. Robert Oppenheimer abagcina ukubonisana ngefilimu, bekhala ngobubi bayo, kodwa bengoyiki ukuyiphikisa. Umothuko omtsha oBomvu wawukukhaba nje. Abanamandla babesebenzisa amandla abo ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo zesiqhelo.
Njengokuveliswa kwe Isiqalo okanye isiphelo Imimoya eya ekugqityweni, yakha umfutho ofanayo owenziwe yibhombu. Emva kwezikripthi ezininzi kunye namatyala kunye nohlaziyo, nomsebenzi omninzi kunye nokuncamisa iesile, kwakungekho ndlela yokuba isitudiyo singayikukhupha. Xa ekugqibeleni yaphumayo, abaphulaphuli babancinci kwaye uphononongo ludibene. INew York mihla le PM Ndifumene ifilimu "eyomelezayo", ndicinga ukuba yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Umsebenzi ufezekisiwe.
Isiphelo sikaMitchell kukuba ibhombu yaseHiroshima yayisisiqalo sokuqala, kwaye i-United States kufuneka iphelise umgaqo-nkqubo wayo wokuqala. Kodwa ke yayingeyonto injalo. Yayikukuphela kwesitrayikhi, isitrayikhi sokuqala nesokugqibela. Kwakungekho ezinye iibhombu zenyukliya ezaziza kubuya zibuye "njengogwayimbo lwesibini." Ngoku, namhlanje, ingozi yenzeke ngengozi njengokusebenzisa ngenjongo, nokuba yeyokuqala, yesibini, okanye eyesithathu, kwaye isidingo kukuba ekugqibeleni sijoyine uninzi loorhulumente behlabathi abafuna ukuphelisa izixhobo zenyukliya kunye - Ewe kunjalo, kuvakala ngathi uphambene kuye nabani na oye wangena ngaphakathi kwiintsomi zeWWII.
Kukho imisebenzi yobugcisa ebhetele kakhulu kunendlela Isiqalo okanye isiphelo esinokuphethukela kuyo ukuze sigqibe intsomi. Umzekelo, Golden Age, inoveli epapashwe nguGore Vidal ngo-2000 eneziqinisekiso ezivuthayo ngu Washington Post, kwaye Ukuhlaziywa kwencwadi yeNew York Times, ayizange yenziwe imuvi, kodwa ibalisa ibali elisondele kakhulu kwinyaniso. Kwi Golden Age, Silandela emva kwayo yonke iminyango evaliweyo, njengoko iBritane inyanzelisa ukubandakanyeka kwe-US kwiMfazwe yesibini (II), njengoko uMongameli Roosevelt esenza ukuzibophelela kwi-Nkulumbuso u-Churchill, njengabafudumeleyo besebenzisa ingqungquthela yeRiphabhlikhi ukuqinisekisa ukuba omabini amaqela atyumba abagqatswa ngo-1940 ukukhankasela uxolo ngelixa uceba imfazwe, njengoko uRovelvelt elangazelela ukubaleka ixesha elingazange libonwe njengomongameli wexesha lemfazwe kodwa kufuneka azanelise ngokuqala uyilo kunye nokukhankasela njengomongameli wexesha lokuyilwa ngexesha lobungozi belizwe, nanjengoko uRoosevelt esebenza ukucaphukisa IJapan ukuba ihlasele ishedyuli oyifunayo.
