By UWilliam M. Timpson, i-PhD (i-Psychology yeMfundo) kunye Selden Spencer, MD (Neurology)
Ithathwe kuWilliam Timpson (2002) Ukufundisa nokufunda Uxolo (Madison, WI: Atwood)
Ngamaxesha emfazwe nempindezelo yomkhosi, ubani ufundisa njani ngoxolo? Sibanceda njani abantu abaselula ukuba balawule umsindo wabo nokuba ndlongondlongo xa ugonyamelo luxhaphake kangaka ebomini babo, esikolweni nasezitratweni, kwiindaba, kumabonwakude, kwimifanekiso eshukumayo nakumazwi omculo wabo othile? Xa iinkumbulo zohlaselo zikrwada kwaye zifuna impindezelo, ngaba umfundisi-ntsapho kunye nogqirha wemithambo-luvo—okanye nabani na okwindima yobunkokeli ozinikele kwiinjongo zoxolo oluzinzileyo—bayivula njani incoko enentsingiselo engezinye iindlela zogonyamelo?
Kuba kumbindi wayo, idemokhrasi ifuna incoko, kunye nokulalanisa. Oozwilakhe balawula ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ubuthathaka babo bukhuselwa ngamandla akhohlakeleyo, ngobuhlanga, ngobugrogrisi nezinye izinto ezinjalo. Kukhangelo loxolo, nangona kunjalo, sinamaqhawe amaninzi ekufuneka sibize impembelelo kunye nesikhokhelo. Abanye abafana noGandhi, uMartin Luther King Jr., uThich Nhat Hanh, u-Elise Boulding noNelson Mandela baziwa kakhulu. Abanye abakho esidlangalaleni kodwa basuka kwiindawo ezifana neQuaker Society of Friends, iMennonites kunye neBahai's, kwaye babelane ngenkolo engundoqo eluxolweni nokungabinabundlobongela. Abanye abafana noDorothy Day banikela umsebenzi wabo wecawa kubulungisa bentlalo, indlala, kunye namahlwempu. Kwaye kukho ilizwe le-neuroscience kunye nento esinokuyifunda malunga nokwakha uxolo oluzinzileyo kubo.
Apha uSelden Spencer unikezela ngezi ngcinga zentshayelelo: Ukuchaza uxolo ngokwembono yentlalo/yeqela kuyothusa ngakumbi ngeprism ye-neurobiological. Mhlawumbi ukugxila emntwini kunokuba lula kuba siyazi ukuba uxolo lomntu lunokuchaphazela ukuziphatha koluntu. Apha sinokwalatha kwindlela yokuziphatha efanelekileyo kuye nabani na ofuna ukuba seluxolweni. Umzekelo, ukucamngca kuye kwaphononongwa kwaye i-neurobiological underpinnings yayo iyaziwa. Kangangeenkulungwane iye yaba yenye indlela yokuba abantu bafumane uxolo.
Nangona kunjalo, apha siyakuxoxa ukuba uxolo lomntu lusembindini walo ulungelelwaniso olunononophelo lomvuzo kunye neentloni. Sinokukubona oku xa abantu bekwindawo yolungelelwaniso kwaye bengekho kukhangelo olungayekeleliyo kunye nokuzincama ukuze bafumane umvuzo okanye barhoxe ekuphelelweni lithemba lokusilela kunye neentloni. Ukuba oku kukulungelelana, ngoko kusenokubakho uxolo lwangaphakathi.
Le fomula ye-biphasic ayikho yasemzini kwinkqubo ye-nervous. Kwanento yebhayoloji efana nokulala inokuncitshiswa ibe yi-on/off circuitry. Kukho amagalelo angapheliyo apha, ngokukhawuleza kunye nokucothayo, i-metabolic kunye ne-neuronal, kodwa ekugqibeleni, ubuthongo buqhutywa yi-ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (vlPo). Mhlawumbi uninzi olunempembelelo ngamagalelo e-orexin asuka kwi-hypothalamus esecaleni.
Ngoku nathi sinokuthi sicinge ukuba ibhalansi yomvuzo kunye nehlazo ilamlwa yi-dopamine njengoko ibonakaliswe yi-ventral tegmental nucleus kwaye oku kuya kugqiba imeko yoxolo lwangaphakathi lomntu. Kuyaqondwa ukuba le mvakalelo yoxolo iya kwahluka kumntu ngamnye. Umlo onikwe kwaye uqeqeshelwe ubundlobongela uya kuba nomvuzo owahlukileyo / ibhalansi yehlazo kwaye iya kwahluka kwimonki ehleliweyo.
Kuyathenjwa ukuba ukuqondwa kwesi sekethe yendalo iphela kunokusinceda siqonde ngcono uhlobo loxolo kumntu ngamnye. Ngokucacileyo, inqanaba umntu alungelelaniswa ngalo neqela liya kumisela impembelelo yaloo mntu kwiqela kwakunye nempembelelo yeqela kumntu ngamnye. Iimbono zokusinda komntu okanye iqela ziya kunceda ukuchaza uxolo.
Iimbono zokungabikho kokusesikweni zinokuphazamisa uxolo lwangaphakathi kunye nebhalansi esisiseko yomvuzo kunye neentloni. Ke, imibuzo yobulungisa iyaphazamisa ukuvuza kunye neentloni ngandlela ithile. Ukubulawa kweebhiva okanye iiPaiutes akuyi kuphela de ihlazo lifumane umvuzo. Uxolo lwangaphakathi luyaphela kulo mzabalazo. Iqala ngomntu ngamnye kwaye iqhubele phambili kwiqela ngokusebenzisa i-dynamics enzima ephawulwe ngaphambili.
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Ezinye iincwadi ezingokwakha uxolo kunye noxolelwaniso ziyafumaneka njengePDF (“e-book) iifayile:
UTimpson, W., E. Brantmeier, N. Kees, T. Cavanagh, C. McGlynn kunye noE. Ndura-Ouédraogo (2009) Iingcebiso ezili-147 eziSebenzayo zokufundisa uxolo noXolelwaniso. Madison, WI: Atwood.
Timpson, W. kunye no-DK Holman, Eds. (2014) IziFundo eziNxibelelanayo zokuFundisa ngoZinzo, ungquzulwano, kunye neyantlukwano. Madison, WI: Atwood.
UTimpson, W., E. Brantmeier, N. Kees, T. Cavanagh, C. McGlynn kunye noE. Ndura-Ouédraogo (2009) Iingcebiso ezili-147 eziSebenzayo zokufundisa uxolo noXolelwaniso. Madison, WI: Atwood.
