Imfundiso yeMonroe yi-200 kwaye akufanele ifikelele kwi-201

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, UJanuwari 17, 2023

UDavid Swanson ngumbhali wencwadi entsha Imfundiso kaMonroe kwi-200 kunye nento onokuyitshintsha ngayo.

I-Monroe Doctrine yayiye kwaye iyisizathu sezenzo, ezinye zilungile, ezinye azikhathali, kodwa ubuninzi obuninzi buyinto engafanelekanga. Imfundiso kaMonroe ihleli isendaweni, zombini ngokucacileyo kwaye inxibe ngolwimi lwenoveli. Iimfundiso ezongezelelweyo zakhelwe phezu kweziseko zayo. Nanga amazwi eMfundiso kaMonroe, njengoko ekhethwe ngononophelo kwiNtetho kaMongameli uJames Monroe engoBume beManyano kwiminyaka engama-200 eyadlulayo ngomhla wesi-2 kuDisemba, 1823:

"Isi sihlandlo siye sagwetywa ngokufanelekileyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe, njengomgaqo apho amalungelo kunye nomdla wase-United States abandakanyekayo, ukuba amazwekazi aseMelika, ngemeko ekhululekile kunye nezimeleyo abayicinga kwaye bayigcina, ukususela ngoku ayisayi kuqwalaselwa. njengezifundo zokwenziwa koloniyali kwixesha elizayo ngawo nawaphi na amagunya aseYurophu. . . .

"Ngoko ke, sinetyala lokuthetha ngokuphandle kunye nobudlelwane obunobudlelwane obukhoyo phakathi kwe-United States kunye naloo magunya ukuvakalisa ukuba kufuneka siqwalasele nayiphi na imizamo yabo yokwandisa inkqubo yabo kuyo nayiphi na inxalenye yalo mhlaba njengeyingozi kuxolo nokhuseleko lwethu. . Ngamakholoni akhoyo okanye ukuxhomekeka kwawo nawaphi na amandla aseYurophu, asizange siphazamise kwaye asiyi kuphazamisa. Kodwa ngoooRhulumente abaye bavakalisa inkululeko yabo baza bayigcina, yaye ukuzimela kwabo siye savuma, ngolwazelelelo olukhulu nangemigaqo yobulungisa, besingenako ukukubona nakuphi na ukungenelela ngenjongo yokubacinezela, okanye ukulawula nangayiphi na enye indlela ikamva labo. , ngalo naliphi na igunya laseYurophu nangayiphi na enye indlela ngaphandle kokuba yimbonakaliso yokungabi nabuhlobo kwiUnited States.”

La yayingamazwi kamva abizwa ngokuba yi “Monroe Doctrine.” Baye baphakanyiswa kwintetho eyayithetha kakhulu malunga nothethathethwano olunoxolo noorhulumente baseYurophu, ngelixa bebhiyozela ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukoyisa okunogonyamelo kunye nokuhlala kwindawo le ntetho yayibiza ngokuba yimihlaba "engamiweyo" yaseMntla Merika. Akukho namnye kuloo mxholo owawumtsha. Eyona nto yayintsha yayiyingcamango yokuchasa ukwenziwa kwamathanga okubhekele phaya kumazwe aseMerika ngabantu baseYurophu ngokwesiseko sokwahlula phakathi kolawulo olubi lwezizwe zaseYurophu nolawulo olulungileyo lwamazwekazi aseMerika. Le ntetho, nangona isebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ibinzana elithi "ihlabathi eliphucukileyo" ukubhekisela kwiYurophu kunye nezo zinto zidalwe yiYurophu, ikwahlula phakathi kohlobo loorhulumente baseMerika kunye nohlobo olungathandekiyo ubuncinane kwiintlanga ezithile zaseYurophu. Umntu unokufumana apha ukhokho wemfazwe esandul’ ukupapashwa yedemokhrasi echasene noozwilakhe.

