Isidingo sokuphelisa iMfazwe

Ngu-Mohammed Abunahel, World BEYOND War, UJanuwari 6, 2021

U-2020 uphelile, kodwa ihlabathi lisajongene nengxaki enkulu yemfazwe kunye nongquzulwano. Imibuzo emininzi engaphendulekiyo ifuna ukucaciswa ziinkokeli zehlabathi kunye nabenzi bezigqibo. Iyintoni ixabiso lemfazwe? Ziya kupheliswa nini iimfazwe kulo lonke ihlabathi? Ngaba zikho ezinye iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa kwiimfazwe? Kutheni sisayibona imfazwe ukusuka eSyria ukuya eYemen, ukusuka eSouth Sudan ukuya eVenezuela?

Ukutyhubela imbali, imfazwe, ungquzulwano, intlekele nongquzulwano lwezixhobo ziye zabangela ilahleko enkulu ebantwini; oku akuyonto intsha, kunjalo. I-Arhente ye-UN Refugee UNHCR's ingxelo yamuva Uqikelelo lwenani labantu abafuduswa ngenkani kwi-80 yezigidi ngenxa yobundlobongela, ungquzulwano, intshutshiso, okanye ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu. Eli nani liquka abantu abazizigidi ezi-4.2 abafuna indawo yokukhosela, abantu abazizigidi ezingama-45.7 abagxothelwe emakhaya (ii-IDPs), kwakunye nezigidi ezingama-29.6 zababaleki.

Kutheni sinamaxhoba angaka? Impendulo elula yimfazwe nongquzulwano phakathi kwezizwe okanye kwisizwe esinye. Iimfazwe mazipheliswe kuzo zonke iindawo zehlabathi. Ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwinani leengxabano kuye kwabonwa kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo; iZizwe eziManyeneyo zasilela ekubuyiseleni umva uhlaselo lwasePalestina; ISaudi Arabia idale intlekele yoluntu eYemen; Imfazwe yaseSyria, impixano eSouth Sudan nakwezinye iindawo ezininzi emhlabeni. Kwaye okwangoku, ifuthe lentlalontle kunye nezoqoqosho lwe-COVID-19 lichaphazele kakhulu awona maqela asesichengeni sehlabathi, kubandakanywa nabangenammiselo kunye nabafuduswa ngenkani, bebenza badinga ubumbano kunye nenkxaso.

Usizi olunzulu lwabantu aluveli nje kuphela kwimfazwe kunye neengxabano kodwa nakwindlela oorhulumente, amaqela axhobileyo angekho phantsi kwelizwe, iinkokeli kunye nabenzi bezigqibo abafuna ukufezekisa iinjongo zabo zomkhosi nezopolitiko. Abo bantu zezona zizathu zemfazwe; babangela ngabom intlungu kubemi, bahlasele, bagxothe ngendluzula okanye balawule abantu ngaphandle kokuhoya ukubandezeleka okukhulu abakubangelayo. Ukwenzakala kwabantu ePalestine, eYemen, eSyria naseSouth Sudan bubungqina obucacileyo bokubandezeleka okubangelwa kwezinye zeengxabano ezimbi kakhulu zanamhlanje.

Ngowe-1914, kwaqalisa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Kwakutheni ukuze kuliwe? Umongameli wase-US uWoodrow Wilson wathi ngaloo mfazwe: “Le mfazwe, ekuqaliseni kwayo, yayiyimfazwe yezorhwebo nezoshishino.” Ukutyhubela imbali yeemfazwe, abakho boyisi bokwenene ezimfazweni. Imiphumo yeemfazwe ayinamda; iziphumo zabo, ezinokubonwa kwixesha elide kunye nexesha elifutshane, zibandakanya ukulimala ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo kumadoda, abafazi kunye nabantwana, ngaphezu kweentlekele zendalo, ukwanda kokukhubazeka ngokomzimba, ukungondleki, intlupheko engapheliyo, ukugula kwengqondo, uqoqosho / ukuhla kwentlalo kunye nokwanda kwamanani abantu abangenamakhaya, kunye nokuncipha kwezinto eziphathekayo kunye noluntu, ukukhankanya nje abambalwa. Onke amaqela emfazwe angamaxhoba; akukho 'baphumeleleyo'.

Akukho zalathisi zokuba iimfazwe zipheliswe kwiindawo zongquzulwano lwehlabathi ngaphandle kokuba iziseko zomkhosi zivaliwe kwaye utyalo-mali kwizixhobo luyayeka. Imfazwe kunye nokuhlala ePalestine akunakugqitywa ngelixa i-US iqhubeka nokuxhasa uSirayeli. Ngokwengxelo ekhutshwe ngoNovemba ka-2020 yi-Congressional Research Service, ulawulo lwaseMelika, lusebenza neCongress, lunike u-Israyeli ngenkxaso yesisa kwiinjongo "ezicwangcisiweyo" ezabelwana ngazo kuMbindi Mpuma. I-US ixhobise uSirayeli ngoncedo lwamazwe amabini kunye nemijukujelwa, kunye nenkxaso-mali emalunga ne-146 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. I-Israel nayo yafumana iminikelo ebalulekileyo yezoqoqosho ngaphandle koncedo lomkhosi.

Ukongeza kuncedo lwayo lwezemali kunye nomkhosi, i-US ixhasa u-Israyeli ngokusebenzisa amandla ayo e-veto kwiBhunga loKhuseleko lweZizwe eziManyeneyo ukurhoxisa nasiphi na isigqibo esichasene nomgaqo-nkqubo we-Israel. I-US isebenzise amandla ayo e-veto ngamaxesha angama-43 ngokuchasene nedrafti yezigqibo zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko ezigxeka uSirayeli. Isigqibo sokugqibela esavunywa yi-United States yaba ugxeka ubundlobongela bakwa-Israyeli ngokuchasene nabaqhankqalazi ngexesha le "Great March of Return" ngoJuni 1, 2018.

