nguSarah Alcantara, uHarel Umas-as & Chrystel Manilag, World BEYOND War, Matshi 20, 2022
INkcubeko yeMilitarism sesinye sezona zoyikiso ziyingozi kakhulu kwi-21st Century, kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji, isoyikiso sikhula kwaye sisondele ngakumbi. Inkcubeko yalo idale ihlabathi ukuba libe kule nto likuyo namhlanje kunye nento elihluphekayo ngoku - ubuhlanga, intlupheko, kunye nengcinezelo njengoko imbali igcwele kakhulu kwinkcubeko yayo. Ngelixa ukuqhubela phambili kwenkcubeko yayo kuye kwabachaphazela ngokunzulu uluntu kunye noluntu lwanamhlanje, indalo esingqongileyo ayikhuselwanga kwizenzo zayo zenkohlakalo. Ngaphezulu kweziseko zomkhosi ezingama-750 kumazwe angama-80 ubuncinci ukusukela ngo-2021, iUnited States of America, enomkhosi omkhulu emhlabeni, yenye yezona zinto zinegalelo elikhulu kwingxaki yemozulu yehlabathi.
Ukukhupha iCarbon
I-Militarism ngowona msebenzi uchitha i-oyile emhlabeni, kwaye kunye neteknoloji yomkhosi ophucukileyo, oku kuya kukhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye kukhulu kwikamva. Umkhosi wase-US ngoyena mthengi mkhulu we-oyile, kwaye ngokufuziselayo ngoyena mvelisi mkhulu weegesi zegreenhouse emhlabeni. Ngaphezulu kwe-750 yofakelo lomkhosi kwihlabathi jikelele, amafutha efosili ayafuneka ukuqinisa iziseko kunye nokugcina olu fakelo lusebenza. Umbuzo ngowokuba, ziya phi ezi zixa zingaka zamafutha efosili?
Iinxalenye zikaParkinson zeCarbon Boot-Print yoMkhosi
Ukunceda ukubeka izinto ngendlela, ngo-2017, iPentagon yavelisa i-59 yezigidi zeetoni zeemetric ezikhutshwa yiGreenhouse Gases amazwe anje ngeSweden, Portugal, kunye neDenmark ngokupheleleyo. Ngokufanayo, ngo-2019, a isifundo eqhutywa ngabaphandi beDyunivesithi yaseDurham kunye neLancaster University baseke ukuba ukuba umkhosi wase-US ngokwawo ubunokuba lilizwe lesizwe, uya kuba ngowona mmandla we-47th mkhulu wokukhupha iigesi ze-greenhouse ehlabathini, usebenzisa amafutha olwelo amaninzi kwaye ukhupha i-CO2e ngaphezulu kunamazwe amaninzi - ukwenza iziko lelinye labona bangcolisi bemozulu bukhulu kuyo yonke imbali. Umzekelo, enye ijethi yomkhosi, ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli yeB-52 Stratofortress ngeyure ilingana nomndilili osetyenziswa ngumqhubi wemoto kwiminyaka esixhenxe (7).
Iikhemikhali ezinetyhefu kunye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi
Owona monakalo uqhelekileyo wokusingqongileyo kwiziseko zomkhosi unazo ziikhemikhali eziyityhefu ikakhulu kungcoliseko lwamanzi kunye neePFAs ezibhalwe 'ziikhemikhali zanaphakade'. Ngoku ka Amaziko oLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo, Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS) zisetyenziswa "ukwenza iingubo ze-fluoropolymer kunye neemveliso ezixhathisa ukushisa, ioli, amabala, igrisi kunye namanzi. Iingubo zeFluoropolymer zinokuba kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo. Yintoni kanye eyenza iiPFAs zibe yingozi kokusingqongileyo? Okokuqala, bona musa ukonakaliswa kokusingqongileyo; Okwesibini, ziyakwazi ukuhamba emhlabeni kwaye zingcolise imithombo yamanzi okusela; kwaye ekugqibeleni, bona ukwakha (bioaccumulate) kwiintlanzi nakwizilwanyana zasendle.
