NguNicolas JS Davies, uJanuwari 3, 2019
ukusuka I-Antiwar.org
Ubaba wayengumgqirha waseBrithani Royal Navy, kwaye ndakhula ngendwendwe phakathi kwamagumbi okugqibela eBukhosi baseBrithani - iTrincomalee, Gibraltar, eHong Kong, eMalta, e-Aden, eSingapore - kwaye ndihlala kunye nakwii-hock ENgilani naseScotland.
Iziseko zaseNtshonalanga zaseBrithani apho ndakhula khona kwaye ubukhosi obunayo obuye bawaxhasa ngoku bendiyinxalenye yembali. Dockyard yeChatham. i-dockyard esebenzayo kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-400, ngoku i-museum kunye nesikhenketho. I-Trincomalee Dockyard, apho ndazalelwa khona, uye kwiindaba ezifana nesayithi apho iSri Lankan Navy ixholwa ukuhlambalaza nokunyamalala iziboshwa zaseTamil ngexesha lemfazwe yaseSri Lankan.
Ukususela ekupheleni kwe-1970s, ndihlala eCalifornia naseFlorida, ndijongana nokuphikisana kolawulo lwase-US njengabanye baseMelika. I-US ayinalo ubukumkani obunikwe umhlaba wonke njengamaBrithani okanye ama-Ottoman. Abapolitiki baseMerika bahlala bephika ukuba i-United States igcina okanye ifuna umbuso, njengoko ifuna ukuba iinjongo zayo ziqhutywe kuwo wonke umhlaba, kwaye njengoko imigaqo yayo ithintela ubomi - kwaye isongela abantu bexesha elizayo.
Ngoko siyiqonda njani le ngongoma ye-US empire, eyona nto iphambili kuyo yonke impilo yethu kunye nekamva lethu, kodwa ke isakhiwo sayo sihlala sifihliwe kwaye sihlaselwe?
In Ama-ethnographies e-US Empire, Ulungelelaniswe nguCarol McGranahan weYunivesithi yaseColorado kunye noJohn F. Collins weCUNY, aba-anthropologists abangamashumi amabini anesine bafunda amaqela abantu abaphila ngobomi bombuso wase-US kunye nokusebenzisana kwabo. Izifundo zabo zivela kwizizwe zaseMelika naseHawaii ukubiza abasebenzi baseziko lasePhilippines abantu abathunjiweyo Diego Garcia.
Uninzi lwabantu abathintekayo lubonakalisa ukuphikisana kolawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe asekuhlaleni koluntu apho phantse amazwe onke ahlonishwa ngamazwe njengezimeleyo kunye nolawulo.
Ubukhosi obomeleleyo
Ukungena kokugqibela kuyo I-Etnhographies yase-US Empire fi kelele kuhlalutyo olunzulu lweendlela ezizimeleyo kunye eziyinkimbinkimbi zongamo lwamoya ngokusebenzisa izizwe ezizimeleyo ngokwasemthethweni kunye nabemi bawo nokho bawela phantsi kolawulo lwongamela ubukhosi baseMelika.
Esi sahluko, "Ukusuka kwiNgaphandle ukuya kuBukhosi: Ubukhosi, Ukujikeleza kweCarceral kunye neMfazwe yehlabathi kwiSibetho, ”NguDarryl Li, unjingalwazi we-anthropology kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago, ulandela iqela lamadoda eza eBosnia Hercegovina evela kumazwe amaninzi ama-Arabhu ukuza kulwa kwicala lamaSilamsi aseBosnia Imfazwe yenkxaso yommeli wase-US ukuphula iYugoslavia kwi-1990s.
Ngo-2001, abaninzi bala madoda ase-660 benze amakhaya amatsha eBosnia. Abaninzi babetshatile abafazi baseBosnia kwaye banemindeni yaseBosnia. Bonke babanikezwe ngabemi boBosnia ngokuqaphela indima yabo kwilizwe labo elizimeleyo. Kodwa emva kobugebengu bukaSeptemba 11th 2001, urhulumente waseUnited States wabona ezi zangaphambili mujahideen Njengento enobungozi bemvelo, kwaye wanyanzelisa ukuba kufuneka "basasazwe" kwaye "babuyiselwe kwilizwe labo."
