ukusuka Iindaba zeNdaba zeMbali
Umba wongenelelo loluntu ubonakalise ukukhathaza omnye wezopolitiko oshiywe ngexesha lasemva kweMfazwe ebandayo. Kubundlobongela obukhulu eRwanda, eBosnia-Herzegovina, eKosovo, eDarfur, eLibya naseSyria, uninzi lwabashiyekileyo bashiya inkcaso yabo yesiko kumkhosi kwaye baphikisana nokungenelela okunamandla komkhosi yi-United States kunye namahlakani ayo ukuze banciphise ezi ngxaki. Abagxeki baphendula ngelithi ukungenelela kuya kugcina kubi ngakumbi kwaloo ngxaki bekufanele ukuba isonjululwe. Le miba isandul' ukuxoxwa kwi-Oxford Union Society kwiYunivesithi yaseOxford ngoMatshi 4, 2019. Abathathi-nxaxheba nguMichael Chertoff - owayenguNobhala wezoKhuseleko lweLizwe ngexesha likamongameli kaGeorge W. Bush kunye nombhali we-USA Patriot Act - owathi thaca i-qualified. ukhuselo longenelelo loluntu; nam, owaphikisana nalo mkhwa.
Kwiminyaka edluleyo, xa ndandixoxa ngalo mbandela, ndachukunyiswa yimvakalelo ephantse ibe yinzondelelo yonqulo eyayibalaselisa ukuthethelela ungenelelo. “Kufuneka senze okuthile!” yayiyindlela eqhelekileyo yokuyeka. Abo babenikela izigxeko-kuquka nam-baphoswa njengabawexuki. Nangona kunjalo, ukusilela okuphindaphindiweyo kongenelelo endikuqaphela ngezantsi kuthathe irhafu kwaye kusebenze ukumodareyitha ithoni. Ebudeni bengxoxo-mpikiswano yaseOxford, ndaphawula ukungabikho okuphawulekayo kweemvakalelo. Ndiphumile kulo msitho ndiqonda ukuba, ngelixa abanye besakhusela ungenelelo loluntu, iingxoxo zabo azinayo ithoni yokungqubana ebiphawuleka kakhulu kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ndiyabona ukuba inkxaso yoluntu kungenelelo iyaqala ukuhla.
Oku kulandelayo kukukhutshelwa kwelizwi lengxelo epheleleyo ngokwam kunye noMnu Chertoff, kunye neempendulo zethu kwimibuzo ebuzwa ngumodareyitha kunye nelungu labaphulaphuli. Ngenxa yezizathu zobufutshane, ndishiye uninzi lwemibuzo yabaphulaphuli, kunye neempendulo. Abafundi abanomdla banokufumana ingxoxo epheleleyo kwi-Oxford Union's Indawo kaYoutube.
UDaniel Wilkinson, uMongameli weManyano yaseOxford
Ke, manene, isiphakamiso sithi: "Le ndlu ikholelwa ukuba ungenelelo loluntu luchasa ngokwemigaqo." Kwaye uNjingalwazi Gibbs, ingxoxo yakho yokuvula imizuzu elishumi inokuqala xa ulungile.
UNjingalwazi uDavid Gibbs
Enkosi. Ewe, ndicinga ukuba xa umntu ejonge ungenelelo loluntu, umntu kufuneka ajonge irekhodi yento eyenzekileyo kwaye ngakumbi ungenelelo olukhulu oluthathu lokugqibela ukusukela kwi-2000: Ungenelelo lwase-Iraq lwe-2003, ungenelelo lwe-Afghanistan lwe-2001, kunye neLibya. ungenelelo lowama-2011. Kwaye into edibene ngayo zontathu ezi, kukuba zontathu ziye zathethelelwa ubuncinane ngokwenxalenye yezizathu zobuntu. Ndiyathetha ukuba, ezimbini zokuqala ngokuyinxenye, ezesithathu ziphantse zathethelelwa ngezizathu zobuntu. Kwaye zontathu zavelisa iintlekele zobuntu. Oku kucace gca, ndicinga kuye nabani na obefunda iphephandaba ukuba olungenelelo aluhambanga kakuhle kwaphela. Kwaye xa kuvavanywa umba omkhulu wongenelelo loluntu, umntu kufuneka aqale ajonge ezo nyaniso zisisiseko, ezingemnandanga. Mandongeze ukuba iyamangalisa kum ngeendlela ezininzi ukuba yonke ingcamango ungenelelo loluntu aluzange lugxothwe ngokupheleleyo ngala mava, kodwa akunjalo.
Siseneefowuni zolunye ungenelelo, kubandakanya neSyria, ngakumbi. Kwakhona, kukho iifowuni rhoqo zokutshintsha kolawulo, ngokusisiseko ungenelelo, eNyakatho Korea. Andazi ngokwenene ukuba kuya kwenzeka ntoni kwixa elizayo ngeNorth Korea. Kodwa ukuba iUnited States yenza utshintsho lolawulo eNyakatho Korea, ndiya kubeka engozini izibikezelo ezimbini: Enye, ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuthethelelwa ubuncinane ngokuyinxenye njengongenelelo loluntu olulungiselelwe ukukhulula abantu baseNyakatho Korea kuzwilakhe ongafanelekanga kakhulu; yaye okwesibini, iya kuvelisa eyona ntlekele inkulu yobuntu ukususela ngowe-1945. Omnye wemibuzo ngulo: Kutheni singafundi kwiimpazamo zethu?
