UJohn Bordne, umhlali waseBlakeslee, uPenn., Kwafuneka ukuba azigcine ngokwakhe imbali yakhe iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu. Kutshanje nje uMkhosi Womoya wase-US uye wamnika imvume yokuxela le teythi, ethi, ukuba ithathwe njengenyaniso, inokongeza ukoyikisa kuluhlu olude nolusoyikisayo lweempazamo kunye nokungalunganga okuye kwaphanzisa umhlaba kwimfazwe yenyukliya.

Ibali liqala emva nje kobusuku, kwiiyure zika-Okthobha i-28, i-1962, kwindawo eziphakamileyo zeCuba yoMsantsa e-Cuba. Umqhubi wenqwelomoya omlandelayo u-John Bordne uthi waluqala uguquko lwakhe luzele lunkwantyo. Ngeli xesha, ukuphendula kwingxaki eqhubekayo yokukhutshelwa ngokufihlakeleyo kwe-Soviet e-Cuba, yonke imikhosi yase-US eyayiphakanyisiwe yaphakanyiswa kwi-Defence Readiness Condition 2, okanye i-DEFCON2; Oko kukuthi, babezimisele ukuya kwisimo se-DEFCON1 ngaphakathi komzuzu wemizuzu. Kanye kwa-DEFCON1, isuntswana elinokuthi lisungulwe ngaphakathi komzuzu weqela eliyalelweyo ukuba lenjenjalo.

UBordne wayekhonza komnye kwabane iindawo zokufihla imfihlo zemfihlo kwindawo ehleliyo e-US e-Okinawa e-US. Kwakukho amaziko amabini olawulo lolawulo kwindawo nganye; nganye yayiphethwe ngabasebenzi abanamalungu asixhenxe. Ngenkxaso yabasebenzi bakhe, igosa ngalinye lokuqalisa lalijongene nemikhosi emine yokuhamba ngenqanawa eMace B efakwe neMark 28 yemfazwe yenyukliya. UMarko 28 wayenesivuno esilingana ne-1.1 megatons ye-TNT-okt, nganye kuzo yayinamandla aphindwe ngama-70 ngaphezulu kwebhombu yeHiroshima okanye iNagasaki. Zizonke, zii-35.2 megatons zamandla otshabalalisayo. Ngoluhlu lweemayile ezili-1,400, i-Mace B's e-Okinawa inokufikelela kwiidolophu ezinkulu zobukomanisi zaseHanoi, eBeijing nasePyongyang, nakwiziko lomkhosi waseSoviet eVladivostok.

Iiyure ezininzi emva kokuba u-Bordne etshintshile, utshilo, umphathi omkhulu kwiZiko lokuSebenza kweMissile e-Okinawa waqala ngesiko, ukuhambisa unomathotholo kwindawo ezine. Emva kokujonga ixesha kwesiqhelo kunye nohlaziyo lwemozulu kweza umtya oqhelekileyo wekhowudi. Ngokwesiqhelo isahlulo sokuqala somtya besingahambelani nenani labasebenzi. Kodwa kwesi sihlandlo, ikhowudi ye-alphanumeric iyatshatisa, ibonisa ukuba kulandelwa umyalelo okhethekileyo. Ngamaxesha athile umdlalo wawusasazwa ngenjongo yoqeqesho, kodwa ngezo zihlandlo icandelo lesibini lekhowudi lalingadibani. Xa ukulungela kwemijukujelwa kuphakanyisiwe ukuya kwi-DEFCON 2, abasebenzi baxelelwa ukuba akusayi kubakho luvavanyo lunye. Ke ngeli xesha, xa isahlulo sokuqala sekhowudi sihambelana, abasebenzi baseBordne bakothuka kwangoko kwaye, inene, icandelo lesibini, okokuqala ngqa, nalo lihambelana.