Ekuqaleni, oku kwenziwa ngenkqubo yokugweba "gu qulelo, ”Kodwa emva ko-2005 yamiselwa kwiKhomishini kaRhulumente enamalungu alithoba (eyayiquka igosa lomkhosi wase-US kunye negosa laseBritani lezokufika) ukuze kuhluthwe abantu ubumi baseBosnia; i "Isiko soMkelo soMngxoworha ongaqhelekanga,”Intolongo eyakhiwe ngeendleko ze-European Union emaphethelweni enkampu yeembacu yamaSerbia aseBosnia eLukavica ngaphandle kweSarajevo; kunye "neNkonzo yabemi bamanye amazwe" phantsi kweSebe lezoKhuseleko laseBosnia, iququzelelwe, yaqeqeshwa yaxhotyiswa ngabacebisi baseMelika ngendleko yomrhafi wase-US, yokuqhuba intolongo kunye nokugxotha.
UDarryl Li watyelela, wafunda kwaye wahlala enxibelelana namanye ala madoda kunye neentsapho zawo zaseBosnia iminyaka eliqela. Uqwalasele indlela, ngelixa i-US ibisenza ulawulo oluphezulu kula madoda nakwikamva labo, indima yase-US ifihliwe ngononophelo ngasemva kwaye yasebenza ngokuzimela ngokusesikweni kweBosnia Hercegovina; kwanendlela isiphelo samaqela amadoda ezizwe ezahlukileyo ezazilawulwa ngayo bubudlelwane bobukhosi base-US namazwe awahlukeneyo awayevela kuwo kunye nalapho babenokubuyiselwa khona.
Amadoda amaninzi aseYiputa ayabuyiselwa eYiputa, isihlobo esithembekileyo sase-United States, apho baboshwa khona, bahlushwa, kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, balala, ngokutsho kweentsapho zabo zaseBosnia. Ngokwahlukileyo, amadoda amathandathu aseAlgeria ahanjiswa kwinkampu yoxinaniso yase-US e-Guantanamo Bay eCuba. Baye bavalelwa apho bade baphumelele ityala elingummiselo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US eyabavumela ukuba bayigwebe habeas corpus kwiinkundla zase-US, kwaye ekugqibeleni zakhishwa kwi-2009, 2010 kunye ne-2013.
Indoda yaseSiriya-yaseBosnia egama linguAbraham Hamza yaba ide facto inkokeli yokuchasana nokutshatyalaliswa nokuthunjwa. Wa valelwa Iminyaka ye-7-1 / 2 kwintolongo yaseLukavica, ngexesha elininzi apho ama-US kunye nabadibaniselwano bayo balwa negazi kodwa bengaphumeleli umkhosi wokulwa ukuze bafake urhulumente obuninzi kwilizwe lakhe. Ekugqibeleni wagqitywa kwi-2016 ukuba aphinde abuyele kwintsapho yakhe yaseBosnia.
Xa uDarryl Li waqala ukutyelela u-Abu Hamza entolongweni yaseLukavica e-2009, wayegqoke i-orange jalabiya kunye nekepusi yebaseball, awayebhale kuyo amagama athi "BOSNATANAMO." Wayezenzele le yunifomu ukuqaqambisa ukufana phakathi kwengxaki yamabanjwa aseLukavica naseGuantanamo.
Amaflegi ajikeleza isango lokulinda ejele laseLukavica yayingabaseBosnia kunye neYurophu, kwaye i-US yayibandakanyeka ngokusemthethweni entolongweni yamadoda apho kuphela ngeendlela zokudibanisa, ukuxhasa ngemali kunye nokuncediswa ngabaqeqeshi nabacebisi baseMerika. Nangona kunjalo ubukhosi baseMelika beyiyo amandla agqityiweyo emva kobukho bobukhobo kunye nakho konke okwenzekayo apho.