Kuthekani ngeYemen? Ingxabano ineengcambu zayo kwimvukelo yase-Arab Spring ka-2011. Imvukelo yanyanzelisa umongameli wayo wangaphambili, u-Ali Abdullah Saleh, ukuba anike amandla kwisekela lakhe, u-Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi. Ukusukela ngelo xesha, iYemen ibisoloko ilwa neengxaki ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya urhwaphilizo, ukungasebenzi, ukungakhuseleki kokutya kunye nokuhlaselwa. ISaudi Arabia kunye namanye amazwe akholelwa ukuba i-Iran iyayixhasa intshukumo yeHouthi (eyaziwa ngokusesikweni njenge-Ansar Allah); ngenxa yoko, amazwe aqala iphulo lomoya elijolise ekupheliseni impembelelo yaseIran eYemen ngokoyisa iHouthis. Emva koko le mbumba yafumana inkxaso yezobuchule kunye nobukrelekrele obuvela eFransi, e-UK nase-US.

NgokweBhunga lezoKhuseleko umbiko ngoMatshi ka-2020, ubuncinci abantu abayi-7,700 babulewe, uninzi lubangelwa luqhushumbo lweenqwelomoya olukhokelwa yi-Saudi. Indawo yeNgxwabangxwaba eneSixhobo kunye neProjekthi yeDatha yoMsitho (I-ACLED) wabhala ngaphezu kwe-100,000 yokufa, kubandakanywa nabemi be-12,000 ababulawa ngohlaselo olungathanga ngqo, ukususela ngo-2015.

Kutheni kukho imfazwe eSiriya? Uqhankqalazo olunoxolo oluchasene noMongameli u-Bashar al-Assad, owangena ezihlangwini zikayise, uHafez, lwajika lwaba yimfazwe yamakhaya egcweleyo eyaphumela ekubulaweni, kwintlupheko, kwizenzo ezimanyumnyezi, ukuqhekeka koluntu, kunye nentshabalalo enkulu. Namhlanje, iSyria iye yaba yindawo yemidlalo yeqonga.

Bachaphazeleke njani abantu baseSiriya? Imfazwe yaseSyria ingaphezulu kwedabi phakathi kwabo baxhasa okanye bachase uMongameli Al-Assad. I amazwe adbeneyo ikwazile ukuqikelela amanani alandelayo, kwaye amanani okwenene anokuba phezulu kakhulu:

• Malunga ne-3.3 yezigidi zabantwana ngaphakathi eSyria bachanabeke kwiingozi eziqhumayo ezibandakanya izigcayiseli, ummiselo ongaqhushumbayo kunye nezixhobo eziphuculweyo zokudubula.
• Abantu abangaphezu kwe-1.5 yezigidi ngoku baphila nokukhubazeka okusisigxina, okunxulumene nemfazwe, kuquka nabantu abangama-86,000 abaphulukene nemilenze.
• Phakathi kwababaleki baseSyria eLebhanon naseJordani, i-80 ipesenti yokulimala isiphumo esithe ngqo semfazwe.
• Ukunqongophala kokufikelela kunyango olululo kunye nokhathalelo lwengqondo kuye kwandisa ixesha elide okanye kwanda ukwenzakala kunye neemeko zokukhubazeka phakathi kwabantwana.
• Abantwana abakhubazekileyo basemngciphekweni ophezulu wobundlobongela kwaye bajongana nobunzima bokufikelela kwiinkonzo ezisisiseko ezibandakanya impilo kunye nemfundo.
• Umngcipheko wobundlobongela, ukuxhatshazwa, impatho-gadalala kunye nokungahoywa kwabantwana abakhubazekileyo uyanda ngokusweleka okanye ukwahlukaniswa nabanonopheli.
• Iintsapho zabantwana abakhubazekileyo abakungquzulwano okanye ingxaki zidla ngokungabi nandlela okanye amandla okubonelela abantwana bazo ngezixhobo zokunceda abazidingayo.

Ukanti, amabali afanayo aphindaphindwa ehlabathini lonke. Kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokuvala zonke iziseko zomkhosi kunye nokuxhasa abantu abasweleyo.

Imfazwe ibisoloko iyeyona ngxaki inkulu eluntwini. IZizwe eziManyeneyo, ngokusebenzisa amaziko alo, kufuneka zithathe amanyathelo anzima ngakumbi ukujongana neemeko ezikhoyo kwiindawo zongquzulwano. Ngaphandle koko, inani lokufa kunye nabantu abagxothiweyo baya kuqhubeka benyuka. Uninzi lweengxabano zikwilizwe elibizwa ngokuba yi "World Third World", apho iinkqubo zophuhliso sele zifuneka ngokukhawuleza. Uxolo olungunaphakade lubonakala lungaphaya kwamandla ethu; nangona kuye kwenziwa iinzame zokuphelisa iimfazwe, impumelelo ayikaphunyezwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Imibutho efana World BEYOND War zikhona ukuzisa le njongo.

Malunga uMbhali

U-Mohammad Abunahel yintatheli yase Palestina kunye nomguquleli, okwangoku ulandela isidanga sakhe se-Master kunxibelelwano oluninzi kunye nobuntatheli kwiYunivesithi yaseTezpur e-India. Owona mdla wakhe uphambili kwinjongo yePalestina; ubhale amanqaku amaninzi malunga nokubandezeleka kwabantu basePalestine phantsi koSirayeli. Uceba ukulandela i-Ph.D. emva kokugqitywa kwesidanga se-Master.