Ukuphonswa kweMilitarism kunye neHumanitarianism yandisa iJografi yoBundlobongela.

By I-Science Science Digest, UJuni 24, 2022

Olu hlalutyo lushwankathela kwaye lubonakalisa olu phando lulandelayo: McCormack, K., & Gilbert, E. (2022). I-geopolitics ye-militarism kunye ne-humanitarianism. Inkqubela phambili kwiJografi yoLuntu, I-46 (1), 179-197. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325211032267

Amaphuzu okuthetha

• I-Militarism kunye nobuntu, ngakumbi i-Western humanitarianism, ivelisa kwaye ithethelela ubundlobongela bezopolitiko kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezikali ezahlukeneyo ezihamba ngaphaya kweendawo ezimisiweyo zongquzulwano okanye amabala edabi.
• "Amanyathelo okunceda abantu ahlala ehlala kunye, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, amandla omkhosi wemveli," kwaye ngaloo ndlela andisa ijografi yemfazwe ngokungena "kwindawo zasekhaya nezasekhaya ezingaphaya kokufikelela emkhosini."
• Umkhosi womkhosi nobuntu busebenza ngaxeshanye kwimimandla efana “nemfazwe noxolo; ukwakhiwa ngokutsha nophuhliso; ukubandakanywa kunye nokukhutshelwa ngaphandle; [kunye] nokwenzakala nokukhusela”

Umbono ophambili wokuziqhelanisa nokwazisa

• Ukucinga ngokutsha kokwakha uxolo kunye nobuntu kufuneka kubandakanye ukudilizwa kweparadigm yobuhlanga-nomkhosi, kungenjalo ezi nzame aziyi kusilela kuphela kwiinjongo zazo zexesha elide zenguqu kodwa zigcine inkqubo eyonakalisayo. Indlela eya phambili yi-ajenda yoxolo, i-feminist, echasene nobuhlanga.

isishwankathelo

Iintlekele zobuntu kunye neengxabano ezinobundlobongela zenzeka ngokunxibeleleneyo, iimeko ezininzi. Abadlali bobuntu ngokwesiko banikwe umsebenzi wokubonelela ngezinto eziphathekayo kunye noncedo kubantu abafuna uncedo. Ezo zenzo zokusindisa ubomi kunye nokunciphisa ukubandezeleka ekuphenduleni iintlekele zenzeka ngaphakathi kwesinyanzelo sobuntu sokungathathi hlangothi. UKillian McCormack kunye no-Emily Gilbert bacela umngeni kwingcamango yokuba ubuntu yinzame engathathi hlangothi kwaye endaweni yoko ijolise ekuvezeni "iindawo ezinobundlobongela eziveliswe ngoluntu olunobundlobongela." Ngokudibanisa i-lens yejografi, ababhali babonisa indlela ukulwa kunye nobuntu, ngakumbi ububele baseNtshona, buvelisa kwaye buthethelela ubundlobongela bezopolitiko kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezikali ezahlukeneyo ezidlulela ngaphaya kweendawo ezimisiweyo zongquzulwano okanye amabala edabi.

Ukunceda uluntu “isekelwe kuluntu ekucingelwa ukuba lukho lwendalo iphela, olusekelwe kwingqokelela yoncedo nenyameko oluqhutywa ngumnqweno ongakhethi cala ‘wokwenza okulungileyo’ novelwano lwezobupolitika ngokubandezeleka kwabanye.”

Umlo "ayisiyiyo nje emkhosini, kodwa ukulungiswa kunye nokuqhelaniswa kwengxabano kunye nemfazwe phakathi koluntu, ngeendlela ezityhutyha iinkqubo zezopolitiko, zithathwe kwimilinganiselo kunye nokuziphatha okunamathelayo kwaye zandise kwizinto ezihlala zithathwa njengemimandla yoluntu."

Ukutsala amandla esithuba sokuhlangana kobuntu kunye nemfazwe kweli nqaku lethiyori, ababhali balandela imigca emihlanu yophando. Okokuqala, bavavanya indlela ubuntu obulawula ngayo imfazwe kunye neengxabano. Umthetho we-International Humanitarian Law (IHL), umzekelo, ubonakala unciphisa imiphumo yemfazwe esekelwe kwingqiqo yokuziphatha jikelele efuna ukukhuselwa kwabo bangengawo amajoni. Enyanisweni, nangona kunjalo, ukungalingani kwamandla ehlabathi kumisela “ngubani onokusindiswa nokuba ngubani na onokusindisa.” I-IHL iphinda icinge ukuba imigaqo "yokulingana" malunga nendlela imfazwe eqhutywa ngayo okanye "umahluko" phakathi kwabemi kunye nabalweli benza imfazwe ibe luncedo ngakumbi, ngelixa eneneni ezi zivumela ukufa okuthe ngqo kwiindawo ezithile ngokusekelwe kubudlelwane bobukoloniyali kunye nongxowankulu. Izenzo zokunceda uluntu emva koko zivelisa iindlela ezintsha zobundlobongela ngokuguqula imiba yezentlalo neyezopolitiko enxulumene neendawo ezinjengemida, iintolongo, okanye iinkampu zeembacu zibe yimiba yokhuseleko.