IMfundiso yokuFumana - ingcamango yokuba ilizwe laseYurophu lingabanga nawuphi na umhlaba ongekabangwa zezinye izizwe zaseYurophu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba abantu bahlala phi na - ukususela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu kunye necawa yamaKatolika. Kodwa yafakwa kumthetho wase-US ngo-1823, kwangaloo nyaka kanye njengentetho ebuhlungu kaMonroe. Yabekwa apho ngumhlobo kaMonroe wobomi bonke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US uJaji oyiNtloko uJohn Marshall. I-United States yayizicingela, mhlawumbi iyodwa ngaphandle kweYurophu, njengamalungelo afanayo okufunyanwa njengezizwe zaseYurophu. (Mhlawumbi ngokuzenzekelayo, ngoDisemba ka-2022 phantse zonke izizwe eziseMhlabeni zatyikitya isivumelwano sokubekela bucala ama-30% omhlaba nolwandle lwezilwanyana zasendle ngonyaka ka-2030. Ngaphandle: eUnited States kunye neVatican.)

Kwiintlanganiso zekhabhinethi ezikhokelela eMonroe's 1823 State of the Union, kwakukho ingxoxo eninzi yokongeza iCuba neTexas eUnited States. Ngokuqhelekileyo bekukholelwa ukuba ezi ndawo ziya kufuna ukujoyina. Oku kwakungqinelana nenkqubo eqhelekileyo yala malungu ekhabhinethi yokuxoxa ngolwandiso, kungekhona njengekoloniyalizim okanye i-impiriyalizim, kodwa njengokuchasa ukuzimela geqe. Ngokuchasa ubukoloniyali baseYurophu, nangokukholelwa ukuba nabani na okhululekileyo ukuba azikhethele ukuba abe yinxalenye yeUnited States, la madoda akwazi ukuqonda i-impiriyali njengento echasene ne-imperialism.

Sinentetho kaMonroe ukumiselwa kwengcamango yokuba "ukhuselo" lwaseUnited States lubandakanya ukukhusela izinto ezikude ne-United States ukuba urhulumente wase-US ubhengeze "inzala" ebalulekileyo. Lo mkhuba uyaqhubeka ngokucacileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo, kwaye ngokuhloniphekileyo kule usuku. I “2022 National Defence Strategy of the United States,” ukuthatha umzekelo omnye wamawaka, ibhekisa ngokungaguquguqukiyo ekukhuseleni “iminqweno” kunye “nemilinganiselo” yase-US echazwa njengekhoyo phesheya kunye nezizwe ezimanyeneyo, nanjengokwahlukileyo kwi-United States. Izizwe okanye "ilizwe lasekhaya." Le yayingeyonto intsha kraca ngeMonroe Doctrine. Ukuba bekunjalo, uMongameli uMonroe wayengenakuthetha kwintetho efanayo ukuba, "amandla aqhelekileyo agcinwe kuLwandle lweMeditera, uLwandle lwePasifiki, kunye nonxweme lweAtlantiki, kwaye lunikeze ukhuseleko oluyimfuneko kurhwebo lwethu kwezo lwandle. .” UMonroe, owayethenge i-Louisiana Purchase ku-Napoleon kaMongameli uThomas Jefferson, emva kwexesha wandisa amabango ase-US ngasentshona ukuya kwi-Pacific kwaye kwisivakalisi sokuqala se-Monroe Doctrine wayechasa ubukoloniyali baseRashiya kwinxalenye yoMntla Melika kude lee kumda osentshona eMissouri okanye e-Illinois. Umkhuba wokuphatha nantoni na ebekwe phantsi kwesihloko esingacacanga esithi "izinto ezinomdla" njengemfazwe ethethelelayo yomelezwa yi-Monroe Doctrine kwaye kamva ngeemfundiso kunye nezenzo ezakhiwe kwisiseko sayo.