Ubungakanani bokungaphumeleli kolu ngenelelo luthathu lwangaphambili ngeendlela ezininzi kuyancomeka kakhulu. Ngokumalunga ne-Iraq, yeyona nto ibalaseleyo yokusilela okubhaliweyo, ndingatsho. Sine-2006 Lancet funda. I-Epidemiologically ijonge ukusweleka okugqithisileyo e-Iraq, ngelo xesha kwaqikelelwa kuma-560,000 abantu ababhubhileyo ngokugqithisileyo. (1) Oku kwapapashwa ngo-2006. Kubekho olunye uqikelelo, ubukhulu becala oluhambelana nolo. Kwaye le yinto eyingxaki. Ngokuqinisekileyo, izinto zazimbi phantsi kukaSaddam Hussein, oko akunakuphikiswa, njengoko babephantsi kweTaliban, njengoko babephantsi kukaMuammar Gaddafi, njengoko ngoku bephantsi kukaKim Jong Un eNorth Korea. Ke ngoko, sangena saza sayisusa kulawulo loo manani mathathu ngamnye (okanye ndingatsho ngeTaliban, yayilulawulo olukhulu, uMullah Omar ekhokela urhulumente omkhulu), kwaye izinto zaba mbi kwangoko. Akukhange kubonakale ngathi kwenzekile kubaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo ukuba izinto zinokuba mbi ngakumbi, kodwa benjenjalo.
Enye impembelelo ekufanele ukuba iqwalaselwe yile nto ndinokuthi luhlobo lokumisa imimandla. Oku kuphawuleka ngakumbi kwimeko yaseLibya, eye yadodobalisa indawo enkulu yaseMntla Afrika, yaqala imfazwe yamakhaya yesibini eMali ngo-2013, eyayibangelwa ngokuthe ngqo kukudodobala kweLibya. Oku kufuna ungenelelo lwesibini, yiFransi ngeli xesha, ukulwa ngokusisiseko nokungazinzi okuvela kwelo lizwe, kwakhona kuthetheleleka ubuncinane kwinxalenye yezizathu zobuntu.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, enye yezinto umntu anokuzithetha ngokweziphumo zongenelelo loluntu, kukuba ukuba unomdla wokungenelela kwaye yinto oyifunayo, ngumbono ogqwesileyo kuba sisipho esiqhubeka sinikela. Iyaqhubeka nokudodobalisa imimandla, ivelisa iingxaki ezintsha zobuntu, ngaloo ndlela ithethelela ungenelelo olutsha. Ngokuqinisekileyo yiloo nto eyenzekayo kwimeko yaseLibya kunye neMali. Ngoku ukuba unomdla kwisiphumo sobuntu, nangona kunjalo imeko ayibonakali ilungile. Ayibonakali intle kwaphela.
Eyona nto ichukumisayo apha kukunqongophala kokuthembeka. Indichukumise kakhulu into yokuba abantu abancedise ukuxambulisana ngala mangenelelo mathathu - kwaye ke andithethi nje ngabaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo, kodwa ndithetha nezifundiswa neengqondi njengam. Nam andizange ndibaxabele, kodwa uninzi lwabalingane bam benza njalo. Kwaye iyamangalisa kum into yokuba akukho nto ibonisa ukuzisola okanye ukuvuma ukuba benze nantoni na engalunganga ngokuphikisana ngolu ngenelelo. Kwaye akukho mzamo wokufunda kwiimpazamo zethu kunye nokuzama ukunqanda ukungenelela kwixesha elizayo. Kukho into engasebenzi kakuhle malunga nomlingiswa wengxoxo ngalo mbandela, xa sisilela ukufunda kwiimpazamo zangaphambili.
Ingxaki yesibini ngomba wongenelelo loluntu yile nto abanye bayibiza ngokuba “yizandla ezimdaka” ingxaki. Sithembele kumazwe kunye nee-arhente zaloo mazwe angenazo iirekhodi ezintle kakhulu zomsebenzi wobuntu. Makhe sijonge iUnited States kunye nembali yayo yokungenelela. Ukuba umntu ubheka oko, imbali yokungenelela kwe-US, sifumana iUnited States njengamandla okungenelela yayiyimbangela enkulu yeengxaki zobuntu kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ukuba umntu ujonga umzekelo ekubhukuqweni kweMossadegh e-Iran ngo-1953, ukubhukuqwa kwe-Allende eChile ngo-1973. Kwaye ndicinga ukuba umzekelo obalaseleyo, owaziwa kakhulu, yi-Indonesia ngo-1965, apho i-CIA yanceda injineli kunye yandula ke yancedisa ekuqulunqeni ukubulawa kwabantu okuye kwakhokelela ekufeni kwabantu abamalunga nama-500,000 1945. Yenye yeziganeko ezinkulu zokubulawa kwabantu emva kwe-XNUMX, ewe ngokwenene, kwisikali sento eyenzekayo eRwanda, ubuncinci. Kwaye loo nto yayibangelwa kukungenelela. Kwaye umntu unokuya kumcimbi weMfazwe yaseVietnam kwaye ajonge umzekelo kwiPentagon Papers, iPentagon eyimfihlo yokufunda ngeMfazwe yaseVietnam, kwaye umntu akafumani luvo lwe-United States njengamandla athambileyo okanye ngokukodwa uluntu. Nye. Kwaye imiphumo ngokuqinisekileyo yayingeloncedo lobuntu kuyo nayiphi na kwezi meko.