Ke kukho umbhali-mbali kunye neWWII igqala leWoward Zinn yincwadi ka-2010, Ibhomu. UZinn uchaza umkhosi wase-US osebenzisa okokuqala i-napalm ngokuyilahla kuyo yonke idolophu yaseFransi, utshisa nabani na kunye nantoni na eyichukumisayo. UZinn wayekwenye yeenqwelo-moya, ethatha inxaxheba kolu lwaphulo-mthetho loyikekayo. Phakathi kuAprili 1945, imfazwe yaseYurophu yayisele iphelile. Wonke umntu wayesazi ukuba iyaphela. Kwakungekho sizathu somkhosi (ukuba akusiyo i-oxymoron) ukuhlasela amaJamani amiswe kufuphi neRoyan, eFransi, kuncinci ukutshisa amadoda aseFransi, abafazi kunye nabantwana edolophini ukuba bafe. AbaseBrithani babesele beyitshabalalisile le dolophu ngoJanuwari, ngokuyiqhumisa ngendlela efanayo ngenxa yokuba kufutshane nemikhosi yaseJamani, kwinto eyayibizwa ngokuba yimpazamo embi. Le mpazamo ilusizi yalungiswa njengenxalenye engenakuphepheka yemfazwe, kanye njengokuba kwakunjalo ngeziqhushumbisi zomlilo ezoyikisayo ezifike ngempumelelo kwiithagethi zaseJamani, kanye njengokuba kwakunjalo ngokuqhushumba kwe-Royan kamva nge-napalm. UZinn utyhola i-Supreme Allied Command ngokufuna ukongeza "uloyiso" kwiiveki zokugqibela zemfazwe esele iphumelele. Ugxeka amabhongo abalawuli bomkhosi basekuhlaleni. Ugxeka umnqweno woMkhosi woMoya waseMelika wokuvavanya isixhobo esitsha. Kwaye ubeka ityala kuye wonke umntu obandakanyekayo - ekufuneka aquke yena - "eyona njongo inamandla kuzo zonke: umkhwa wentobeko, imfundiso yendalo yonke yazo zonke iinkcubeko, ukungaphumi emgceni, nokucinga nokucinga ngaloo nto esabelwe ukucinga ngaso, iintshukumisa ezimbi zokungabi nasizathu okanye umyolelo wokulamla.”
Ukubuya kukaZinn evela emfazweni eYurophu, wayekulindele ukuba athunyelwe emfazweni ePacific, ade abone kwaye onwabile kukubona iindaba zebhombu yeatom iphoswe eHiroshima. Kuphela yiminyaka kamva apho uZinn weza kuqonda ulwaphulo-mthetho olungenakuthintelwa lokulinganisa okukhulu kokuwa kweebhombu zenyukliya eJapan, izenzo ezifanayo nangezinye iindlela kwibhombu yokugqibela yaseRoyan. Imfazwe neJapan yayisele iphelile, amaJapan efuna uxolo kwaye ezimisele ukunikezela. IJapan yacela kuphela ukuba ivunyelwe ukugcina umlawuli wayo, isicelo esanikwa kamva. Kodwa, njenge-napalm, iibhombu zenyukliya zizixhobo ezazifuna ukuvavanywa.
UZinn naye ubuyela umva ukuze achaze izizathu zokuba i-United States yayisemfazweni ukuqala. I-United States, i-Ngilani, ne-France zazingamagunya asebukhosini axhasana kugonyamelo lwamazwe aphesheya kwiindawo ezinjengePhilippines. Bachasene okufanayo neJamani neJapan, kodwa hayi ubundlongondlongo uqobo. Uninzi lwethini kunye neerabha zaseMelika zivela kuMazantsi mpuma wePasifiki. I-United States yacacisa iminyaka emininzi ukungabikho kwenkxalabo kumaYuda ahlaselwa eJamani. Ikwabonakalise ukungabikho kwenkcaso kubuhlanga ngokunyanga ama-Afrika aseMelika kunye namaJapan aseMelika. UFranklin Roosevelt uchaze amaphulo obuqhushumbisi be-fascist kwiindawo zasekuhlaleni njenge "inkohlakalo engenabuntu" kodwa emva koko wenza njalo kwizinga elikhulu kwiidolophu zaseJamani, ezalandelwa yintshabalalo kwizinga elingazange libonwe eHiroshima naseNagasaki - iintshukumo ezize emva kweminyaka ihlazisa amaJapan. Eyazi ukuba imfazwe ingaphela ngaphandle kokuqhushumisa, kwaye esazi ukuba amabanjwa emfazwe ase-US azakubulawa yibhombu eyawa e-Nagasaki, umkhosi wase-US waya phambili waphosa iibhombu.
