Ngomzuzu xa ulawulo lweBiden lubonakala luphindaphindeka kabini kungquzulwano lwaseUkraine, TomDispatch njalo URajan Menon ujonga nzima ukuba le mfazwe ixabisa ntoni na ihlabathi lethu kwaye, ndikholelwe, libali elibi ongaliboni lixelwa kwezi ntsuku. Okulusizi kukuba, njengoko umlo uqhubeka (kwaye uqhubeleka), ngelixa iWashington ityalwa imali ngakumbi koko kuqhubeka, iindleko kuthi sonke kule planethi ziyenyuka kuphela.
Kwaye ayisiyonto nje yokutyhala uVladimir Putin zonke-kakhulu-zinyukliya buyela eludongeni okanye kwisihloko, njengomphathiswa wezangaphandle waseRussia kutshanje Yibeke, ngenxa yeMfazwe Yehlabathi III enokwenzeka. Gcina ukhumbula ukuba ukugxila ngokupheleleyo kwintlekele e-Ukraine kuthetha ukuba kwakhona uqinisekisa ukuba eyona ngozi inzulu kwesi sijikelezi-langa, utshintsho lwemozulu, inokuthatha indawo yokuhlala engunaphakade kwiMfazwe ebandayo yesiBini.
Kwaye khumbula, imfazwe ayisebenzi kakuhle ekhaya. Sele kucacile ukuba, emehlweni abantu abaninzi baseMelika, uJoe Biden akasokuze abe “ngumongameli wemfazwe” ekufuneka behlanganisene. Uphando lucebisa ukuba uninzi lwethu, ngokugqibeleleyo, "mfiliba” malunga nendima yakhe emfazweni ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kwaye bahlukana malunga nokuba enze ntoni ngezenzo zakhe (njengezinye izinto ezininzi). Kwaye ungathembeli emfazweni unceda iiDemokhrasi kuvoto ngoNovemba, hayi ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Isijikelezi-langa esinesiphithiphithi esibonakala sihlala singalawuleki sinokubeka amaTrumpists eQela leRiphabhlikhi kwisali kwiminyaka ezayo-elinye iphupha elibi lomyalelo wokuqala. Unaloo nto engqondweni, qwalasela kunye noRajan Menon ukuba yeyiphi intlekele uhlaselo lwaseUkraine esele lubonakala luyiyo kubantu abaninzi kwesi sijikelezi-langa sethu sonzakeleyo. Tom
Ngowe-1919, ingcali yezoqoqosho yaseBritani uJohn Maynard Keynes wabhala Iziphumo zoqoqosho zoXolo, incwadi eyayiza kungqina impikiswano ngokwenene. Kuyo, walumkisa ngelithi imigaqo engqongqo ebekwe kwiJamani eyoyisiweyo emva kwento eyayisaziwa ngokuba yiMfazwe Enkulu - ngoku esiyibiza ngokuba yiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala - iya kuba neziphumo ezibi hayi nje kwelo lizwe kodwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Namhlanje, ndisilungelelanise isihloko sakhe ukuba sihlolisise iziphumo zoqoqosho zemfazwe (engaphantsi kunenkulu) eqhubekayo-leyo yaseUkraine, ewe, kungekhona nje kwabo babandakanyekayo ngokuthe ngqo kodwa kwihlabathi liphela.
Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba, emva kohlaselo lwaseRashiya lwangoFebruwari 24, ingxelo iye yajolisa ngokukodwa kumlo wemihla ngemihla; ukutshatyalaliswa kwempahla yezoqoqosho yaseUkraine, ukusuka kwizakhiwo kunye neebhulorho ukuya kwiifektri kunye nezixeko zonke; intlungu yabo bobabini ababaleki baseUkraine kunye nabantu abafudukelwe ngaphakathi, okanye ii-IDPs; nobungqina obandayo bezenzo zenkohlakalo. Iziphumo zezoqoqosho ezinokubakho zexesha elide ngaphakathi nangaphaya kwe-Ukraine azikhange zitsale ngqalelo phantse kangako, ngenxa yezizathu eziqondakalayo. Zincinci i-visceral kwaye, ngokuchazwa, azikhawulezi kangako. Nangona kunjalo imfazwe iya kuthatha uqoqosho olukhulu, hayi eUkraine kuphela kodwa kubantu abahluphekayo abahlala kumawaka eekhilomitha kude. Amazwe atyebileyo aya kuba nemiphumo emibi yemfazwe, nawo, kodwa akwazi ukumelana nawo.