Ezi khemikhali ziyityhefu zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo okusingqongileyo kunye nezilwanyana zasendle, kwaye ngokufanayo, abantu abanokuvela rhoqo kwezi khemikhali. Zinokufumaneka kwi AFFF okanye ngeendlela ezilula kakhulu isixhobo sokucima umlilo kwaye sisetyenziswe kwimeko yomlilo kunye ne-jet fuel ngaphakathi kwendawo yomkhosi. Ezi khemikhali zinokuthi ke zisasazeke ngokusingqongileyo ngomhlaba okanye ngamanzi ajikeleze isiseko nto leyo ebeka uluhlu olubanzi lwezoyikiso kokusingqongileyo. Iyamangalisa into yokuba isixhobo sokucima umlilo senzelwe ukucombulula ingxaki ethile ukanti eso “sicombululo” sibonakala sibangela iingxaki ezingakumbi. I-infographic engezantsi inikezwe yi-Arhente yeNdawo yaseYurophu kunye neminye imithombo ebonisa izifo ezininzi ezinokuthi iPFAS ibangele kubo bobabini abantu abadala kunye nabantwana abangekazalwa.
Ifoto ngu I-Arhente yeNdalo yaseYurophu
Okwangoku, ngaphandle kolu lwazi luneenkcukacha, zininzi izinto ekufuneka zifundwe kwiPFAS. Zonke ezi zinto zifunyanwa ngokungcoliseka kwamanzi kunikezelo lwamanzi. Ezi khemikhali ziyityhefu nazo zinefuthe elikhulu kubomi bezolimo. Ngokomzekelo, kwi- inqaku ongoSeptemba, 2021, ngaphezulu kwama-50 000 amafama kumazwe amaninzi e-US, baye baqhagamshelwana noPhuhliso lwezoKhuselo (DOD) ngenxa yokusasazeka kwePFAS kumanzi abo aphantsi komhlaba asuka kwiziseko zomkhosi zase-US ezikufutshane.
Isisongelo sale michiza asikapheli xa isiseko somkhosi sele silahliwe okanye singenamntu. An inqaku leZiko leMfezeko yoLuntu inika umzekelo wale nto njengoko ithetha ngesiseko seGeorge Air Force eCalifornia kwaye yasetyenziswa ngexesha leMfazwe ebandayo kwaye yashiywa ngo-1992. Nangona kunjalo, i-PFAS isekho ngokungcoliswa kwamanzi (i-PFAS kuthiwa isafumaneka kwi-2015 ).
I-Biodiversity kunye ne-Ecological balance
Iziphumo zofakelo lomkhosi kwihlabathi jikelele azichaphazelanga kuphela abantu kunye nokusingqongileyo kodwa ukwahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nolungelelwaniso lwendalo ngokwayo. I-ikhosistim kunye nezilwanyana zasendle yenye yeengozi ezininzi ze-geopolitics, kwaye iimpembelelo zayo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo zibe yingozi kakhulu. Ufakelo lomkhosi waphesheya kolwandle lubeke emngciphekweni izityalo nezilwanyana ngokukodwa kwimimandla yazo. Imeko, urhulumente wase-US kutshanje ubhengeze injongo yabo yokutshintsha isiseko somkhosi e-Henoko nase-Oura Bay, intshukumo eya kubangela iziphumo ezihlala ixesha elide kwi-ecosystem kwingingqi. Zombini i-Henoko kunye ne-Oura Bay ziindawo ezithandwa kakhulu yi-biodiversity kunye nekhaya kwiintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-5,300 zeekorale, kunye ne-Dugong esengozini yokuphela. Nge akukho ngaphezu kwama-50 amaDugong aphilayo kwi-bays, i-Dugong kulindeleke ukuba ibhekane nokutshabalala ukuba akukho manyathelo athatyathwa ngokukhawuleza. Ngokufakelwa komkhosi, iindleko zokusingqongileyo zokulahleka kweentlobo zezilwanyana ezihlala zikho eHenoko nase-Oura Bay ziya kuba zigqithise, kwaye ezo ndawo ekugqibeleni ziya kubhubha kancinci kwaye kabuhlungu kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo.
Omnye umzekelo, uMlambo iSan Pedro, umlambo oqukuqelayo ongasentla obaleka kufuphi neSierra Vista kunye neFort Huachuca, ngumlambo wokugqibela ohamba ngokukhululekileyo wasentlango eMzantsi kunye nekhaya lezinto eziphilayo ezicebileyo kunye neentlobo ezininzi ezisengozini. Ukumpompa amanzi aphantsi komhlaba kwisiseko somkhosi, I-Fort Huachuca nangona kunjalo, ibangela ingozi ukuya kuMlambo iSan Pedro kunye nezilwanyana zasendle ezisengozini yokuphela ezifana ne-Southwestern Willow Flycatcher, i-Huachuca Water Umbel, i-Desert Pupfish, i-Loach Minnow, i-Spikedace, i-Yellow-billed Cuckoo, kunye ne-Northern Mexican Garter Snake. Ngenxa yokumpompelwa kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba asekuhlaleni okugqithisileyo, amanzi ayabanjwa ukuze abonelele aphuma ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kuMlambo iSan Pedro. Ngenxa yoko, umlambo uyasokola ecaleni koku, kuba sisisixokelelwano esityebileyo se-ecosystem esixhomekeke kuMlambo iSan Pedro kwindawo yawo yokuhlala.
