UMkhosi weKhathuni yeCarbon Bootprint

NguJoyce Nelson, kuJanuwari 30, 2020

ukusuka Amanzi aseSentinel

Akuthandabuzeki ukuba, kuyo yonke iplanethi, oyena msebenzisi mkhulu weefosili ezomkhosi. Zonke ezo jets zomlweli, iitanki, iinqanawa zokuhamba ngemoto, iinqwelo moya, iJeep, iihelikopta, iihugees, nee-drones zitshisa isixa esikhulu sedizili, kunye nerhasi mihla le, sisenza ikhuphe umoya omkhulu wekhabhoni. Ke unokucinga ukuba iingxoxo malunga nemozulu engxamisekileyo ziya kugxila kumkhombandlela womkhosi wekhabhoni, okanye ubuncinci ubeke phezulu kwizinto ezixhalabisayo.

Kodwa uya kuba uphosakele. Ngaphandle kwamazwi ambalwa anesizungu, umkhosi ubonakala ungabalulekanga kwingxoxo yemozulu.

Oko kwabonakala ngokucacileyo ngoDisemba ka-2019, xa ingqungquthela ye-NATO yahambelana nokuvulwa kwe-COP25 eSpain. Ingqungquthela ye-NATO igxile phantse ngokupheleleyo kwi-harangue yolawulo lukaTrump yokuba amalungu e-NATO awachithi phantse kwanele kwizixhobo zasemkhosini. Okwangoku, i-COP25 igxile “kwiimarike zekhabhoni” kunye nezizwe eziwela emva ekuzibopheleleni kwabo kwi-2015 Paris Accord.

Ezo "silos" zimbini zifanele ukuba zidityaniswe ukubonisa isimo esingaqiqiyo esisebenza emva kokubini: ukuba ngandlela thile imeko yemozulu inokuthi ihlangane ngaphandle kokudambisa umkhosi. Kodwa njengoko siza kubona, le ngxoxo ayinqatshelwe ngamanqanaba aphezulu.

Inkcitho kwezomkhosi waseKhanada

Olo khuphiswano olufanayo lwabonakala ngexesha lonyulo lomanyano lwaseKhanada lowama-2019, esaye saxelelwa ngalo lonke ixesha malunga nemozulu. Kodwa ngalo lonke eli phulo, ngokokufikelela kwam, akukho nto ikhankanyiweyo yokuba urhulumente waseTrudeau Liberal uthembise ukukhupha imali ezibhiliyoni ezingama-62 zeedola “kwinkxaso mali entsha” emkhosini, ukonyusa inkcitho yemikhosi yaseCanada ngaphezulu kweebhiliyoni ezingama-553 zeedola. Kule minyaka ingama-20 izayo. Le nkxaso-mali intsha ibandakanya iidola ezingama-30 ezigidi zeedola ezingama-88 zomkhosi omtsha wokulwa kunye nemfazwe entsha eyi-15 ngo-2027.

Iibhidi zokwakha abo balwa ngama-jet amatsha ama-jet kufuneka angeniswe ngu-Spring 88, kunye no-Boeing, Lockheed Martin, kunye no-Saab kukhuphiswano olubi lweekhontrakthi zase Canada.

Okubangela umdla kukuba, Iindaba zePostmedia ziye umbiko ezona zinto ziphambili zokhuphiswano, i-jeing's Super Hornet jet fitness "ixabisa malunga ne- $ 18,000 [i-USD] ngeyure ukusebenza xa kuthelekiswa ne- [Lockheed Martin] F-35 exabisa i- $ 44,000 ngeyure.