Okwangoku, igosa lokwazisa labasebenzi baseBordne, uKapteni uWilliam Bassett, wayenemvume yokuvula isingxobo sakhe. Ukuba ikhowudi esesingxoweni ithelekisa isahlulo sesithathu sekhowudi ebisasazwe ngonomathotholo, umphathi wenqanawa wayalelwa ukuba avule imvulophu epokothweni eyayinolwazi lokujolisa kunye nokwazisa izitshixo. U-Bordne uthi zonke iikhowudi ziyahambelana, zingqinisisa uqeqesho lokumilisela yonke imijukujelwa yabasebenzi. Ukusukela usasazo lwaphakathi enyakeni lwasasazwa ngonomathotholo kubo bonke abasebenzi abasibhozo, uKapt Bassett, njengegosa eliphezulu lolo tshintsho, waqala wasebenzisa ubunkokheli, kwinto yokuba abanye abasebenzi abasixhenxe e-Okinawa babefumene iodolo ngokunjalo, eBordne ngebhongo wandixelela ngethuba leeyure ezintathu kudliwanondlebe olwenziwa ngoMeyi ka-2015. Uye wandivumela ukuba ndifunde isahluko ngesi siganeko kwisimemo sakhe esingashicilelwanga, kwaye ndiye ndatshintshisa ii-imeyile ezingaphezulu kwama-50 naye ukuqinisekisa ukuba ndiyayiqonda ingxelo yakhe yesiganeko. .

Ngeakhawunti kaBordne, ekuphakameni kweCuba yaseMissile Crisis, abasebenzi boMkhosi woMoya eOkinawa bayalelwa ukuba baqalise imijukujelwa engama-32, nganye nganye inentloko enkulu yenyukliya. Isilumkiso kuphela kunye nokuqonda okuqhelekileyo kunye nokuthatha amanyathelo ngokuthatha amanyathelo okufumana ukuthintela ukuqaliswa-kwaye kuthintele imfazwe yenyukliya ebinokuba yenzekile.

Iindaba zeKyodo uxele ngalo msitho, kodwa ngokubhekisele kubasebenzi baseBordne. Ngokoluvo lwam, iinkumbulo zikaBordne ezipheleleyo-njengoko zinxulumene nabanye abasebenzi abasixhenxe-kufuneka zenziwe zenziwe eluntwini ngeli xesha, kuba zibonelela ngaphezulu kwesizathu esaneleyo sokuba urhulumente wase-US akhangele kwaye akhulule ngexesha elifanelekileyo onke amaxwebhu kwiminyhadala e-Okinawa ngexesha leCuban Missile Crisis. Ukuba yinyani, iakhawunti kaBordne iya kongeza ngokufanelekileyo ukuqonda kwembali, kungekuphela kwengxaki yaseCuba, kodwa ngendima yengozi kunye nokubala okungalunganga okuye kwadlalwa kwaye kuyaqhubeka ukudlala kwiNyukliya Age.

Yintoni uBordne aqubisana nayo. U-Bordne wenziwa udliwanondlebe ngokubanzi kulo nyaka uphelileyo nguMasakatsu Ota, umbhali omkhulu kunye Iindaba zeKyodo, Ezichaza njenge-arhente yeendaba ekhokelayo eJapan kwaye inendawo ekhoyo kwihlabathi liphela, nangaphezulu kwama-40 eendaba ngaphandle kweli lizwe. Kwinqaku lika-Matshi ka-2015, u-Ota wabeka uninzi lweakhawunti ka-Bordne wabhala wathi “[igosa elalisakuba ligqala lase-US elalisebenza e-Okinawa nalo lisandul 'ukungqina [i-akhawunti ka-Bordne] phantsi kwemeko yokungachazwa.” U-Ota emva koko wenqabile ukuchonga igqala elingachazwanga ngegama, ngenxa yokungaziwa ukuba wayethenjisiwe.

U-Ota akazange axele iinxalenye zebali lika-Bordne ezisekwe kutshintshiselwano ngomnxeba uBordne athe weva phakathi kwegosa lakhe lokwazisa, uCapt. Basset, kunye namanye amagosa asixhenxe okuphehlelela. U-Bordne, owayekwiZiko loLawulo loSungulo kunye nomphathi, wayeyimfihlo ngokuthe ngqo kwinto eyathethwayo kwelinye icala lomgca ngezo ngxoxo-ngaphandle kokuba umphathi wabhekisa ngqo kwi-Bordne nakwamanye amalungu amabini e-Launch Control Centre yintoni elinye igosa lokwazisa litshilo nje.