Kukho umba omkhulu mhlawumbi wokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu zii-arhente zombuso ezibandakanyekayo kungenelelo eUnited States. Ngoku siyazi kumaxwebhu angacaciswanga ukuba zombini iyunifomu yomkhosi kunye neCIA yayinoxanduva kwi-50s kunye ne-60s yokuqala ekuqhubeni iimvavanyo ze-radiation kubantu abangalindelanga; ukwenza izinto ezinjengokujikeleza nokuba noogqirha abasebenzela emkhosini batofa abantu ngee-isotopi zeradioactive kwaye emva koko balandelele imizimba yabo ekuhambeni kwexesha ukuze babone ukuba yintoni na iziphumo kwaye zibangelwa zizifo ezinjani - ngaphandle kokubaxelela ngokuqinisekileyo. I-CIA yayinemifuniselo ephazamisayo yokulawula ingqondo, ivavanya iindlela ezintsha zokugocagoca kubantu abangalindelanga, ezineziphumo ezibi kakhulu. Omnye wezazinzulu ezibandakanyekayo kwizifundo zeradiation waphawula ngasese, kwakhona oku kuxwebhu olungachazwanga, ukuba ezinye zezinto awayezenza zinento awayeyibiza ngokuba yi "Buchenwald" effect, kwaye sinokubona ukuba wayethetha ukuthini. Kwaye umbuzo ocacileyo kwakhona ngulo: Kutheni emhlabeni sifuna ukuthemba iiarhente ezenza izinto ezinje ukuba zenze into yokunceda uluntu ngoku? Le yikhosi kudala. Kodwa into yokuba ngoku sisebenzisa igama elithi "ukungenelela ngoncedo loluntu" ayenzi ibinzana lomlingo kwaye ayicimi ngomlingo le mbali edlulileyo, echaphazelekayo kwaye kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo. Andifuni kugxila kakhulu kwilizwe lam emva koko. Amanye amazwe enze ezinye izinto eziphazamisayo. Omnye unokujonga kwimbali yaseBrithani neFransi, masithi, kunye nokungenelela kwekoloniyali kunye ne-postcolonial. Umntu akafumani mfanekiso womsebenzi wobuntu; ngokuchaseneyo bendiya kuthi, kungenjongo okanye ngenyani.
Ngoku ndicinga ukuba omnye wemiba ekufuneka iqatshelwe ekugqibeleni yindleko yongenelelo loluntu. Le nto yinto engaqhelekanga ukuba ithathelwe ingqalelo, kodwa mhlawumbi kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo, ngakumbi ekubeni irekhodi yeziphumo imbi kakhulu ngokubhekiselele kwimpembelelo yobuntu. Ewe, isenzo somkhosi sibiza kakhulu. Ukudibanisa imikhosi elingana nolwahlulo, ukuyithumela phesheya kolwandle ixesha elide ayinakwenziwa ngaphandle kweendleko ezigqithisileyo. Kwimeko yeMfazwe yase-Iraq, into esinayo yile ibizwa ngokuba "yimfazwe yeetriliyoni zeedola." UJoseph Stiglitz wase-Columbia kunye noLinda Bilmes baqikelelwa kwi-2008 iindleko zexesha elide leMfazwe yase-Iraq kwi-3 yezigidigidi zeedola. ngayo. Ngapha koko, inkulu kunemveliso yasekhaya edityanisiweyo yeGreat Britain okwangoku. Kwaye umntu uyazibuza ukuba zeziphi iiprojekthi ezimangalisayo zobuntu ebesinokuzenza nge-2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, endaweni yokuyichitha kwimfazwe engenzanga nto kodwa yabulala amakhulu amawaka abantu kwaye yaphazamisa ummandla.
Kwaye ezi mfazwe azipheli eLibya, okanye eIraq, okanye eAfghanistan. I-Afghanistan isondela ekupheleni kweshumi lesibini leminyaka yemfazwe kunye neshumi lesibini leminyaka yokungenelela kwe-US. Oku kunokuba yeyona mfazwe inde kwimbali yase-US, ukuba ayisenjalo. Kuxhomekeke kwindlela oyichaza ngayo imfazwe ende, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo iphakama apho. Kwaye umntu unokucinga ngazo zonke iintlobo zezinto ezinokuthi zenziwe ngenye yale mali, umzekelo, ukugonywa kwabantwana, abangagonywanga. (Imizuzu emibini ingaba kunjalo? Umzuzu omnye.) Umntu unokucinga ngabantu abangenawo amayeza aneleyo kuquka nelizwe lam i-United States, apho abantu abaninzi bengenawo amayeza afanelekileyo. Njengoko izazi zezoqoqosho zisazi, uneendleko zamathuba. Ukuba uchitha imali kwinto enye, usenokungabi nayo kwenye. Kwaye ndicinga ukuba le nto besiyenza kukuchitha imali eninzi kungenelelo kwakhona ngaphandle kweziphumo ezibalulekileyo zobuntu okanye zimbalwa kakhulu endinokuzibona. Ndicinga ukuba ndichukumisekile kakhulu lufaniso lwezonyango olulapha kunye nogxininiso lwezonyango, yiyo loo nto ndiye ndabiza incwadi yam ethi “Okokuqala Ungenzi Ingozi.” Kwaye unobangela kukuba emayezeni awuvele uhambe uyotyanda isigulana kuba isigulana siyasokola. Kufuneka wenze uhlalutyo olululo malunga nokuba ngaba utyando luya kuba luhle okanye lubi. Uqhaqho ngokuqinisekileyo lunokwenzakalisa abantu, kwaye kwezamayeza ngamanye amaxesha eyona nto ilungileyo unokuyenza. Kwaye mhlawumbi apha, into yokuqala ekufuneka siyenze ngeentlekele zoluntu ayizenzi zibe mandundu, yile nto siyenzileyo. Enkosi.