Abafundi abangahlali becinga ukuba abaqhubi bezomkhosi bahlawulwa kwii-CEO zamanqanaba emivuzo, kubalulekile ukuba ichaze ukuba zonke izixhobo zasemkhosini ziyothusa-ipetroli, zinegalelo kwezo ndleko ziphakamileyo zokusebenzisa. INeta Crawford yaseBoston University, umbhali-mbhali wengxelo ka-2019 enesihloko I-Pentagon Fuel Use, Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye neNdleko zeMfazwe, uqaphele ukuba ijetshi zomlozi azinaxabiso elaneleyo kangangokuba ukusetyenziswa komlilo kulinganiswa "iilitha ngeemayile" hayi kumgama ngeilitha nganye, "ke ngoko, ngokutsho kukaForbes, itanki elinjengeM1. UAbram ufumana malunga ne-0.6 yeekhilomitha ngegrem nganye.

Ukusetyenziswa koMafutha kwePentagon

Ngokutsho Iindleko zeMfazwe Ingxelo evela kwiWatson Institute kwiYunivesithi yaseBrown, iSebe lezoKhuselo lase-US "lelona lungelo likhulu lomsebenzisi" wezinto zokugcwala emhlabeni, kwaye "ungoyena mvelisi mkhulu wegesi yegreenhouse (GHG) emhlabeni." Uphononongo olufanayo lowe-2019 olukhutshwe nguOliver Belcher, uBenjamin Neimark, kunye noPatrick Bigger abavela eDurham naseLancaster University, babizwa Iindleko ezifihliweyo zeCarbon ze-'Mfazwe Yonke indawo '. Zombini iingxelo ziphawule ukuba "inqwelo-moya esele ikhona kunye neenqwelomoya [] zivalela amajoni aseMelika kwi-hydrocarbon kwiminyaka ezayo." Kunokuthethwa okufanayo nangakwamanye amazwe (njengeCanada) abathenga izixhobo zomkhosi.

Zombini ezi ngxelo zithi ngonyaka ka-2017 kuphela, umkhosi wase-US uthenge i-barrel yeoyile engama-269,230 ngosuku kwaye uchithe ngaphezulu kweedola ezisisi-8.6 samawaka ezigidi kumafutha omkhosi womkhosi, emkhosini, emkhosini, nasemanzini. Kodwa la manani angama-269,230 bpd kuphela asetyenziswayo "ekusebenziseni" ipetroli - uqeqesho, ukusebenzisa, kunye nokugcina izixhobo zekhompyutha - eyiipesenti ezingama-70 isetyenziselwa ipetroli. Eli nani alibandakanyi ukusetyenziswa “kweziko” lokusetyenziswa kwezibaso - iifosili ezisetyenziselwa ukugcina iziseko zasemkhosini zase-US kunye nezangaphandle, ezithi zibengaphezulu kwe-1,000 30 kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye zenza i-XNUMX% yokusetyenziswa kwamafutha omkhosi e-US.

Njengoko uGar Smith Smith, umhleli ovelayo kwiJenali yeHlabathi yeHlabathi, umbiko Ngo-2016, "iPentagon ivumile ukutshisa imiphanda ye-350,000 yeoyile ngosuku (amazwe angama-35 kuphela emhlabeni jikelele asebenzisa ngaphezulu)."

Elephant kwigumbi

Kwisiqwenga esimangalisayo, I-Pentagon: Elevica,, eyaqala yapapashwa liziko i-International Action Centre kunye nophando lwehlabathi, uSara Flounders wabhala ngo-2014 esithi: "Kukho indlovu kwingxoxo yemozulu engafuneki ukuba ixoxwe okanye ibonwe." Le ndlovu yinto yokuba "iPentagon ine ukukhululwa kwengubo kuzo zonke izivumelwano zelizwe jikelele. Ukusukela kwi [COP4] I-Kyoto Protocol yothethwano ngo-1998, ngeenzame zokufumana ukuthotyelwa kwe-US, yonke imisebenzi yasemkhosini e-US kwihlabathi liphela kunye nase-US ayibikho kumlinganiso okanye kwizivumelwano zokuncitshiswa [kwe-GHG]. "