Ngomda owamkelweyo, nantsi iakhawunti kaBordne yeziganeko ezilandelayo zobo busuku:

Kwangoko emva kokuvula isikhwama sakhe kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba ufumene ii-odolo zokumisela yonke imijukujelwa yenyukliya phantsi komyalelo wakhe, uCapt. Bassett wavakalisa ingcinga yokuba kukho into engalunganga, uBordne wandixelela. Imiyalelo yokuphelisa izixhobo zenyukliya bekufanele ukuba ikhutshelwe kuphela kwindawo ephezulu kakhulu; ngokwenene lo yayingumahluko ophambili phakathi kwe-DEFCON 2 kunye ne-DEFCON1. UBordne ukhumbula umphathi wathi, “Asifumananga nyuso kwi-DEFCON1, engahambelani kakhulu, kwaye kufuneka siqhubeke ngokulumka. Le isenokuba yeyona nto iyinene, okanye sesona sikreyi sakha sabakho ebomini bethu.

Ngelixa umphathi ethethe encokola ngomnxeba namanye amagosa okuphehlelela, abasebenzi bazibuza ukuba ingaba i-DEFCON1 i-odolo yayiqhunyiswe lutshaba na, ngelixa ingxelo yemozulu kunye neodolo yokuphelisa iakhodikhodi ikwazile ngandlela zonke ukuba idlule. Kwaye, uBordne ukhumbula, umphathi wayedlulisela enye inkxalabo eyayivela kwelinye lamagosa okuphehlelela: Uhlaselo lwangaphambi kokunyanzeliswa lwalusele lukhona, kwaye kungxama ukuya kuphendula, abaphathi babewasasaze nge-DEFCON1. Emva kokubala ngokungxama, amalungu eqela aqaphela ukuba ukuba u-Okinawa ebekujolise kuko kugwayimbo lokuqala, bebefanele ukuba bayive impembelelo esele ikho. Yonke imzuzwana edlulileyo ngaphandle kwezandi okanye ukungcangcazela kokuqhuma yenza ukuba le ngcaciso ibonakale incipha.

Okwangoku, ukuzikhusela kule nto inokwenzeka, uKapteni Bassett wayalela abasebenzi bakhe ukuba baqhube itsheki yokugqibela kulungelelwaniso lwemijukujelwa. Xa umphathi wafunda uluhlu ekujoliswe kulo, kwabothusa abasebenzi, ezintathu kuzo bekujoliswe kuzo hayi eRashiya. Ngeli xesha, uBordne ukhumbula, ifowuni yendawo ephakathi yakhala. Yayililo elinye igosa lokuphehlelela, elinika ingxelo yokuba uluhlu lwalo lwaluneethagethi ezimbini ezingezizo ezaseRussia.Kekujeni amazwe angenabundlobongela? Ayibonakali ilungile.

Umphathi-mkhosi wayalela ukuba iingcango ze-bay zemijondolo engajoliswanga eRashiya ihlale ivaliwe. Waqhekeza ke wavula ucango lwe-missile e-Russia. Kweso sikhundla, inokufakwa lula ukuvula indlela eseleyo (nditsho ngesandla), okanye, ukuba kukho uqhushumbo ngaphandle, ucango luya kutshixwa luvaliwe ngokugqabhuza kwayo, ngaloo ndlela lusandisa amathuba okuba isithuba somdlalo wokukora siphume ngaphandle uhlaselo. Ungene unomathotholo kwaye wacebisa onke amanye amaqela ukuba athabathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo, elindele “ukucaciswa” koshicilelo losasazo lwaphakathi enyangeni.