UDarryl Li uthelekisa iintsikelelo zamadoda aseBosnia kunye nezinye iziganeko zokuvalelwa kwe-9 / 11 e-US, kwaye wafumana iphethane efanayo kuwo onke ama-US. gulag, apho iintlawulo zabantu abavela kumazwe athile baxhomekeke kakhulu kwiimeko zobudlelwane bobukhosi base-US kunye namazwe abandakanyekayo.
Ngokomzekelo, amadoda amane aseBrithani aboshwe ePakistan kwaye bathumela eGuantanamo babephakathi kwamabanjwa okuqala ukuba akhululwe aze abuyiselwe ekhaya, aze abuyele ekhaya ubomi obuqhelekileyo e-UK Ngokwahlukileyo, u-Li wadibana nendoda yase-Palestina e-Gaza ngo-2007 "owabuyiselwa kwilizwe lakowabo" nangona engazange wahlala apho ngaphambili Wazalelwa eJordani kwaye wakhulela eSaudi Arabia nasePakistan, apho wabanjwa khona wanikezelwa kwimikhosi yase-US. Emva kweminyaka eliqela ejele lase-US nase-CIA, ikakhulu e-Afghanistan, wabuyiselwa eJordani, wanikezelwa kwa-Israyeli wagxothelwa eGaza.
Kuzo zonke iziganeko, uLi wabona indlela umbuso wase-US wagcinwa ngayo ulawulo lwongqongqo kunye nolawulo oluphezulu phezu kwabantu kunye namazwe abandakanyekayo, kungekhona ngokungawuthobeli ngokupheleleyo ulawulo lwamaBosnia, iYiputa, i-UK nakwamanye amazwe, kodwa ngokukhetha nangokuzikhethela amandla ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zabo zezopolitiko kunye nezomthetho ezizimeleyo kunye neenkcukacha zobudlelwane babo kunye nabo.
Uphando lukaDarryl Li luveze inkqubo yelizwe lonke lolawulo lwendalo, apho ubomi babantu buphantsi kolawulo lwangama-kingdom lobukhosi baseMelika kunye nolawulo lwamazwe abo.
Ubukhosi, kungekhona.
Inkampu yoxinaniso yase-United States e-Guantanamo eCuba ibonwa njengeyona nto ecacileyo kwi-US nemithetho yomhlaba jikelele. UDarryl Li uqaphele ukuba amabanjwa awayena kuphela amaMerika kunye nabangewona amaCubans abahlala eGuantanamo, enabasebenzi abasebenzisa i-janitors, abapheki kunye nabanye abasebenzi, ikakhulukazi abavela eJamaica nasePhilippines. Njengamabanjwa kunye nabalindi baseMerika, aba basebenzi baphila phantsi kolawulo lwendalo oluseMelika.
"Bobabini amabanjwa esizwe esizwe kunye nabasebenzi kwi-GTMO babelana ngobunzima bokuhlala kwindawo phakathi kwezomthetho zokukhusela oorhulumente babo, urhulumente wengingqi kunye ne-hegemon yase-US," utshilo uLi.
UDarryl Li uqukumbele ukuba esi sikhokelo solawulo oluzinzileyo, apho abantu bahlala phantsi kolawulo lwalo lonke ilizwe labo kunye nelobukhosi baseMelika, aluyikho into ekhethekileyo, kodwa ngumgangatho wobomi kwimpuso yase-US. Ngoko ukuxhatshazwa kwabasebenzi kunye namabanjwa aseGuantanamo ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wendlela ulawulo lwase-US olusebenza ngayo, kungekhona nje ngaphandle kwalo.
Ezinye iziganeko ezibonakalayo eziqhelekileyo zingaqondwa kangcono njengemizekelo yale nkqubo yekhompyutheni ekhoyo.
News Consortium lilandele ngokulandelelana kwaye lixela ngokuxhomekeka kwe-Julian Assange kweso sikhundla se-Ecuadorian eLondon. Kwimeko yeJulian, amandla ase-US aseburhulumenteni asebenze ngethungelwano lweendawo ezine ezizimeleyo kodwa ezizimeleyo -Australia, eSweden, eUnited Kingdom nase-Ecuador - ukumbamba naye eLondon iminyaka engaphezu kweyesithandathu kwaye amthinte ukuba aphinde avule inkululeko. Kwaye kungekudala kungaphumelela ekumnikeleni kwi-US kwiikhonkco.