Kolu thethathethwano lwe-1997-1998 lwe-COP4, iPentagon inyanzelise eli "zokhuseleko lukazwelonke," ilinika ukhululo ekunciphiseni - okanye nasekuxeleni - kukhuphe igesi yalo greenhouse. Ngapha koko, umkhosi wase-US wanyanzela ngo-1998 ukuba kuzo zonke iingxoxo ezisesikweni malunga nemozulu, iindwendwe ziye zithintelwe ekuxoxeni ngomboniso wekhabhoni yomkhosi. Nokuba bafuna ukuxoxa malunga noko, abanakukwenza.

NgokukaFlounders, ukhululo lokhuseleko lukazwelonke lubandakanya "yonke imisebenzi yezizwe ngezizwe njenge-United States eyalelwe yi-NATO yomkhosi wezomkhosi kunye ne-AFROM [I-United States Africa Command], umbutho wamasosha aseMelika ngoku awunanto yakwenza ne-Afrika."

Ngelishwa, i-US phantsi kukaGeorge W. Bush emva koko wala ukuyityikitya i-Kyoto Protocol. I-Canada ilandele i-suit, ukurhoxa kwi-Kyoto ngo-2011.

Iindleko zeMfazwe Umbhali uNeta Crawford unikeze enye ingcaciso malunga nokuxolelwa emkhosini. Kudliwanondlebe lukaJulayi ngo-2019, uCrawford wathi ukhuseleko lukazwelonke “luyekelela ngokukodwa ipetroli kunye nezinto ezenziwa emkhosini emfazweni ekubeni zibalwe njengenxalenye yokukhutshwa okukodwa kwe [GHG]. Ilizwe ngalinye. Akukho lizwe lifunwayo ukuba lixele ezo zinto zikhutshwayo [emkhosini]. Ke ayihlukile [e-US] ngaloo ndlela. ”

Ke ngo-1998, i-US yafumana ukhululo kuwo onke umkhosi weenkozo ekubeni zichaze, okanye zinqumle, ukuphuma kwekhabhoni. Eli lungelo lemfazwe kunye nomkhosi (Ngokwenene, wonke umkhosi-wezomzi-mveliso) usinde kakhulu kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo, nkqu nangabaphembeleli bemozulu.

Ngokwazi kwam, akukho mntu uthethathethwano ngemozulu okanye kwezopolitiko okanye umbutho omkhulu weGreen Green okhe wakhwaza impempe okanye wakhankanya ukukhululwa komkhosi kumajelo eendaba - "ikhonkco lokuthula" liyadideka.

Ngapha koko, ngokutsho komphandi waseKhanada uTamara Lorincz, obhale iphepha lokusebenzela eliyi-2014 elinesihloko Ukucekiswa kobunzulu beDenarbonization kwiZiko loxolo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe laseSwitzerland, ngo-1997 "emva koko-I-US-Mongameli u-Al Gore wajoyina iqela laseMelika kwiKyoto," wakwazi ukukhusela umkhosi.

Eyona nto iphazamisayo ngakumbi, ngo-2019 i-op-ed ukwenzela i Ukuhlaziywa kweeNcwadi eNew York, Itshantliziyo lezimo zemozulu uBill McKibben ukhusele ikhomputha yomkhosi, esithi "ukusebenzisa amandla ePentagon kufutshane noluntu," kwaye ukuba "umkhosi ubusenza umsebenzi ongenguwo owonqenayo wokuwisa phantsi ukuphuma kwalo. . "

Kwiintlanganiso ze-COP21 ezikhokelele kwisivumelwano seMozulu seParis ye-2015, kwenziwa isigqibo sokuvumela ilizwe ngalinye ukuba lichaze ukuba ngawaphi amacandelo esizwe afanele ukukhupha ukuphuma ngaphambi kowama-2030. Ngokucacileyo, uninzi lwamazwe luthathe isigqibo sokuba kukhululwe emkhosini (ngakumbi “ukusebenza” "Ukusebenzisa ipetroli) kufuneka kugcinwe.