IBassett emva koko yabiza iZiko eliSebenzayo leMissile kwaye yacela, ngokuzingca ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwasekuqaleni akuzange kuqale ngokucacileyo, ukuba ingxelo yokuhamba kwesithuba esiphakathi ibuyiselwe. Ithemba yayikukuba oku kuya kunceda abo bakumbindi ukuba babone ukuba imiyalelo yokukhuphela eyintsusa ikhutshiwe ngempazamo kwaye bayakusebenzisa ukubuyisa kwakhona ukulungisa imicimbi. Kuyo yonke ingqumbo yabasebenzi, emva kokujonga ixesha kunye nokuhlaziywa kwemozulu, imiyalelo yokuqaliswa kweekhowudi iphindwe, yangaphakanyiswa. Amanye amaqela asixhenxe, ewe, ayivile ukuphindwaphindwa komyalelo.

Ngokwe-akhawunti ka-Bordne-ethi, khumbula, isekwe ekuveni nje icala elinye lomnxeba- imeko yeqela elinye labaphumezi lalicaphukisa kakhulu: Zonke iithagethi zayo zaziseRussia. Igosa lokwazisa, uLieutenant, khange alamkele igunya legosa eliphezulu-okt uCapt. Bassett-ukugqitha i-odolo ephindaphindwayo yentloko. Igosa lesibini lokwazisa kweso siza laxela uBassett ukuba uLieutenant uyalele iqela lakhe ukuba liqhubeke nokuphehlelela imijukujelwa yalo! Ngokukhawuleza uBassett wayalela elinye igosa lokwazisa, njengoko uBordne ekhumbula, "ukuba athumele ii-airmen ezimbini ngezixhobo kwaye adubule [i-lieutenant] ukuba uzama ukumilisela ngaphandle kwemvume yomlomo evela 'kwigosa eliphezulu ebaleni' okanye ukuphucula ukuya kwi-DEFCON 1 liZiko lokuSebenza kweMijukujelwa. ” Malunga neeyadi ezingama-30 zetonela elingaphantsi komhlaba lahlula iZiko loLawulo lokuSungula.

Ngeli xesha lethu uxinzelelo, uBordne uthi, ngequbuliso kwenzeka ukuba ibicacile ukuba loo myalelo ubaluleke kangaka uya kuthunyelwa kude kube sekupheleni kwengxelo yemozulu. Kwamchukumisa njengothusayo ukuba isitshixo siphindaphinde ngendlela ephindaphindiweyo imiyalelo yeakhowudi ngaphandle kokunciniseka kancinane koxinzelelo kwilizwi lakhe, ngokungathi kungaphaya kokwenza into ebangela umdla. Amanye amalungu eqela labasebenzi avuma; U-Bassett wagqiba ekubeni afowunele umnxeba kwaye athi ufuna enye yezinto ezimbini:

• Phakamisa inqanaba le-DEFCON kwi1, okanye
• Khupha i-odolo yokuma ngezantsi.

Ukujonga oko uBordne akutshoyo wakuva malunga nengxoxo yefowuni, esi sicelo safumana impendulo engaphezulu koxinzelelo, owathi kwangoko waya erediyo wafunda imiyalelo emitsha eneekhowudi. Yayingumyalelo wokuma phantsi kwemijukujelwa… kwaye, nje kanjalo, isiganeko siphelile.

Ukujonga kabini ukuba inhlekelele ithintelwe, uCaptain Bassett wacela kwaye wafumana ubungqina kwamanye amagosa okuphehlelela ukuba akukho ziphoswe zilahliweyo.

Ekuqaleni kwengxaki, uBordne uthi, uKapt. Bassett wayewalumkisile amadoda akhe, "Ukuba esi sisikali kwaye asisiqalisi, asikhathalelwa, kwaye oku khange kwenzeke." Ngoku, esiphelweni konke , wathi, “Akukho namnye kuthi oza kuxoxa malunga nantoni na eyenzeke apha ngobu busuku, kwaye ndiyathetha nantoni na. Akukho ngxoxo kwindawo yokubambisa, kwibha, okanye nalapha kwindawo yokuqaliswa. Awubhali nokuba ekhaya malunga noku. Ngaba ndizicacisa ngokugqibeleleyo ngalo mbandela? ”

Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-50, yathula yaqwalaselwa.