Okwesibini, ababhali baphonononga ukuba ungenelelo lomkhosi lulungiswa njani njengeemfazwe zobuntu. Icaciswe kuMmiselo woXanduva woKhusela (R2P), ungenelelo lomkhosi unesizathu sokukhusela uluntu kurhulumente wabo. Ukungenelela komkhosi kunye neemfazwe egameni loluntu zizakhiwo zaseNtshona ezisekelwe kwigunya elicingelwayo lokuziphatha kunye nezopolitiko zaseNtshona ngaphezu kwezizwe ezingezona zaseNtshona (ingakumbi amazwe angamaSilamsi-abaninzi). Ungenelelo lomkhosi wobuntu luyi-oxymoron kuba abantu babulawa phantsi kwengubo yokukhusela ubomi. Imimandla yobundlobongela yandisiwe ukuya kubudlelwane besini (umzekelo, imbono yokukhulula abasetyhini kulawulo lweTaliban e-Afghanistan) okanye ukuxhomekeka kuncedo loluntu olubangelwa yimfazwe ebangelwe yimfazwe (umzekelo, ukungqingwa kweGaza).

Okwesithathu, ababhali baxoxa ngendlela imikhosi yasemkhosini esetyenziswa ngayo ukulungisa iingxaki zoluntu kwaye ngaloo ndlela ijike izithuba zezenzo zobuntu zibe yindawo yokhuseleko. Imikhosi yomkhosi ihlala ibonelela ngenkxaso yolungiselelo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zentlekele (umzekelo, ukuqhambuka kwezifo, ukufuduswa kwabantu, iintlekele zendalo esingqongileyo), ngamanye amaxesha ngaphandle kokuvala, okukhokelela ekuqinisekiseni ishishini loncedo (jonga kwakhona I-Science Science Digest inqaku IiNkampani zaBucala kunye nezoKhuseleko loMkhosi zijongela phantsi iinzame zokudala uxolo) kunye neendlela zokufuduka. Ubume bobukoloniyali baseNtshona bolawulo kunye nokukhutshelwa ngaphandle kuyaphawuleka xa kufikwa "kukhuseleko" lwabafuduki kunye neembacu "ezizo zombini izifundo eziza kusindiswa, kunye nabo bathintelweyo ukuba bahambe."

Okwesine, kwingxoxo yabo yezenzo zobuntu ezamkelwa ngumkhosi, ababhali babonisa indlela iiprojekthi zomkhosi wasebukhosini ezibotshelelwe ngayo kwimimandla efana nongenelelo lwezonyango, iiprojekthi zeziseko zophuhliso, ukukhuthazwa kophuhliso loqoqosho lwaseNtshona, kunye nohlaza lomkhosi. Oku kwakuphawuleka kwimijikelo yentshabalalo kunye nophuhliso kwiindawo ezinjengePalestine, Afghanistan Guatemala, kunye neIraq. Kuzo zonke iimeko, "amanyathelo oncedo ahlala ehlala kunye, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, amandla omkhosi wendabuko," kwaye ngaloo ndlela andisa ijografi yemfazwe ngokungena "kwindawo zasekhaya nezasekhaya ezingaphaya kokufikelela emkhosini."

Okwesihlanu, ababhali babonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kobuntu kunye nophuhliso lwezixhobo. Iindlela zemfazwe ngokwemvelo zibotshelelwa kwiintetho zobuntu. Ezinye iitekhnoloji zezixhobo ezinje ngedrones zithathwa njengobuntu. Ukubulala ngogwayimbo lwe-drone-inkqubo ikakhulu yaseNtshona - kuthathwa njengobuntu kwaye "utyando," ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kweemela kuthathwa njengobungenabuntu kunye "nobuqhetseba." Ngokukwanjalo, izixhobo ezingabulali ziye zaphuhliswa phantsi komthi wobuntu. Ezi zixhobo zisebenzisa iteknoloji entsha kunye neentetho zobuntu ukwandisa iindawo zobundlobongela kwimicimbi yasekhaya neyezizwe ngezizwe (umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwetaser okanye irhasi yokukrazula ngamapolisa kunye nemikhosi yokhuseleko yabucala).