Ingxolo Ungcoliseko
Ingxolo Ungcoliseko ichazwe njengokuboniswa rhoqo kumanqanaba esandi aphakamileyo anokuba yingozi ebantwini nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ngokutsho koMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi, ukutyhileka rhoqo kumanqanaba esandi angekho ngaphezulu kwe-70 dB akuyongozi ebantwini nakwizinto eziphilayo, nangona kunjalo, ukuvezwa ngaphezulu kwe-80-85 dB ixesha elide kuyingozi kwaye kunokubangela ukuva okusisigxina. Umonakalo-izixhobo zomkhosi ezifana neenqwelomoya zejethi zine-avareji ye-120 dB kufutshane ngeli xesha izithonga zine umyinge we-140dB. A umbiko yi-Veterans Benefits Administration yase-US iSebe leMicimbi yeMicimbi yaMagqala libonise ukuba i-1.3 yezigidi zamagqala zaye zabikwa ukuba zingeva kwaye enye i-2.3 yezigidi zamagqala zaye zabikwa ukuba zine-tinnitus - ukukhubazeka kokuva okubonakaliswa ngokukhala kunye nokubethelwa kweendlebe.
Ukongezelela, asingobantu kuphela abasengozini kwimiphumo yongcoliso lwengxolo, kodwa kwanezilwanyana. Tyena u-Okinawa Dugong umzekelo, zizilwanyana ezisengozini yokuphela ezihlala e-Okinawa, eJapan ezineendlebe ezibukhali kwaye ngoku zisongelwa ngokumiselwa komkhosi ocetywayo e-Henoko nase-Oura Bay ongcoliseko lwazo lwengxolo luya kubangela unxunguphalo olukhulu oluya kwandisa isoyikiso sezilwanyana esele zisengozini. Omnye umzekelo liHlathi leMvula iHoh, iOlympic National Park elikhaya leentlobo ezimbini zezilwanyana, uninzi lwazo mhlawumbi zisengozini kwaye zisengozini. Uphononongo lwamva nje ibonisa ukuba ungcoliseko oluqhelekileyo lweenqwelomoya zomkhosi oluveliswayo luchaphazela ukuzola kweOlympic National Park, lubeka emngciphekweni ulungelelwaniso lwendalo lwendawo yokuhlala.
Ityala le-Subic Bay kunye neClark Air Base
Imizekelo emibini ephambili yendlela iziseko zomkhosi ezichaphazela ngayo okusingqongileyo kumanqanaba entlalontle nangabantu ngabanye yi-Subic Naval Base kunye neClark Air Base, eshiye ngasemva ilifa eliyityhefu kwaye yashiya umkhondo wabantu ababandezelekileyo ngenxa yeziphumo. melwano. Ezi ziseko zibini kuthiwa zine iqulathe izenzo ezonakalise okusingqongileyo kwakunye nokuchitheka ngempazamo nokulahla inkunkuma eyityhefu, evumela iziphumo eziyingozi neziyingozi ebantwini. (Asis, 2011).