Kutheni urhulumente efanele ajonge kwaye akhuphe iirekhodi. Kwangoko. Ngoku eboshwe kwisitulo esinamavili, uBordne uzamile, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ngaphandle kwempumelelo, ukulandelela iirekhodi ezinxulumene nesiganeko sase-Okinawa. Uhambisa athi kuqhutywa uphando kwaye igosa ngalinye lokwazisa libuze. Kwinyanga okanye emva koko, uBordne uthi, babizelwe ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwinkundla yomkhosi omkhulu owakhupha imiyalelo yokuphehlelelwa. UBordne uthi uCapt. Bassett, ekuphela kwento eyaphule umthetho wakhe wobumfihlo, uxelele abasebenzi bakhe ukuba eyona nto iphambili yadilizwa kwaye wanyanzelwa ukuba athathe umhlala phantsi ngexesha elincinci lenkonzo yeminyaka ye-20, awayesemgidini wokuyifeza. Akukho manyathelo amanye awathatyathwayo-nditsho nokuncoma amagosa ophehlelelweyo athintele imfazwe yenyukliya.

UBassett wasweleka ngoMeyi ka-2011. UBordne uthathe i-intanethi ngelinge lokufumana amanye amalungu eqela labaphehleleli abanokunceda ukugcwalisa iinkumbulo zakhe. IiNqoloba zoKhuseleko kuZwelonke, iqela elibukeleyo eliseGelman Library yeYunivesithi yaseGeorge Washington, lifake isicelo soMthetho weNkululeko yoLwazi kuMkhosi woMoya, sifuna iirekhodi ezinxulumene nesiganeko sase-Okinawa, kodwa ezo zicelo zihlala zingakhokeleli ukukhutshwa kweerekhodi iminyaka, ukuba ikho.

Ndiyaqonda ukuba iakhawunti kaBordne ayiqinisekiswanga ngokuqinisekileyo. Kodwa ndimfumanisa ukuba ebenyanisile ngokungaguquguqukiyo kwimiba endinokuyiqinisekisa. Isiganeko sokungenisa elizweni, ndiyakholelwa, akufuneki siphumle kubungqina bendoda enye. Umkhosi woMoya kunye nezinye iarhente zikarhulumente kufuneka zenze naziphi na iirekhodi ezizezabo ezinxulumene nesi siganeko ukuba zifumaneke zizonke-kwaye ngokukhawuleza. Uluntu kudala laziswa ngomfanekiso ongeyonyani wobungozi obukhoyo ekuhanjisweni kwezixhobo zenyukliya.

Umhlaba wonke unelungelo lokwazi yonke inyani ngengozi yenyukliya ejongene nayo.

Inqaku lomhleli: Njengoko eli nqaku lalithathelwa ingqalelo ukuba lipapashwe, UDaniel Ellsberg, Ngubani wayengumcebisi weRandi kwisebe lezoKhuselo ngexesha lengxwabangxwaba yaseCuba, wabhala umyalezo we-imeyile ixesha elide Bulletin, ngesicelo se-Tovish. Umyalezo uqinisekisiwe, ngokuyinxenye: "Ndivakalelwa kukuba kungxamisekile ukufumanisa ukuba ibali likaBordne kunye neziphetho zika-Tovish ezivela kuyo ziyinyani, zinikwe inyani yenyani yayo kwiingozi ezikhoyo, kungekuphela kwimbali edlulileyo. Kwaye oko akunakulinda ukuphathwa 'kwesiqhelo' ngoku kwesicelo seFOIA nguVimba weSizwe woKhuseleko, okanye Bulletin. Uphando lwendibano luya kwenzeka kuphela, kubonakala ngathi, ukuba Bulletin ipapasha le ngxelo ibiyelwe ngocoselelo kwaye ikhwelo layo lokuba amaxwebhu acacisiweyo axelwe ukuba abekhona kuphando olusemthethweni ukuze akhululwe kulwahlulo olungenazizathu (nangona luqikelelwa kakhulu). ” 