Yaqhekeka iUkraine
Abanye balindele ukuba le mfazwe iza kuhlala ihleli iminyaka, nanjalo eminyaka, nangona olo qikelelo lubonakala lumfiliba kakhulu. Esikwaziyo, nangona kunjalo, kukuba, nokuba ziinyanga ezimbini, ilahleko yezoqoqosho yaseUkraine kunye noncedo lwangaphandle eliya kulufuna ilizwe eliya kuze likwazi ukuphumeza nantoni na efana naleyo ibisele idluliselwe kwisiqhelo iyakhwankqisa.
Masiqale ngeembacu zaseUkraine kunye nee-IDPs. Ngokudibeneyo, la maqela mabini sele enza ama-29% abemi belizwe bebonke. Ukubeka oko ngokwembono, zama ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wabantu baseMerika abazizigidi ezingama-97 bezifumana bekwimeko enjalo kwiinyanga ezimbini ezizayo.
Ukususela ekupheleni kuka-Aprili, 5.4 million Abemi baseUkraine balibalekele ePoland nakwamanye amazwe aselumelwaneni. Nangona uninzi - uqikelelo lwahluka phakathi kwamawaka aliqela kunye nesigidi - sele beqalile ukubuya, akucaci ukuba baya kukwazi na ukuhlala (yiyo loo nto amanani e-UN ebakhuphela ngaphandle kuqikelelo lwenani lilonke leembacu). Ukuba imfazwe iya iba mandundu kwaye yenza iEwe, kwiminyaka edlulileyo, ukuqhubeka kwemfuduko yeembacu kunokubangela ukuba kube nzima kakhulu namhlanje.
Oko kuya kubeka uxinzelelo olungakumbi kumazwe ababambeleyo, ngakumbi iPoland, esele yavuma phantse izigidi ezithathu ababalekayo baseUkraine. Olunye uqikelelo lweendleko zokuzibonelela ngeemfuno ezisisiseko $ 30 billion. Kwaye oko ngunyaka omnye. Ngaphezu koko, xa kwakuqikelelwa ukuba iimbacu zazingaphantsi kwesigidi kunezo zikhoyo ngoku. Yongeza kuloo nto 7.7 million Abantu baseUkraine abashiye amakhaya abo kodwa hayi ilizwe ngokwalo. Iindleko zokwenza bonke obu bomi buphelele kwakhona ziya kukhwankqisa.
Nje ukuba imfazwe iphele kwaye abo bazizigidi ezili-12.8 bancothulwe eUkraine baqala ukuzama ukwakha kwakhona ubomi babo, abaninzi baya kufumanisa ukuba izakhiwo zokuhlala kunye namakhaya azisami okanye azihlali. I izibhedlele neeklinikhi bebexhomekeke kuzo, iindawo abasebenza kuzo, kwezabantwana babo Zikolo, iivenkile kunye kwiivenkile e Uhambo kunye kwenye indawo apho bathenge khona izinto eziyimfuneko zisenokuba zibhuqiwe okanye zonakaliswe kakhulu. Uqoqosho lwase-Ukraine kulindeleke ukuba lube nesivumelwano nge-45% kulo nyaka kuphela, ayimangalisi into yokuba isiqingatha samashishini aso asisebenzi kwaye, ngokutsho IBhanki ye hlabathi, ukuthunyelwa kwayo ngaphandle elwandle kunxweme lwayo olusemazantsi ngoku kuphelileyo. Ukubuyela nakwimigangatho yangaphambi kwemfazwe yemveliso kuya kuthatha iminyaka eliqela ubuncinci.
malunga Ikota enye yeziseko ezingundoqo zaseUkraine (iibhulorho, iindlela, imizila kaloliwe, iindawo zamanzi, nezinye ezifana nazo) sele zonakele okanye zidiliziwe. Ukuyilungisa okanye ukuyakha kwakhona kuya kufuna phakathi $ 60 billion kwaye $ 119 billion. UMphathiswa wezeMali waseUkraine ucinga ukuba ukuba imveliso elahlekileyo, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle, kunye nengeniso yongezwa kuyo, umonakalo owenziwe yimfazwe sele udlula. $ 500 billion. Oko phantse kane ixabiso le-Ukraine imveliso yasekhaya epheleleyo ngo-2020.