Kwimeko ye-Subic Naval base, isiseko esakhiwe ukusuka kwi-1885-1992 ngamazwe amaninzi kodwa ikakhulu yi-US, yayisele ilahliwe kodwa iqhubekile ukuba sisoyikiso kwi-Subic Bay kunye neendawo zayo zokuhlala. Ngokomzekelo, i inqaku in 2010, yachaza imeko ethile yakwiiPhilippines abasele bekhulile owabulawa sisifo semiphunga emva kokusebenza kunye nokuvezwa kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma yendawo (apho inkunkuma yoMkhosi woMkhosi iya). Ukongezelela, kwi-2000-2003, kwakukho ukufa kwe-38 erekhodiweyo kwaye kwakukholelwa ukuba kudibaniswa nokungcoliswa kwe-Subic Naval Base, nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwenkxaso evela kwi-Philippine kunye norhulumente waseMelika, akukho luvavanyo oluqhubekayo olwenziwe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Clark Air Base, isiseko somkhosi wase-US esakhiwe eLuzon, ePhilippines ngo-1903 kwaye kamva yalahlwa ngo-1993 ngenxa yokuqhuma kweNtaba yasePinatubo inesabelo sayo sokufa kunye nezifo phakathi kwabahlali. Ngoku ka inqaku elifanayo ngaphambili, kwaxoxwa emva koko Ugqabhuko-dubulo lweNtaba iPinatubo ngowe-1991, kwiimbacu ezingama-500 zakwiiPhilippines, abantu abangama-76 bafa ngoxa abanye abayi-144 bagula ngenxa yetyhefu yeClark Air Base ingakumbi ngokusela kumaqula angcolisekileyo aneoli negrisi kwaye ukususela ngowe-1996-1999, abantwana abali-19 babulawa. ozelwe enemeko ezingaqhelekanga, kunye nezigulo nazo ngenxa yamaqula angcolisekileyo. Ityala elinye nelidume kakubi lityala likaRose Ann Calma. Intsapho kaRose yayiyinxalenye yababaleki abavezwe kungcoliseko kwisiseko. Ukufunyaniswa ukuba unokukhubazeka kwengqondo okumandundu kunye neCerebral Palsy akukhange kumvumele ukuba ahambe okanye athethe.
Izisombululo ze-Band-aid yase-US: “Ukulima emkhosini”
Ukuze kuliwe neendleko ezitshabalalisayo zokusingqongileyo zomkhosi wase-US, iziko ke ngoko libonelela ngezisombululo zoncedo lwebhendi ezifana 'nokuhlaza emkhosini', nangona kunjalo ngokukaSteichen (2020), uhlaza umkhosi US ayisosisombululo ngenxa yezi zizathu zilandelayo:
- Amandla elanga, izithuthi zombane, kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni zezinye iindlela ezithandekayo zokusebenzisa i-fuel-effective, kodwa loo nto ayenzi ukuba imfazwe ibenobundlobongela okanye icinezele- ayideleli imfazwe. Ngenxa yoko, ingxaki isekho.
- Umkhosi wase-US ngokwendalo unamandla ekhabhoni kwaye unxibelelene ngokunzulu neshishini lefosili. (Umzekelo, amafutha ejethi)
- I-US inembali ebanzi yokulwela i-oyile, kungoko, injongo, amaqhinga, kunye nemisebenzi yomkhosi ihlala ingatshintshi ukuqhubeka noqoqosho oluphenjelelwa ngefosili.
- Ngo-2020, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi lwalukho Amaxesha angama-272 amakhulu kunohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomanyano lwamandla okusebenza kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo. Inkxaso-mali ebekwe yedwa emkhosini ibinokusetyenziswa ukulungisa ingxaki yemozulu.
Isiphelo: Izisombululo zexesha elide
- Ukuvalwa kofakelo lomkhosi waphesheya
- Ulwahlulo
- Yazisa inkcubeko yoxolo
- Ukuphelisa zonke iimfazwe
Ingcinga yeziseko zomkhosi njengabanegalelo kwiingxaki zokusingqongileyo idla ngokushiywa ngaphandle kwiingxoxo. Njengoko kuchaziwe ngu UNobhala Jikelele we-UN uBan Ki-Moon (2014), “Imekobume kudala ingumntu othe cwaka emfazweni nakungquzulwano lwezixhobo.” Ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, iikhemikhali eziyityhefu, ukungcoliseka kwamanzi, ilahleko yeentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo, ukungalingani kwendalo, kunye nongcoliseko lwengxolo, zezinye zeziphumo ezibi zofakelo lweziseko zomkhosi – ezinye ezingekafunyaniswa kwaye ziphandwe. Ngoku kunanini na ngaphambili, imfuneko yokwazisa abantu ingxamisekile kwaye ibalulekile ekukhuseleni ikamva lesijikelezi-langa kunye nabemi baso. Ngokubonakala 'kuhlaza emkhosini' kubonakala kungasebenzi, kukho umnxeba weenzame ezihlangeneyo zabantu kunye namaqela kwihlabathi jikelele ukuyila izisombululo ezizezinye zokuphelisa isoyikiso seziseko zomkhosi ngokubhekiselele kokusingqongileyo. Ngoncedo lwemibutho eyahlukeneyo, njenge World BEYOND War ngePhulo layo elithi Akukho Ziseko, ukufezekiswa kwale njongo kusekude ukuba akunakwenzeka.
Funda kabanzi World BEYOND War Apha.
Bhalisa iSibhengezo soxolo Apha.