Ukuba oko kwenzeka ntoni kuYulian, ikusasa lakhe aliyi kuhluka ngokubanzi nakwabantu abanobukrekrele bokuchasa iindawo ezisemthethweni, ezikummandla wexesha elidlulileyo. I-Saudis yanqoba ininzi yeArabia ngasekupheleni kwe18 yekhulu leminyaka, kodwa inkokheli yabo Abdullah bin Saud yahlulwa, yatyathwa, yenziwa ngamaketanga e-Istanbul kwaye yaxutywa ngamakhanda ngomyalelo we-Ottoman Sultan kwi-1818.
Kuze kube ngu-1830, iBritish Royal Navy yazisa abaxhamli, abagqirha kunye namaqhinga abanjwe kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kwilizwe elibuyela eLondon ukuba baxhonywe (ngokukhawuleza, kwimeko yeengcingo) Dock Execution kwiThames. Izidumbu ezigqithisileyo ziza kugutywa kwi-tar kwaye ziboshwe ngamaketanga avela kwi-gibbet kumlambo njengelumkiso ngokumelene nobuqhetseba kubanqwelisi kwiinqanawa ezidlula.
Ukuba nantoni na iyakusindisa uJulian Assange ukusuka Inkcazo yekhulu le-21 yexesha labo ezandleni zamandla omkhosi wamhlanje, ubukhosi bobukhosi bobukhosi kunye nobukhulu bamagosa ase-US ukuba ukubonakaliswa kwe-naked of power emperial kuya kunika umdlalo wabo kude.
Kodwa ukwesaba ukutyhila ubuqhetseba kunye nobugebengu obunqabile kunqabile ukungabikho umbuso wase-US. Ukususela kwi-2001, i-US ikulungele ngakumbi kunanini ngaphambili ukuhlaselwa okanye ukuhlasela amanye amazwe ngokuthanda, ngokungaboni umyalelo we-US okanye wamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nokubamba okanye ukukhupha abantu abavela kwihlabathi lonke ukuba babhekane nokubuyiswa kwamakhosi kwiintolongo zase-US kunye neenkundla.
Isikhulu esiphezulu se-Huawei uMeng Wanzhou, ngoku uvalelwe eCanada, ngumntu osandul 'utshaba waseMelika. Ubuncinane i-26 US namabhanki angaphandle ziye zahlawula iifizi zeebhiliyoni zeedola ngenxa yokuphula izigwebo zase-Iran kwi-Iran, kodwa akukho namnye wabaphathi bawo abanjwe kwaye usongelwa nge-30 iminyaka entolongweni. Ekuqaliseni imfazwe yezohwebo kunye neChina, inselele inkokheli yaseTshayina ukuthengisa kunye ne-Iran kunye nokugcina iMeng Wanzhou njengengxowankulu okanye i-bargaining chip kule mibambano, i-US ibonisa ukuzimisela kokumisela ukuqhubeka nokwandisa iinjongo zayo zobukhosi.
Kwimeko Umnxeba we-NSA u-Edward Snowden ibonisa ukuba kukho imida eya kummandla waseMelika. Ngokusinda okokuqala ukuya eHong Kong waza waya eRussia, u-Edward waphuma ekuthinjweni okanye ekukhutsheni. Kodwa ukunyuka kwakhe okuncinci kunye nokukhetha okuncinci kunokwenzeka kuye ngokwakhe ngumzekeliso wendlela ezimbalwa indawo ezihlala emhlabeni zihlala zikhuselekileyo zingaphaya kwamandla aseMelika.
Ukuphela koBukhosi
Iimpembelelo ezonakalisayo kunye neempembelelo zombuso wase-US kwintlamandla yezinye iindawo ziye zacaca kubaxhasi babo ixesha elide.