ECanada, umzekelo, kungekudala emva konyulo lwakutshanje, The Iglobhu kunye neposi umbiko Urhulumente omncinci we-Liberal wanyula amasebe asixhenxe azakudlala indima "ezinkulu" ekususeni ukuphuma kwekhabhoni: Ezemali, Imicimbi yeHlabathi, uPhuculo, isayensi kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, indalo esingqongileyo, imithombo yolawulo lwendalo, imicimbi yamasebe kaRhulumente kunye nezobulungisa. Indawo engekhoyo liSebe lezoKhuselo lweLizwe (i-DND). Kwiwebhusayithi yakhe, i-DND ithumela "imizamo yokufikelela okanye yokugqitha" ekujolise kokukhuphisana, kodwa iqaphela ukuba ezo nzame "azibandakanyi fleets zomkhosi" - okt izixhobo zomkhosi ezitshisa ipetroli.

Ngo-Novemba ka-2019, uMdibaniso woHlahlo-lwabiwo mali lweGreen- obunjwe zii-NGOs ezingama-22 ezikhokelayo zaseKhanada-yayikhulula Iingcebiso zokusika ikhabhoni zamasebe angama-2020, kodwa khange zikhankanye nakuphi na ukuphuma komkhosi kwi-GHG okanye kwi-DND ngokwayo. Ngenxa yoko, ibutho lezomkhosi / utshintsho lwemozulu “iyaqhubeka.” Iyaqhubeka.

Icandelo 526

Ngo-2010, umhlalutyi wezomkhosi uNick Turse waxela ukuba iSebe lezoKhuselo laseMelika (i-DOD) lifumana amabhaso amawaka ezigidi zeedola kwizivumelwano zamandla nyaka ngamnye, uninzi lwemali yokuthenga ipetroli. Ezo zikhontrakthi ze-DOD (ezixabisa ngaphezulu kweedola ezili-16 zeedola ngo-2009) ziya ikakhulu kubathengisi bepetroleum abanjengeShell, ExxonMobil, Valero, neBP (iinkampani ezibizwe nguTurse).

Zonke ezine kwezi nkampani kwaye zazibandakanyeka ekukhutsheni i-sand sands kunye nokucocwa.

Ngo-2007, abezomthetho baseMelika babephikisana ngomthetho omtsha wezokhuseleko lwe-US kunye ne-Independent Act. Abanye abenzi bemigaqo-nkqubo abanenkxalabo malunga notshintsho lwemozulu, ekhokelwa ngu-Democratic Waxman ongumongameli weDemokhrasi, bakwazile ukufaka icandelo elibizwa ngokuba liCandelo 526, nto leyo eyenze ukuba akukho semthethweni kumasebe orhulumente wase-US ukuba bathenge ipetroli neefosili ezinendawo enkulu yecarbon.

Ngenxa yokuba i-DOD lelona sebe likhulu likarhulumente lithenga i-fossil fuels, iCandelo 526 lacaciswa ngokucacileyo kwi-DOD. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba ukuveliswa, ukucocwa, kunye nokutsha kwamasanti amdaka ase-Alberta ukukhupha okungenani i-23% ngaphezulu kwe-GHG ekhutshwa kwioyile eqhelekileyo, iCandelo 526 lalibhekiswa ngokucacileyo nakwitrey sands crude (kunye nezinye ioyile ezinzima).

U-Waxman wabhala: "Eli lungiselelo, liqinisekisa ukuba iiarhente zombutho azichithi iidola zerhafu kwimithombo emitsha ezizakubangela ubushushu behlabathi."

Ngandlela-thile, iCandelo 526 lagqogqwa yindawo yokugcina ioyile enamandla eWashington kwaye yaba ngumthetho e-US ngo-2007, okwenza ukuba i-embassy yaseCanada ibhabhe esenzweni.