Ukudibanisa kunye nokuqinisa zonke iintsomi ze-WWII yeyona ntsomi iphambili yokuba uTed Grimsrud, olandela uWalter Wink, uyibiza ngokuba "yintsomi yobundlobongela obuhlangulayo," okanye "inkolelo engeyonyani yokuba sinokufumana 'usindiso' ngogonyamelo.” Njengomphumo wale ntsomi, ubhala watsho uGrimsrud, “Abantu kwihlabathi langoku (njengakwihlabathi lakudala), kwaye hayi abantu baseMelika, babeka ukholo olukhulu kwizixhobo zobundlobongela ukubonelela ngokhuseleko kunye nokuba noloyiso. phezu kweentshaba zabo. Inani labantu abathembekileyo ababeke kwezi zixhobo linokubonwa ngokucacileyo kubungakanani bezinto abazinikelayo ukulungiselela imfazwe. ”
Abantu abakhethi ngabom ukuba bakholelwe kwiintsomi zeWWII kunye nobundlobongela. UGrimsrud uyacacisa: “Inxalenye yempumelelo yale ntsomi ibangelwa kukungabonakali kwayo njengentsomi. Sivame ukucinga ukuba ubundlobongela buyinxalenye yendalo yezinto; Sibona ukwamkelwa kobundlobongela kuyinyani, kungasekelwanga kwinkolelo. Ke asizazi ngokwethu malunga nokholo-lokwamkelwa kobundlobongela. Sicinga thina azi njengenyaniso elula yokuba ubundlobongela busebenza, ukuba ubundlobongela buyimfuneko, ukuba ubundlobongela abunakuphepheka. Asiqondi ukuba endaweni yoko sisebenza kwinkolo, kwiintsomi, kwinkolo, malunga nokwamkelwa kobundlobongela. ”
Kuthatha iinzame zokubaleka intsomi yobundlobongela obuhlangulayo, kuba ibikho ukusukela ebuntwaneni: "Abantwana beva ibali elilula kwiikhathuni, kwimidlalo yevidiyo, kwiimuvi nakwiincwadi: silungile, iintshaba zethu zikhohlakele, ekuphela kwendlela yokujongana ngobubi kukoyisa ngogonyamelo, masiqengqele.
Intsomi yobundlobongela obuhlangulayo inxibelelana ngqo nokubaluleka kwelizwe. Intlalontle yesizwe, njengoko ichaziwe ziinkokeli zayo, imi njengeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ebomini apha emhlabeni. Akunakubakho thixo phambi kwesizwe. Le ntsomi ayisekanga nje kuphela inkolo yokuthand 'izwe embusweni, kodwa ikwanika isohlwayo sesizwe esinganyanzelekanga sesizwe. . . . Imfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi kunye nesiphumo sayo esithe ngqo sakhawulezisa kakhulu ukuvela kwe-United States yaba liqela lezomkhosi kwaye. . . lomkhosi uxhomekeke kwinkolelo yobundlobongela obuhlangulayo ngokuzondla. Abantu baseMelika bayaqhubeka nokwamkela intsomi yobundlobongela obuhlangulayo kwanaxa bejongana nobungqina obuqinisekileyo bokuba umkhosi wezomkhosi uye wonakalisa idemokhrasi yaseMelika kwaye utshabalalisa uqoqosho lweli lizwe kunye nemeko engqongileyo. . . . Kutshanje ngo-1930, inkcitho kwezomkhosi eMelika yayincinci kwaye imikhosi yezopolitiko yayinamandla ekuchaseni ukubandakanyeka 'ekubanjweni ngabangaphandle'. ”
Phambi kweWWII, uGrimsrud uthi, “xa iMelika yayisilwa emfazweni. . . Ekupheleni kwembambano isizwe sanyanzeliswa. . . . Ukusukela ngeMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, akukabikho kuncitshiswa ngokupheleleyo kuba sisuke ngqo kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi saya kwiMfazwe ebandayo saya kwiMfazwe yobunqolobi. Oko kukuthi, siye sangena kwimeko apho 'onke amaxesha ingamaxesha emfazwe.' . . . Kutheni le nto abangengobantu abaphezulu, abathwala iindleko ezimbi ngokuhlala kwimfazwe engagungqiyo, bangenise kweli lungiselelo, kwanakwiimeko ezininzi benikezela ngenkxaso enkulu? . . . Impendulo ilula: isithembiso sosindiso. ”