Kwingeniso kwincwadi yakhe ye-1965, I-Neo-Colonialism: iSigaba sokugqibela se-Imperialism, UMongameli Kwame Nkrumah waseGhana ubhale wathi, “Undoqo wobukoloniyalizim obutsha ke kukuba uRhulumente ophantsi kolawulo lwakhe, uzimele geqe, kwaye unazo zonke izinto ezingaphandle zolawulo lwelizwe. Ngokwenyani inkqubo yayo yezoqoqosho kwaye ngenxa yoko umgaqo-nkqubo wayo wezopolitiko ulawulwa ngaphandle. ”
UDarryl Li ucaphule isigwebo sikaNkrumah esithi le, “… lolona hlobo lubalaseleyo lwama impiriyali. Kwabo bayenzayo, kuthetha amandla ngaphandle koxanduva, kwaye kwabo baphethwe yiyo, kuthetha ukuxhaphaza ngaphandle kokulungiswa. ”
I-Nkrumah yachithwa kwinqanaba lomkhosi yenziwa nguCIA Kunyaka emva kokupapashwa kwamazwi akhe, kodwa ugxeko-ncomo luhlala lukhona, ebuza imibuzo enzulu, "Kuza kude kube nini umhlaba uyinyamezela le ndlela yokungakhathali?" Okanye, “Siza kuvumela eli 'nqanaba lokugqibela lama impiriyali' ukuba libe lelokugqibela kwimpucuko yethu?”
Indlela ephethe ubukhosi base-US isebenzisa amandla ngokweenkcazo ezizimeleyo zimbini amandla kunye nobuthathaka. Ngethuba elincinane kwimbali, lenze i-US ukuba isebenzise amandla omkhosi kwilizwe elithile emva kwe-colonial, njengoko iNkrumah ichazwe.
Kodwa uNkrumah wayenesizathu esihle sokubiza le nqanaba lokugqibela lempiriyali. Emva kokuba amazwe ase-United States athatyathwa kwiintlanga zigqiba ukufaka ibango ngokugcwele inkululeko engumthetho abayifumene kwi-20th inkulungwane, kwaye bayenqwenela iinjongo zobukumkani zase-United States zokubamba izikhundla zokulawula nokuxhaphaza amaziko abo, abantu babo kunye nekamva labo, lo mbuso awukwazi ukubambelela ngokusisigxina ngaphaya kwamaBrithani okanye ama-Ottoman Empire.
Lo mbuso ongenakuziphendulela uchithe izixhobo zethu kunye nezinye iintlanga, kwaye zavelisa izingozi ezikhoyo ezisongela ihlabathi lonke, ukusuka kwimfazwe yenyukliya ukuya kwintlekeleko yendalo. I-Bulletin ye-Atomic Scientists iye yaqhubela phambili izandla zayo IDock Day Clock ukusuka kwi-17 imizuzu ukuya phakathi kobusuku kwi-1994 ukuya kwi-2 imizuzu ukuya phakathi kobusuku kwi-2018.
Inkqubo yase-US "yolawulo lwentando yesininzi" okanye "I-totalitarianism"kugxila kubutyebi obukhulayo namandla ezandleni zedidi elilawulayo elikhohlakeleyo, ngokuya ngokubeka abantu baseMelika kwinto enye "yokuxhaphaza ngaphandle kokulungisa" njengezinto zangaphandle zobukhosi baseMelika nokusithintela ekulweni iingxaki ezinzulu okanye ezinokubakho.
Le ngqungquthela yokuqinisa isicaka esichukumisayo isisongela sonke, ubuncinci bethu basiphila entliziyweni yale ndawo yonakalisiweyo kwaye ekugqibeleni yonakalisa ubukhosi. Ngoko thina baseMerika siba nomdla obalulekileyo kulo lonke ihlabathi ngokutshabalalisa umbuso wase-US kwaye siqala ukusebenza kunye nabo bonke abamelwane bethu ukwakha ikusasa elinoxolo, elifanelekileyo kunye elizinzileyo emva kokuba sonke sinawo.
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UNicolas JS Davies ngumbhali weGazi Ezandleni Zethu: Uhlaselo lwaseMelika kunye nokutshabalalisa i-Iraq. Ngumphandi we CODEPINK kunye nomlobi ozimelayo umsebenzi wakhe ushicilelwe uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto ezizimeleyo, ezingabambanga.