UWilkinson
Enkosi, Njingalwazi. Michael, ingxabano yakho yemizuzu elishumi inokuqala xa ulungile.
UMichael Chertoff
Isiphakamiso apha kukuba ngaba ukungenelela koluntu kukuchasana ngokwemiqathango, kwaye ndicinga ukuba impendulo yaloo nto ayikho. Ngamanye amaxesha akucetyiswa, ngamanye amaxesha, kucetyiswa kakuhle. Ngamanye amaxesha ayisebenzi, ngamanye amaxesha iyasebenza. Kunqabile ukusebenza ngokugqibeleleyo, kodwa akukho nto iyenzayo ebomini. Ke, mandiqale ndiqale ngokuthetha ngale mizekelo mithathu unjingalwazi wayinikayo: Afghanistan, Iraq, kunye neLibya. Ndiza kukuxelela ukuba i-Afghanistan yayingeloncedo loluntu. I-Afghanistan yaba sisiphumo sohlaselo olwaqaliswa eUnited States olwabulala abantu abangama-3,000, kwaye yayiyinzame evulekileyo kwaye ngamabom yokususa umntu oqalise uhlaselo ekubeni akwazi ukulwenza kwakhona. Ukuba ucinga ukuba bekungafanelekanga, ndiza kukuxelela kumava obuqu: Xa sasingena e-Afghanistan, safumana iilabhoratri i-al Qaeda yayizisebenzisa ukulinga iikhemikhali kunye nee-agent zebhayoloji kwizilwanyana, ukuze zithumele ezo zichasene nabantu eNtshona. Ukuba asizange siye e-Afghanistan, sinokuba siphefumlela abo ngoku sithetha. Oku asikobuntu ngengqiqo yobubele. Olu luhlobo olusisiseko, ukhuseleko olungundoqo ilizwe ngalinye elibatyala abemi balo.
I-Iraq ikwayinto endicinga ukuba ngokombono wam ayilulo ukungenelela koluntu. Singaxoxa kwingxoxo-mpikiswano eyahlukileyo ukuba kwenzeke ntoni na ngobukrelekrele, nokuba bekuphosakele ngokupheleleyo okanye kuphosakele ngokuyinxenye, malunga nokuba nokwenzeka kwezixhobo zentshabalalo enkulu e-Iraq. Kodwa ke leyo yayiyeyona ngqikelelo inkulu ingenayo. Isenokuba yayiphosakele, kwaye kukho zonke iindidi zeengxoxo zokuba indlela eyaphunyezwa ngayo yayingenziwanga kakuhle. Kodwa kwakhona, yayingeloncedo lobuntu. ILibya yayilungenelelo loluntu. Kwaye ingxaki ngeLibya ndicinga ukuba inxalenye yesibini yento endifuna ukuyithetha, engeyiyo yonke imigudu yokunceda abantu ilungile. Kwaye ukuze wenze isigqibo sokungenelela, kufuneka uthathele ingqalelo izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zento ojongene nayo. Sithini isicwangciso sakho kunye nenjongo yakho, ingaba unayo ingcaciso malunga naloo nto? Luthini ulwazi lwakho malunga nokuba ziyintoni na iimeko kwindawo ongenelela kuyo? Athini amandla akho kunye nokuzimisela kwakho ukuzibophelela ekujongeni izinto kude kube sekupheleni? Kwaye ke, unenkxaso engakanani kuluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe? I-Libya ngumzekelo wemeko apho, ngelixa impembelelo inokuba yeyobuntu, ezi zinto azizange zicingelwe ngokucophelela. Kwaye ukuba ndingatsho njalo, uMichael Hayden kunye nam senza le ngongoma kwi-oped kungekudala emva kokuba le nkqubo iqale.(3) Ukuba inxalenye elula yayiza kususa uGaddafi. Into enzima yayiza kwenzeka emva kokuba uGaddafi esusiwe. Kwaye ke apha ndiyavumelana noprofesa. Ukuba umntu ebejonge ezi zinto zine ndizikhankanyile, ebenokuthi: “Uyazi ke, asazi ngenene, asizange siyibone le nto yenzekayo ngaphandle kukaGaddafi?” Kwenzeka ntoni kubo bonke oontamo-lukhuni abasentolongweni? Kwenzeka ntoni kubo bonke oonogada ababhataleyo, abangasahlawulwayo ngoku? Kwaye oko kukhokelele kwezinye iziphumo ezibi. Kwakhona ndicinga ukuba kukho ukusilela ukuqonda ukuba xa ususa uzwilakhe, unemeko engazinzanga. Kwaye njengoko u-Colin Powell wayedla ngokuthi, ukuba uyaphule uthenge. Ukuba uza kususa uzwilakhe, kufuneka ulungele ukutyala imali kuzinziso. Ukuba awukakulungeli ukwenza olo tyalo-mali, awunashishini lokumsusa.