Ngeli xesha linye, uBruce Blair, arI-esearch scholar kwiNkqubo yeYunivesithi yasePrinceton yezeNzululwazi kunye noKhuseleko lweHlabathi, nayo yabhala umyalezo nge-imeyile ku Bulletin. Nguwo wonke lo myalezo: “UAaron Tovish undicele ukuba ndilinganise kunye nawe ukuba ndiyakholelwa ukuba icandelo lakhe kufuneka lipapashwe kwi Bulletin, okanye ngayo nayiphi na into. Ndiyakholelwa ukuba kufanelekile, nangona kungakhange kuqinisekiswe ngokupheleleyo kweli nqanaba. Kuyandibetha ukuba i-akhawunti yokuqala evela kumthombo othembekileyo kubasebenzi bokumiliselwa ngokwayo ihamba ngendlela ende ekumiseleni ubunyani beakhawunti. Ikwabetha kum njengokulandelelana kweziganeko, ngokusekwe kulwazi lwam lomyalelo wenyukliya kunye neenkqubo zolawulo ngeli xesha (nasemva koko). Ngeliphandle, ayothusi nakum into yokuba i-odolo yokuphehlelelwa iya kudluliselwa ngokungazi kubasebenzi benyukliya. Kwenzeke amaxesha amaninzi kulwazi lwam, kwaye mhlawumbi nangaphezulu kwamaxesha am. Kwenzeka ngexesha lemfazwe ye-Middle East ye-1967, xa umphathi wenqwelomoya wenqwelomoya wathunyelwa iodolo yokwenyani endaweni yomthambo / uqeqesho lomyalelo wenyukliya. Kwenzekile phaya ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970 xa [uMgaqo-nkqubo oCwangcisiweyo womoya, i-Omaha] waphinda wahambisa umthambo… ulungiselelo lokumiliselwa njengomyalelo wokwenyani wokwenyani. (Ndingayingqinela le nto ngokobuqu ukusukela oko i-snafu yaziswa kwi-Minuteman yazisa abasebenzi ngokukhawuleza emva koko.) Kuzo zozibini ezi ziganeko, ikhowudi itshekhi (baqinisekisa ubungqina kwityala lokuqala,ukuqinisekiswa kwefomathi yomyalezo kwisibini) ayiphumelelanga, ngokungafaniyo nesiganeko esichazwe lilungu labasebenzi kumanqaku ka-Aaron. Kodwa ufumana ukukhukuliseka apha. Kwakungekho nto inqabileyo kwezi ntlobo ze-snafus ukuba zenzeke. Inqaku lokugqibela lokuqinisa inqaku: Eyona ndawo ikufutshane i-US yeza nesigqibo sokungazinzisi sokumiliselwa nguMongameli ngo-1979, xa itheyiphu yoqeqesho yesilumkiso sase-NORAD esibonisa isitrayikhi esineqhinga elipheleleyo leSoviet ngokungazenzisiyo ngenethiwekhi yokulumkisa kwangoko. UMcebisi ngezoKhuseleko kuZwelonke UZbigniew UBrzezinski wabizwa kabini ngobusuku kwaye waxelela i-US ukuba ihlaselwe, kwaye wayethatha nje umnxeba ukucenga uMongameli Carter ukuba impendulo egcweleyo kufuneka egunyaziswe kwangoko, xa umnxeba wesithathu wamxelela ukuba bubuxoki. isivusi.

Ndiyakuqonda kwaye ndiyabulela ukulumka kwakho apha. Kodwa ngokokubona kwam, ubunzima bobubungqina kunye nelifa leempazamo ezinzulu zenyukliya ziyadibana ukuthethelela ukupapashwa kwesi siqwenga. Ndicinga ukuba bafaka izikali. Yimbono yam leyo, kuba kufanelekile. ”

Xa utshintshiselana nge-imeyile Bulletin ngo-Septemba, Ota, the Iindaba zeKyodo sUmbhali obalaseleyo, uthe "unentembelo ye-100 yeepesenti" kwibali lakhe kwiakhawunti kaBordne yeziganeko zase-Okinawa "nangona kusekho izinto ezininzi ezingekhoyo."