Sikwanayo, kulwimi olujikeleze iMfundiso, inkcazo njengesoyikiso "kwiminqweno" yase-US yokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba "amagunya amanyeneyo kufuneka andise inkqubo yawo yezopolitiko kuyo nayiphi na indawo yelizwekazi [laseMelika]." Amagunya amanyeneyo, iManyano Engcwele, okanye uMdibaniso Omkhulu, yayiyimbumba yoorhulumente bobukhosi ePrussia, eOstriya, naseRashiya, eyayimela ilungelo elingokobuthixo lookumkani, nxamnye nedemokhrasi nehlabathi. Ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo eziya eUkraine kunye nezohlwayo ezichasene neRussia ngo-2022, egameni lokukhusela idemokhrasi kwi-autocracy yaseRussia, yinxalenye yesithethe eside nesingophulwanga sibuyela emva kwiMfundiso kaMonroe. Ukuze iUkraine ingabi yidemokhrasi kakhulu, kwaye urhulumente wase-US axhobe, aqeqeshe, kwaye axhase imikhosi yabona rhulumente bacinezelayo emhlabeni bayahambelana nohanahaniso oludlulileyo lwentetho kunye nesenzo. I-United States eyayiphethwe ngamakhoboka ngomhla kaMonroe yayingaphantsi kwedemokhrasi kuneUnited States yanamhlanje. Oorhulumente bomthonyama baseMelika abangakhankanywanga kumazwi kaMonroe, kodwa abanokukhangela phambili ekutshatyalalisweni kukwandiswa kweNtshona (abanye babo oorhulumente babeyimpembelelo enkulu ekudalweni korhulumente wase-US njengoko babenayo nantoni na eYurophu), babedla ngokuba ngaphezulu. ngokwedemokhrasi kunezizwe zaseLatin America uMonroe wayebanga ukuba uyakhusela kodwa urhulumente wase-US wayedla ngokwenza ngokuchaseneyo nokukhusela.

Ezo zixhobo zithunyelwa eUkraine, izohlwayo ezichasene neRussia, kunye nemikhosi yase-US esekwe kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ngaxeshanye, inyhasha isithethe esixhaswe kwintetho kaMonroe yokungaphumi kwiimfazwe zaseYurophu nokuba, njengoko uMonroe watshoyo, iSpain “ayinakuze yoyise. ” imikhosi echasene nedemokhrasi yaloo mini. Esi sithethe sokuzimela bodwa, sinefuthe elide kwaye siphumelele, kwaye singekapheli, asizange sipheliswe ngokungena kwe-US kwiimfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi zokuqala, ukususela ngelo xesha iziseko zomkhosi wase-US, kunye nokuqonda kukarhulumente wase-US "ngezinto ezinomdla," azizange zihambe. IYurophu. Ukanti ngo-2000, uPatrick Buchanan wabalekela umongameli wase-US kwiqonga lokuxhasa iMonroe Doctrine yokufuna ukuba yedwa kunye nokuphepha iimfazwe zangaphandle.

Imfundiso kaMonroe nayo yaqhubela phambili le mbono, isaphila kakhulu namhlanje, ukuba umongameli wase-US, kunokuba iCongress yase-US, inokugqiba ukuba i-United States iya kuya phi na emfazweni-kwaye kungeyiyo imfazwe yangoko nangoko, kodwa naliphi na inani. yeemfazwe ezizayo. Imfundiso kaMonroe, enyanisweni, ngumzekelo wokuqala wenjongo yazo zonke "ugunyaziso lokusetyenziswa komkhosi" wangaphambili wavuma naliphi na inani leemfazwe, kunye nento ethandwa kakhulu ngamajelo eendaba ase-US namhlanje "yokuzoba umgca obomvu. .” Njengoko ungquzulwano lukhula phakathi kwe-United States kunye nalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe, bekuqhelekile iminyaka ukuba amajelo eendaba ase-US anyanzelise ukuba umongameli wase-US "uzoba umgca obomvu" ubophelele i-United States emfazweni, ngokuchaseneyo kuphela nezivumelwano ezivaliweyo. ukufudumala, kwaye kungekhona kuphela ingcamango echazwe kakuhle kwintetho efanayo equlethe iMfundiso kaMonroe ukuba abantu bafanele benze isigqibo ngekhondo likarhulumente, kodwa kunye nokunikezelwa koMgaqo-siseko wamagunya emfazwe kwiCongress. Imizekelo yeemfuno kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokulandela "kwimigca ebomvu" kwimidiya yase-US ibandakanya izimvo ezithi:

• UMongameli uBarack Obama uya kusungula imfazwe enkulu eSiriya ukuba iSiriya isebenzisa izixhobo zekhemikhali,
• Umongameli uDonald Trump uya kuhlasela i-Iran ukuba i-proxies yase-Iranian ihlasele i-US,
• Umongameli uBiden uya kuhlasela ngqo iRussia ngemikhosi yase-US ukuba iRussia ihlasele ilungu le-NATO.

UDavid Swanson ngumbhali wencwadi entsha Imfundiso kaMonroe kwi-200 kunye nento onokuyitshintsha ngayo.