Ngendlela yomzekelo kwelinye icala, ukuba ujonge umzekelo wokungenelela eSierra Leone nase-Ivory Coast. ISierra Leone yayingowama-2000. Kwakukho iUnited Front eyayihambela phambili kwikomkhulu. AmaBritane angena, awagxotha. Babaqhuba babuya. Kwaye ngenxa yoko, iSierra Leone yakwazi ukuzinza, kwaye ekugqibeleni bagqiba ukuba kubekho unyulo. Okanye i-Ivory Coast, ubunomntu obambeleyo owala ukwamkela ukuba uphulukene nonyulo. Waqalisa ukubaxhaphaza abantu bakhe. Kwabakho ukungenelela. Ekugqibeleni wabanjwa, kwaye ngoku i-Ivory Coast inedemokhrasi. Ke kwakhona, kukho iindlela zokwenza ungenelelo loluntu olunokuphumelela, kodwa hayi ukuba awuzihoyi ezi mpawu zine ndithethe ngazo.
Ngoku, mandikunike umzekelo kwinto esijongene nayo ngokoqobo namhlanje, kwaye yile nto yenzekayo eSyria. Kwaye makhe sibuze umbuzo wokuba ngaba kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo, ngaphambi kokuba amaRussia athathe inxaxheba ngokunzulu, ngaphambi kokuba ama-Irani abandakanyeke ngokunzulu, ukuba ngaba ungenelelo lwaluza kwenza umahluko kusini na ekusindiseni amashumi amawaka abantu ekubulaweni, abemi abamsulwa ngeebhombu. kunye nezixhobo zekhemikhali, kunye nengxaki enkulu yokufuduka kwabantu abaninzi. Kwaye ndicinga ukuba impendulo ithi: Ukuba besikwenzile eSyria into esiyenzileyo kumantla eIraq ngo-1991, saseka indawo ekungabhayiyo kuyo kunye nendawo yokungahambeli kuyo uAssad nabantu bakhe, kwaye ukuba besiyenze kwangoko, besinokuba nayo. ithintele le nto siyibona ngoku isenzeka kwaye iqhubeka nokuvela kummandla. Ke, ngoku ndiza kuyijonga kwenye ilensi: Kwenzeka ntoni xa ungangeneleli, njengoko ndicebisa ukuba ngesenzile eSyria? Awunangxaki yobuntu kuphela, unengxaki yokhuseleko. Ngenxa yokuba njengesiphumo sokunganyanzelisi nayiphi na imigaqo endikhe ndathetha ngayo kwaye nangona uMongameli u-Obama wathi kukho umgca obomvu malunga nezixhobo zekhemikhali kwaye emva koko umgca wanyamalala xa izixhobo zekhemikhali zisetyenziswa. Ngenxa yokuba singakhange sinyanzelise la manyathelo oluntu, asiphelelanga nje ekuswelekeni kwabantu abaninzi, kodwa ngokwenene saba nesiphithiphithi esithe safikelela kumbindi weYurophu. Isizathu sokuba i-EU ngoku ibe nengxaki malunga nokufuduka kungenxa yokuba, kwaye mhlawumbi ngenjongo ethile, amaRashiya kunye namaSiriya benza ngabom ukukhupha abantu ngaphandle kwelizwe kwaye babanyanzele ukuba baye kwenye indawo. Uninzi lwabo ngoku luseJordan kwaye lubeka uxinzelelo eJordani, kodwa uninzi lwabo luzama ukungena eYurophu. Kwaye andinamathandabuzo amancinci ukuba uPutin waqonda okanye waqaphela ngokukhawuleza, nokuba yayingeyiyo injongo yakhe yasekuqaleni, ukuba xa udala ingxaki yokufuduka, udala ukuphazamiseka kunye nokungavisisani phakathi komchasi wakho oyintloko, iYurophu. Kwaye oko kunempembelelo ephazamisayo, iziphumo esiqhubeka sizibona namhlanje.
Kwaye ke, enye yezinto endifuna ukuyithetha ukunyaniseka, kuxa sithetha ngongenelelo loluntu, kuhlala kukho i-altruistic dimension kuyo, kodwa ngokungafihlisiyo kukwakho nenqanaba lokuzicingela. Iindawo zesiphithiphithi ziindawo apho abanqolobi basebenza khona, kwaye umbonile uIsis kude kube mva nje unommandla kwiindawo zaseSyria nakwiindawo zase-Iraq ezingalawulwa ngokufanelekileyo. Idala iingxaki zokufuduka kunye neentlekele ezifanayo, ezithi ke zibe nefuthe kuzinzo kunye nolungelelwaniso oluhle lwehlabathi liphela. Kwaye kudala izikhalazo kunye neminqweno yokubuyisela okuhlala kukhokelela kwimijikelezo yobundlobongela eqhubekayo ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kwaye uyayibona eRwanda.