Kwaye khumbula, amanani anjalo aqikelelo kakhulu. Iindleko zokwenyani ngokungathandabuzekiyo ziya kuba phezulu nezixa-mali ezinkulu kuncedo oluvela kwimibutho yezemali yamazwe ngamazwe nakumazwe aseNtshona afunekayo kwiminyaka ezayo. Kwintlanganiso ebizwe yi-International Monetary Fund (IMF) kunye neBhanki yehlabathi, iNkulumbuso yaseUkraine Qi kelelwa ukuba ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kwelizwe lakhe kuya kufuna i-600 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwaye kufuneka i-5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngenyanga kwiinyanga ezintlanu ezizayo ukuze nje axhase uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Yomibini le mibutho sele iqalile ukusebenza. Ekuqaleni kuka-Matshi, i-IMF yavuma a $ 1.4 billion mboleko kaxakeka kwi-Ukraine kunye neBhanki yehlabathi eyongezelelweyo $ 723 yezigidi. Kwaye oko kuya kuba sisiqalo nje sokuhamba kwexesha elide lemali ukuya e-Ukraine ukusuka kwaba babolekisi babini, ngelixa oorhulumente baseNtshona kunye neManyano yaseYurophu ngokungathandabuzekiyo beya kubonelela ngeyabo imali mboleko kunye nezibonelelo.
ENtshona: Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso aphezulu, ukuKhula okuPhantsi
Amaza othusayo ezoqoqosho adalwe yimfazwe sele elimaza uqoqosho lwaseNtshona kwaye intlungu iya kwanda kuphela. Ukukhula koqoqosho kumazwe atyebileyo aseYurophu kwaba yi-5.9% ngo-2021. I-IMF ulindele ukuba iya kuwela kwi-3.2% ngo-2022 kunye ne-2.2% ngo-2023. Okwangoku, phakathi kukaFebruwari noMatshi walo nyaka, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso eYurophu. yagcwala ukusuka kwi-5.9% ukuya kwi-7.9%. Kwaye oko kubonakala kuthozamile xa kuthelekiswa nokutsiba kwamaxabiso amandla aseYurophu. Ngo March bebesele benyukile 45% xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka odlulileyo.
Iindaba ezilungileyo, kubika i Financial Times, kukuba intswela-ngqesho yehlele kwirekhodi esezantsi ye-6.8%. Iindaba ezimbi: ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunomvuzo ongaphezulu, ngoko ke abasebenzi beberhola ngaphantsi nge-3%.
Ngokubhekiselele eUnited States, ukukhula koqoqosho, kuqikelelwa 3.7% ngo-2022, kunokwenzeka ukuba ibengcono kunoqoqosho oluphambili lwaseYurophu. Nangona kunjalo, iBhodi yeNkomfa, itanki yokucinga kumashishini angamalungu angama-2,000, ilindele ukukhula kwe-2.2% ngo-2023. Ngeli xesha, izinga lokunyuka kwamaxabiso e-US lifikelele 8.54% ekupheleni kukaMatshi. Yinto ephindwe kabini into ebiyiyo kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo kwaye iphezulu ukusukela oko 1981. UJerome Powell, usihlalo weFederal Reserve, uye lumkisa ukuba imfazwe iya kudala ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okongeziweyo. ENew York Times umbhali wemihlathi nengcali ngezoqoqosho uPaul Krugman ukholelwa ukuba liya kuhla, kodwa ukuba kunjalo, umbuzo ngulo: Nini yaye ngokukhawuleza kangakanani? Ngaphandle koko, uKrugman ulindele ukunyuka kwexabiso iba mandundu ngaphambi kokuba baqale ukuphumla. I-Fed inokuthintela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ngokukrazula amaxabiso enzala, kodwa oko kunokuphelisa ngakumbi ukunciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho. Ewe, i-Deutsche Bank yenza iindaba nge-26 ka-Epreli kunye nengqikelelo yokuba idabi le-Fed ngokuchasene nokunyuka kwamaxabiso liya kudala "ukudodobala okukhulu koqoqosho” eUnited States ekupheleni konyaka ozayo.