As I Tyee'nguGeoff Dembicki wabhala Emva kweminyaka (ngo-Matshi 15, 2011), "Abameli baseCanada ngo-Febuwari ngo-2008 babhengeze amalungiselelo kwi-American Petroleum Institute, ExxonMobil, BP, DRM, Marathon, Devon, nase-Encana, ii-imeyile zangaphakathi zityhila."

Iziko laseAmerican Petroleum lenze icandelo lama-526 “iqela labasebenzi” eliye lahlangana nabasebenzi baseKhanada nabameli base-Alberta, ngelixa inxusa laseCanada e-US ngelo xesha, uMichael Wilson “wabhalela uNobhala Wezomkhosi wase-US ngaloo nyanga, esithi i-Canada ayizange Ndifuna ukubona iCandelo lama-526 lisetyenziswa kwi-fossil fuels eveliswa kwisanti ye-Alberta, ”utshilo uDembicki.

Ngaba ileta kaWilson ibingumzamo wokusindisa izivumelwano zephunga lesivumelwano esikhulu esikhutshwe yi-DOD kwiinkampani (ezinje ngeShell, i-ExxonMobil, iValero, ne-BP) ezazibandakanyeka kwisanti yetax?

Umsebenzi wokubambela ngamandla usebenze. I-arhente yokuthengwa kwempahla ye-DOD yenkululeko, i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lwezoKhuselo-Amandla, iyala ukuvumela iCandelo lama-526 ukuba lisebenze, okanye litshintshe, iindlela zokuthengwa kwempahla, lize emva kwexesha lihambisane nomceli-mngeni ofanayo weCandelo 526 elinyuswe ngamaqela okusingqongileyo e-US.

Ngo-2013, u-Tom Corcoran, umlawuli olawulayo we-Washington-based Centre for North American Energy Security, uxelele Iglobhu kunye neposi Ngo-2013, "ndingathi luphumelele olukhulu abavelisi beesanti zaseOnan Canada kuba banikezela ngesixa esikhulu seoyile eqholiweyo neguqulweyo iye kwimveliso yeSebe lezoKhuselo."

'Ukucinga Kakhulu'

NgoNovemba ka-2019, owayesakuba ngumongameli wase-US uJimmy Carter wabhala engenabuntu i-op-ed kuba Ixesha lexesha, besithi "ukuxhobisa abaseTyhini kunye namantombazana" kunganceda ukusombulula ingxaki yemozulu. Ucacisile ukuba imeko yexesha likaxakeka inokubanzima, kwaye lixesha elifutshane kakhulu, kangangokuba kufuneka siyeke "ukunqenqeka kwinqanaba lomzi mveliso wamandla wehlabathi" endaweni yoko "cinga makhulu, senze ngokukhawuleza, kubandakanya wonke umntu."

Kodwa uCarter akazange akhe akhankanye emkhosini, ekubonakala ukuba awubandakanywa kwinkcazo yakhe "wonke umntu."

Ngaphandle kokuba siqala "ukucinga ukuba bakhulu" kwaye sisebenzele ukukhulula umatshini wemfazwe (kunye ne-NATO), likho ithemba elincinci. Ngelixa thina sonke sizama ukutshintshela kwikamva lebhabhile ephantsi, emkhosini une-cartan blanche yokutshisa onke amalahle e-fossil ayifunayo kwizixhobo zayo zokugcina imfazwe engapheli-imeko ekhoyo ikakhulu kuba uninzi lwabantu alwazi nto ngomkhosi. ukuxolelwa ekukhutshweni kwemo yezulu kunye nokusika.

Umbhali ophumelele ibhaso uJoyce Nelson kwincwadi yamva nje, I-Dyypopia eqhekezayo, ipapashwa ziincwadi zamanzi i-Watershed Sentinel.