Ke, eyona nto iphambili kum yile: Ayilulo lonke ungenelelo loluntu olufanelekileyo, ayilulo lonke ungenelelo loluntu olucingwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye lwenziwa ngokufanelekileyo. Kodwa ngophawu olufanayo, asingabo bonke abangalunganga okanye ababulawa ngokungafanelekanga. Kwaye kwakhona, ndibuyela ku-1991 kunye nendawo yokungabhabhi kunye nendawo yokungahambi e-Kurdistan njengomzekelo womnye osebenzayo. Undoqo ngulo: Cacisa ukuba kutheni ungena; musa ukuzijongela phantsi iindleko zento oyenzayo; ube nesakhono kunye nokuzinikela ekuboneni ukuba uyakwazi ukumelana nezo ndleko kwaye ufezekise isiphumo ozibekele sona. Qinisekisa ukuba uyazazi iimeko ezisemhlabeni, ngoko ke wenze uvavanyo olunengqiqo. Kwaye ekugqibeleni ufumane inkxaso yamazwe ngamazwe, ungahambi wedwa. Ndicinga ukuba kwezo meko, ukungenelela ngoncedo alukwazi ukuphumelela kuphela, kodwa kunokusindisa ubomi obuninzi kwaye lenze ihlabathi lethu likhuseleke ngakumbi. Enkosi.
Umbuzo (Wilkinson)
Enkosi, Michael. Ndinibulela nobabini ngala magqabaza ayintshayelelo. Ndiza kubuza umbuzo omnye, kwaye emva koko siya kudlulela kwimibuzo evela kubaphulaphuli. Umbuzo wam ngulo: Nobabini nicaphule inani lemizekelo yembali. Kodwa ungatsho ukuba luvavanyo olufanelekileyo ukuba ingxaki ngenyani kukuba akunakuze kubekho isicwangciso sexesha elide esaneleyo, iinjongo ezifanelekileyo ngokwaneleyo, inkuthazo yenceba eyaneleyo, okanye uhlalutyo olwaneleyo lokuchasana nenyaniso yokuba imibutho kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe. ziphosakele. Kwaye baya kuhlala bezenza iimpazamo. Kwaye ukusilela kwala maqela kuthetha ukuba ungenelelo loluntu kufuneka lube yinkcaso ngokwemigaqo. Ke, Michael, ukuba ungathanda ukuphendula.
Phendula (Chertoff)
Impendulo yam yile: Ukungenzi nto. Abanye abantu bacinga ukuba awuyenzi into ethile ngandlela ithile. Kodwa ukuba awenzi nto, kukho into eza kwenzeka. Ngoko ke, ukuba umzekelo uFranklin Roosevelt wagqiba ekubeni angayincedi iBritish ngo-1940 nge-Lend Lease, kuba "Andazi ukuba ndenza impazamo okanye hayi," oko bekuya kubangela isiphumo esahlukileyo ngokubhekiselele kwiHlabathi. Imfazwe yesi-II. Andiqondi ukuba siya kuba sisithi "kakuhle kodwa ibikukwenza oko, akunamsebenzi." Ndicinga ukuba ukungasebenzi luhlobo lwesenzo. Kwaye ngalo lonke ixesha unikwa ukhetho, kuya kufuneka ulungelelanise iziphumo kangangoko unokuzibonakalisa, ukusuka kokubini ukwenza into kunye nokuyeka ukwenza into.
Phendula (Gibbs)
Ewe, ndicinga ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo ukungasebenzi luhlobo lwesenzo, kodwa uxanduva kufuneka luhlale lukumntu oxhasa ungenelelo. Kaloku makhe sicace gca kule nto: Ukungenelela sisenzo semfazwe. Ungenelelo lokunceda abantu yintetho nje yomlomo. Xa sikhuthaza ukungenelela koluntu, sikhuthaza imfazwe. Intshukumo yokungenelela yintshukumo yemfazwe. Yaye kum kubonakala ngathi abo bathethelela imfazwe ngokwenene abanamthwalo kubo wobungqina. Umthwalo wobungqina kufuneka ube kwabo bakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kobundlobongela, kwaye ngokwenene imigangatho kufuneka ibe phezulu kakhulu ekusebenziseni ubundlobongela. Kwaye ndiyacinga ukuba siyayibona isetyenziswe ngokungenangqondo kwixesha elidlulileyo ukuya kwinqanaba elingaqhelekanga.