Kunye neYurophu kunye ne-US, i-Asia-Pacific, indawo yesithathu yamandla ezoqoqosho kwihlabathi, ayisayi kusinda nayo. Echaza iziphumo zemfazwe, i IMF yehlise ingqikelelo yokukhula kwayo kulo mmandla ngenye i-0.5% ukuya kwi-4.9% kulo nyaka xa kuthelekiswa ne-6.5% kunyaka ophelileyo. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwi-Asia-Pacific kuphantsi kodwa kulindeleke ukuba kunyuke kumazwe amaninzi.
Imikhwa engathandekiyo enjalo ayinakubalelwa emfazweni kuphela. Ubhubhani we-Covid-19 udale iingxaki kumacala amaninzi kwaye ukunyuka kwamaxabiso e-US kwakusele kunyuka ngaphambi kohlaselo, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kwenza izinto zibe mandundu. Qwalasela amaxabiso amandla ukususela ngoFebruwari 24, usuku olwaqala ngalo imfazwe. I ixabiso leoli ngoko yayikwi-$89 umphanda. Emva kwe-zigs kunye ne-zags kunye ne-9 ka-Matshi i-peak ye-119 yeedola, yazinza (ubuncinci ngoku) kwi-$ 104.7 ngo-Ephreli 28rd - i-17.6% igxuma kwiinyanga ezimbini. Izibheno ze US kwaye BaseBrithani oorhulumente ukuya eSaudi Arabia kunye ne-United Arab Emirates ukunyusa imveliso yeoli yaya ndawo, ngoko akukho mntu ufanele alindele ukukhululeka ngokukhawuleza.
Iirhafu ze ukuthunyelwa kweenqanawa kwaye umthwalo wezomoya, esele inyukile ngubhubhane, yenyuka ngakumbi emva kohlaselo lwaseUkraine kunye iziphazamiso zekhonkco lonikezelo waba mandundu kwakhona. Amaxabiso okutya nawo anyuka, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zamandla kodwa nangenxa yokuba iRussia yenza phantse i-18% ye ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle elizweni jikelele yengqolowa (kunye ne-Ukraine 8%), ngelixa isabelo se-Ukraine sokuthunyelwa kwengqolowa kumazwe angaphandle 16% kwaye la mazwe mabini kunye aphendula ngaphezu kwekota ukuthunyelwa kwengqolowa kumazwe angaphandle, isityalo esibalulekileyo kumazwe amaninzi.
IRashiya neUkraine nazo zivelisa 80% yeoli kajongilanga yehlabathi, esetyenziswa kakhulu ekuphekeni. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokunqongophala kwale mveliso sele kubonakala, kungekuphela nje kwi-European Union, kodwa nakwiindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo zehlabathi. Phakathi empuma kwaye Indiya , efumana phantse yonke into evela eRashiya naseUkraine. Ukwengeza, 70% yokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-Ukraine ithwalwa ngeenqanawa kwaye zombini uLwandle oluMnyama kunye noLwandle lwaseAzov ngoku ziindawo zemfazwe.
Ubunzima baMazwe "oMvuzo ophantsi".