Eli phepha libonisa ukubanjwa kwe-Western humanitarianism kunye nemfazwe ngokusebenzisa iilensi zendawo kunye nezikali. Umkhosi womkhosi nobuntu busebenza ngaxeshanye kwimimandla efana “nemfazwe noxolo; ukwakhiwa ngokutsha nophuhliso; ukubandakanywa kunye nokukhutshelwa ngaphandle; [kunye] nokwenzakala nokukhusela”

Ulwazi lokuziqhelanisa

Eli nqaku liqukumbela ngelithi i-humanitarian-militarism nexus “ayisiyonto incinci inoxanduva lokuzinza kwemfazwe kulo lonke ixesha nakwindawo, njengazo zombini 'isigxina' kunye 'nayo yonke indawo'. I-Pervasive Militarism yamkelwa yimibutho yokwakha uxolo, uxolo kunye nabaxhasi bezokhuseleko, imibutho yoluntu, kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe engekho phantsi kukarhulumente (INGOs). Indawo engaziwa kangako, nangona kunjalo, ibandakanya indlela aba badlali bajongana ngayo nendima yabo njengenxalenye ye-ajenda yobuntu kunye ne-ajenda yokwakha uxolo ehlala ixhomekeke ilungelo elimhlophe lolwakhiwo kunye nenkqubela phambili iniyo-koloniyalizim. Xa kujongwe umxholo wokungalingani kwamandla ehlabathi, unxulumano loluntu nomkhosi mhlawumbi yinyaniso ephazamisayo engenakulungiswa ngaphandle kokuphonononga ezinye iingqikelelo ezingundoqo.

Ilungelo elimhlophe lolwakhiwo: “Inkqubo yolawulo lwabamhlophe edala kwaye igcine iinkqubo zeenkolelo ezenza iingenelo zobuhlanga kunye nezingeloncedo zibonakale ziqhelekile. Inkqubo ibandakanya inkuthazo enamandla yokugcina ilungelo elimhlophe kunye neziphumo zayo, kunye nemiphumo emibi enamandla yokuzama ukuphazamisa ilungelo elimhlophe okanye ukunciphisa iziphumo zayo ngeendlela ezinentsingiselo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukubonakaliswa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kwinqanaba lomntu, phakathi kwabantu, inkcubeko kunye neziko. "

IQela labaxhasi boXolo noKhuseleko (2022). Uthotho lweziFundo “Ukuphelisa ubukholoniyali boXolo noKhuseleko” [isinikezelo].

Iniyo-koloniyalizim: “Umkhwa wokusebenzisa ezoqoqosho, umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe, i-impiriyali yenkcubeko, kunye noncedo olunemiqathango ukuphembelela ilizwe endaweni yeendlela zangaphambili zobukoloniyali zolawulo oluthe ngqo lomkhosi okanye ulawulo lwezopolitiko olungathanga ngqo.

Iniyo-koloniyalizim. (nd). Ibuyiselwe nge-20 kaJuni 2022, ukusuka https://dbpedia.org/page/Neocolonialism

Sivuma kwaye sivavanye njani iindawo zobundlobongela obuveliswa ngumkhosi njengesiseko kwimfuneko yomsebenzi wobuntu kunye nokwakha uxolo? Sizibandakanya njani kumsebenzi wobuntu kunye nowokwakha uxolo ngaphandle kokuvumela umkhosi ukuba umisele imilinganiselo yokuzibandakanya kunye nempumelelo?

Kumzamo wentsebenziswano, i-Peace Direct kunye namaqabane baye bathatha eminye yale mibuzo ibalulekileyo kwiingxelo zabo ezibalaseleyo, Ixesha lokukhupha i-Aid kwaye Ubuhlanga, Amandla kunye noKwakha uxolo. Owangaphambili wafumana "ucalucalulo olucwangcisiweyo kuwo wonke amacandelo oluntu, uphuhliso kunye nolwakhiwo loxolo," ngelixa lo mva ukhuthaza "icandelo lokwakha uxolo ukuba lamkele i-ajenda yokususa ubukoloniyali kunye nokujongana nokungalingani kwamandla ehlabathi." Iingxelo zicebisa ngamandla ukujongana namandla angalinganiyo phakathi kwabadlali beGlobal North kunye neGlobal South kumxholo wokwakha uxolo kunye noncedo. Izindululo ezithile zecandelo lokwakha uxolo zishwankathelwa kolu luhlu lulandelayo:

Izindululo eziphambili zabadlali bokwakha uxolo kwi Ubuhlanga, Amandla, kunye nokwakha uxolo umbiko

Izindululo ezigqwesileyo, eziguqulayo, zinokuphunyezwa ngamandla ngakumbi ukuba abakhi boxolo, abaxhasi, ii-NGO, njl. I-Militarism kunye nobuhlanga, kwaye kwimeko ye-United States "imbali ende yokwandiswa kobukhosi, ubuhlanga besakhiwo, kunye nolawulo lwezoqoqosho kunye nomkhosi" (Booker & Ohlbaum, 2021, p. 3) kufuneka ijongwe njengeparadigm enkulu. Ukucinga ngokutsha kokwakha uxolo kunye nobuntu kufuneka kubandakanye ukudilizwa kweparadigm yobuhlanga-nomkhosi, kungenjalo ezi nzame aziyi kusilela kuphela kwiinjongo zazo zexesha elide zenguqu kodwa zigcine inkqubo eyonakalisayo. Indlela eya phambili yi-ajenda yoxolo, echasene nobuhlanga (bona, umzekelo, Umbono woXolo lobufazi or Ukuphelisa ubuhlanga kunye noBukhosi kuMgaqo-nkqubo wase-US waNgaphandle). [PH]

Imibuzo iphakanyisiwe

• Ngaba icandelo lokwakha uxolo kunye nelobuntu liyakwazi ukuziguqula ngokweendlela ezizii-decolonized, feminist, kunye ne-anti-cacist trajectories, okanye ngaba ukubanjiswa phakathi kwemfazwe kunye nobuntu ngumqobo ongenakoyiswa?

Ukuqhubeka kokufunda

Iziko loMgaqo-nkqubo waMazwe ngaMazwe kunye neKomiti yaBahlobo kuMthetho weSizwe. (2021). Ukuphelisa ubuhlanga kunye nomkhosi kumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle wase-US. Ibuyisiwe ngoJuni 18, 2022, ukusuka https://www.fcnl.org/dismantling-racism-and-militarism-us-foreign-policy

Ohlbaum, D. (2022). Ukuphelisa ubuhlanga kunye nomkhosi kumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle wase-US. Ingxoxo iqhubela phambili. IKomiti yaBahlobo kuMthetho weSizwe. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 18, 2022, ukusuka https://www.fcnl.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/DRM.DiscussionGuide.10.pdf

Paige, S. (2021). Ixesha lokukhupha uncedo lwe-decolonise. I-Peace Direct, i-Adeso, i-Alliance for Peacebuilding, kunye nabaseTyhini abaMbala abaPhuhlisa uxolo noKhuseleko. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 18, 2022, ukusuka https://www.peacedirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PD-Decolonising-Aid_Second-Edition.pdf

UXolo oluNgqongileyo, iNtsebenziswano yeHlabathi yoThintelo lweNgxwabangxwaba ezixhobileyo (i-GPPAC), iNethiwekhi yokuSebenza kuMbutho woLuntu waMazwe ngaMazwe (ICAN), kunye noThungelwano oluManyeneyo lwaBakhi boXolo abaLutsha (UNOY). (2022). Ubuhlanga, amandla kunye nokwakha uxolo. Ukuqonda kunye nezifundo ezivela kuthethwano lwehlabathi. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 18, 2022, ukusuka https://www.peacedirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Race-Power-and-Peacebuilding-report.v5.pdf

White, T., White, A., Gueye, GB, Moges, D., & Gueye, E. (2022). Ukuphelisa ubukholoni kuphuhliso lwamazwe ngamazwe [Amaphepha oMgaqo-nkqubo ngamaKhosikazi aMbala, uHlelo lwesi-7]. Abasetyhini abanoMbala baqhubela phambili uxolo nokhuseleko. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 18, 2022, ukusuka

Imibutho

Abasetyhini abanoMbala baPhuhlisa uxolo noKhuseleko: https://www.wcaps.org/
Inyathelo loXolo lobufazi: https://www.feministpeaceinitiative.org/
Uxolo Ngqo: https://www.peacedirect.org/

Amagama abalulekileyo:  ukuthomalalisa ukhuseleko, ukulwa, ubuhlanga, imfazwe, uxolo

Ifoto mboleko: UMarbury Brown