Kwaye ingxaki esisiseko onayo kungenelelo oluncinci - umzekelo indawo ye-1991 engabhabhayo phezu kwe-Iraq - ngaba ezi zinto zenzeka kwihlabathi lenene, hayi kwihlabathi lokuzenzisa. Kwaye kwelo lizwe lokwenyani, iUnited States izithatha njengamandla amakhulu, kwaye kuya kuhlala kukho umbuzo wokuthembeka kweMelika. Kwaye ukuba i-US ithatha amanyathelo angamasiqingatha, njengendawo yokungabhabhi, kuya kuhlala kukho uxinzelelo kwi-United States evela kumaqela ahlukeneyo ekusekweni komgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle ukuba athathe umzamo omkhulu kunye nokusombulula ingxaki kanye kunye. Ke ngoko isidingo senye imfazwe ne-Iraq kwi-2003, ivelisa intlekele enkulu. Ndiba nexhala kakhulu xa ndisiva abantu bexoxa “masenze nje ungenelelo olulinganiselweyo, luzosuka luphele apho,” kuba ihlala ingayeki apho. Kukho umphumo we-quagmire. Ungena emgxobhozweni, kwaye uya usiya unzulu ngakumbi kulo mgxobhozo. Kwaye kuya kuhlala kukho abo bathethelela ungenelelo olunzulu kunye nobunzulu.
Ndicinga ukuba inqaku elinye: bendifuna ukuphendula kwibango elihlala likhona ukuba iimfazwe zase-Iraq kunye ne-Afghanistan yayingeloncedo loluntu. Kuyinyani ukuba oku bekukumlinganiselo othile, omabini ungenelelo ubuncinci beyinxalenye yomdla wesizwe wesizwe, irealpolitik, nokunye okunjalo. Kodwa ukuba ujonga emva kwirekhodi, ngokucacileyo zombini bezithethelela ngokuyinxenye njengongenelelo loluntu, zombini lulawulo lukaBush kunye nezifundiswa ezininzi. Ndinayo apha phambi kwam ivolumu ehleliweyo epapashwe yiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Press, kwaye ndiyakholelwa ukuba ngu-2005, ebizwa ngokuba Umba woMgaqo: Iingxoxo zoLuntu kwiMfazwe e-Iraq. ”(4) Yenza nje ukhangelo lukaGoogle “kwiingxoxo zobuntu zemfazwe e-Iraq,” kwaye le yayiyinxalenye yomfanekiso. Ndicinga ukuba kuphinda kubhalwe kwimbali ukuba ungenelelo loluntu lwalungeyonto ibalulekileyo kwiingxoxo zemfazwe e-Iraq okanye e-Afghanistan. Babeyinxalenye kakhulu kwezo mfazwe zombini. Kwaye ndingatsho ukuba iziphumo ziyayigxeka kakhulu imbono yongenelelo loluntu.
Umbuzo (abaphulaphuli)
Enkosi, ngoko nobabini nithethe ngemizekelo yembali kwaye ndingathanda ukuva nobabini iimbono zenu malunga nemeko eqhubekayo eVenezuela. Kwaye ulawulo lweTrump kunye nezicwangciso kunye neengxelo ziye zaphuma ukuba zinokuba nezicwangciso zokusebenzisa umkhosi wamajoni apho kwaye unokuyivavanya njani loo nto ngokubhekiselele kuyo yomibini imibono oye wabelana ngayo.
Phendula (Chertoff)
Ke, ndicinga ukuba kwenzeka ntoni eVenezuela okokuqala, ndithetha ukuba kukho ubuzwilakhe bezopolitiko. Kwaye njengoko benditshilo andicingi ukuba imiba yolawulo lwezopolitiko sisizathu sokungenelela ngomkhosi. Kukho kwakhona into yokunceda abantu apha. Abantu bayafa yindlala. Kodwa andazi ukuba sikwinqanaba lentlekele yoluntu esiye sayibona kwezinye iimeko. Ke, impendulo yam emfutshane iya kuba: Andicingi ukuba sidibene nomda wokuba nengxoxo yokwenyani malunga nokungenelela koluntu kwingqiqo yasemkhosini.
Oko akuthethi ukuba akukho ndlela zingezomkhosi zokungenelela, ukuze kucace ukuze siwusondeze umfanekiso. Kukho izixhobo ezininzi kwibhokisi yezixhobo xa ujongene nongenelelo. Kukho izohlwayo, izohlwayo zezoqoqosho. Kukwakho ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-cyber njengendlela yokuba nefuthe kwinto eyenzekayo. Kunokwenzeka ukuba kwezinye iimeko kuthathwe amanyathelo asemthethweni, umzekelo iNkundla yoLwaphulo-mthetho yaMazwe ngaMazwe okanye enye into. Ke, zonke ezi kufuneka zithathwe njengenxalenye yebhokisi yezixhobo. Ukuba ndijonge iVenezuela, ndicinga ukuba yenzekile, into endiyigxininisayo ayizange ifike kwinqanaba lokungenelela koluntu, kuya kufuneka ulungelelanise imiba efana nale: Ngaba kukho ukuphela komdlalo esikubonayo okanye isicwangciso esisibonayo ukuba siphumelele? Ngaba sinawo amandla okuwuphumeza? Ngaba sinenkxaso yamazwe ngamazwe? Ndicinga ukuba zonke ezo mhlawumbi ziya kuhlasela ngokuchasene nayo. Oko akuthethi ukuba ayinakutshintsha, kodwa imilinganiselo yoku andicingi ukuba ifikelele kwinqanaba apho isenzo somkhosi sifanelekile okanye sinokwenzeka.
Phendula (Gibbs)
Ewe, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu okufuneka uyazi malunga neVenezuela kukuba luqoqosho lweoyile engadityaniswanga, kwaye kuye kwakho ukuhla kwexabiso leoli ukusukela ngo-2014. UMaduro kunye neentshukumo zolawulo ezithathayo, kunye nolawulo olugwenxa, urhwaphilizo, njalo njalo. Uninzi lwento ebiqhubeka ngalo naluphi na ufundo olufanelekileyo, ngalo naluphi na ufundo olunolwazi, kungenxa yamaxabiso aphantsi eoli.
Ikhomba kum ndicinga umba omkhulu, yindlela iintlekele zoluntu ezihlala zibangelwa ziingxaki zoqoqosho. Iingxoxo zaseRwanda azizange zixoxe ngenyaniso yokuba i-genocide - kwaye ndicinga ukuba yayiyi-genocide kwimeko yaseRwanda - ukubulawa kwabantu ngamaHutu ngokumelene namaTutsi kwenzeka kwimeko yeengxaki ezinkulu zezoqoqosho ngenxa yokuwa kwekofu. amaxabiso. Kwakhona, uqoqosho olungahlukanga kakhulu olwaluxhomekeke kuphela kwikofu. Amaxabiso ekofu ayehla, ufumana ingxaki yezopolitiko. IYugoslavia yayinengxaki enkulu yezoqoqosho ngaphambi nje kokuba elo lizwe liqhekeke lize lehlele esihogweni. Siyazi ngokwehla esihogweni, abantu abaninzi abayazi malunga nengxaki yezoqoqosho.
Ngesizathu esithile abantu bafumanisa ukuba uqoqosho luyadika, kwaye ngenxa yokuba kuyadika kwaye ukungenelela emkhosini kubonakala kumnandi, sicinga ukuba isisombululo kukuthumela kwi-82nd Airborne Division. Nangona mhlawumbi ngekwakulula kwaye kutshiphu kakhulu kwaye kulula kwaye kubengcono ngokwembono yobuntu ukulungisa ingxaki yezoqoqosho; ugxininiso olunzima olubekwe kubungqongqo kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye neziphumo ezibi kakhulu zezopolitiko ubungqongqo obunazo kumazwe amaninzi. Umongo wembali uyimfuneko apha: Kuzo zonke iimbekiselo eziqhubekayo, eziphindaphindiweyo kwi-Third Reich kunye neMfazwe Yehlabathi II, esiyiva ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye kwakhona kwaye kwakhona kwaye kwakhona, abantu bahlala belibala ukuba enye yezinto ezisizisele uAdolph Hitler yayinkulu. Ukudakumba. Nakuphi na ukufundwa okunengqiqo kwimbali ye-Weimar yaseJamani kuya kuba kukuba ngaphandle koxinzelelo, ngokuqinisekileyo ngewungazange ufumane ukunyuka kweNazi. Ngoko ke, ndicinga ukuba ukujongana nemiba yezoqoqosho kwimeko yaseVenezuela - Nokuba iUnited States yayiza kubhukuqa uMaduro nangayiphi na indlela kwaye ithathe indawo yomnye umntu, ukuba omnye umntu uya kufuneka ajongane nomcimbi weoli ephantsi. amaxabiso kunye nemiphumo eyonakalisayo kuqoqosho, oluya kuhlala lungahoywanga lungenelelo loluntu, nokuba sikubiza ngolo hlobo okanye enye into.
Ndicinga ukuba enye inqaku malunga ne-United States kunye neVenezuela kukuba iZizwe eziManyeneyo zathumela ummeli apho kwaye zagweba izohlwayo zase-US njengoko ziqinisa kakhulu ingxaki yoluntu. Ke, ungenelelo olwenziwa yi-United States-uqoqosho ngeli xesha ubukhulu becala, endaweni yomkhosi-luyenza izinto zibe mandundu, kwaye ngokucacileyo kufuneka iyeke. Ukuba sinomdla wokunceda abantu baseVenezuela, ngokuqinisekileyo iUnited States ayinakufuna ukuyenza ibe mandundu.
UDavid N. Gibbs yiNjingalwazi yezeMbali, iYunivesithi yaseArizona, kwaye ipapashe ngokubanzi kubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe e-Afghanistan, iDemocratic Republic of the Congo, kunye neYugoslavia yangaphambili. Ngoku ubhala incwadi yakhe yesithathu, ngokunyuka kwe-US conservatism ngexesha le-1970s.
(1) UGilbert Burnham, et al, "Ukufa emva kokuhlaselwa kwe-Iraq ka-2003: UPhando lweSampuli yeSigqeba soMnqamlezo," Lancet 368, no. 9545, 2006. Qaphela ukuba i LancetOlona qikelelo lokufa okugqithileyo ngenxa yohlaselo luphezulu kunolu ndilukhankanye ngasentla. Inani elichanekileyo ngama-654,965, kune-560,000 endiyibonisileyo.
(2) uLinda J. Bilmes noJoseph E. Stiglitz, I-Trillion Dollar War: Iindleko Zinyaniso ze-Iraq Inkqubela. ENew York: eNorton, ngo-2008.
(3) UMichael Chertoff noMichael V. Hayden, “Kwenzeka ntoni emva kokuba uGaddafi esusiwe?” Washington Post, UEpreli 21, 2011.
(4) Thomas Cushman, umhleli, Umba woMgaqo: Iingxoxo zoLuntu kwiMfazwe e-Iraq. Berkeley: IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Press, ngo-2005.