Ukukhula okucothayo, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, kunye nenzala ephezulu evela kwiinzame zeebhanki ezingoovimba zokunciphisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, kunye nokwanda kwentswela-ngqesho, kuya kubakhathaza abantu abahlala eNtshona, ngakumbi abona bahluphekayo phakathi kwabo abachitha umlinganiselo omkhulu kakhulu wemivuzo yabo. kwiimfuno ezisisiseko ezifana nokutya negesi. Kodwa “amazwe anengeniso ephantsi” (ngokutsho kweBhanki yehlabathi definition, abo banomvuzo womndilili womntu ngamnye ngonyaka ongaphantsi kwe-1,045 yeedola ngo-2020), ngakumbi abona bantu bangathathi ntweni, baya kubethwa kakhulu. Ngenxa yeemfuno ezinkulu zezemali zaseUkraine kunye nokuzimisela kweNtshona ukuhlangabezana nazo, amazwe anengeniso ephantsi anokufumana kunzima kakhulu ukufumana imali yokuhlawula amatyala abaya kuba nawo ngenxa yokunyuka kokuboleka ukuhlawulela iindleko ezikhulayo zokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, ngakumbi izinto eziyimfuneko ezifana namandla kunye nokutya. Yongeza kuloo nto yehlisiwe imivuzo yokuthumela ngaphandle ngenxa yokucotha kokukhula koqoqosho lwehlabathi.
Ubhubhani we-Covid-19 sele unyanzelise amazwe anengeniso ephantsi ukuba anyamezele isaqhwithi sezoqoqosho ngokuboleka ngaphezulu, kodwa inzala ephantsi yenza amatyala abo, sele erekhodiwe. $ 860 billion, kulula ukuyilawula. Ngoku, ngokukhula kwehlabathi jikelele kunye neendleko zamandla kunye nokutya zinyuka, baya kunyanzeleka ukuba baboleke ngenzala ephezulu kakhulu, nto leyo eya kwandisa umthwalo wabo wokuhlawula.
Ngexesha lobhubhane, 60% amazwe anengeniso ephantsi afuna isiqabu kwiimbophelelo zokuhlawula amatyala awo (xa kuthelekiswa nama-30% ngowama-2015). Amaxabiso aphezulu enzala, kunye namaxabiso aphezulu okutya nawombane, ngoku ayakuyenza mandundu imeko yabo. Kule nyanga, umzekelo, esri Lanka yasilela kwityala layo. Iingcali zezoqoqosho ezibalaseleyo lumkisa ukuba loo nto inokungqina ukuba yi-bellwether, ekubeni amanye amazwe ethanda Egypt, Phakistan, yaye Thunishiya jongana neengxaki zamatyala afanayo nemfazwe iqatsela. Edibene, ngama-74 amazwe anengeniso ephantsi atyalayo $ 35 billion ekuhlawuleni amatyala kulo nyaka, ukonyuka nge-45% ukusuka ngo-2020.
Kwaye ezo, khumbula, azijongwa njengamazwe anengeniso ephantsi. Kubo, i-IMF isebenze ngokwesiko njengombolekisi wendlela yokugqibela, kodwa ngaba baya kukwazi ukuthembela kuncedo lwayo xa iUkraine ifuna ngokukhawuleza imali-mboleko enkulu? I-IMF kunye neBhanki yehlabathi zinokufuna iminikelo eyongezelelweyo kumazwe angamalungu azo atyebileyo, kodwa ngaba baya kuyifumana, xa loo mazwe ekwajongene neengxaki ezikhulayo zezoqoqosho kwaye exhalabele ngabavoti bawo abanomsindo?
Kakade ke, okukhona uxanduva olukhulu lwamatyala kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi, kokukhona aya kuba nako ukunceda abemi bawo abahlwempuzekileyo ukuba akwazi ukusingatha amaxabiso aphezulu ezinto eziyimfuneko, ngakumbi ukutya. Isalathisi samaxabiso okutya kuMbutho wezoKutya nezoLimo sinyukile 12.6% ukusuka nje ngoFebruwari ukuya kuMatshi kwaye yayisele iphezulu ngama-33.6% kunonyaka odlulileyo.
Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso engqolowa - kwinqanaba elinye, ixabiso nge-bushel nganye phantse iphindwe kabini ngaphambi kokuzinza kwinqanaba le-38% ephezulu kunonyaka odlulileyo - sele idale ukunqongophala komgubo kunye nesonka eYiputa, eLebhanon, naseTunisia, engazange ijonge e-Ukraine phakathi kwe-25% kunye ne-80% yengqolowa yabo. Amanye amazwe, njengaye Pakistan kunye Bangladesh - yangaphambili ithenga phantse i-40% yengqolowa yayo e-Ukraine, i-50% yokugqibela evela eRashiya nase-Ukraine - inokujongana nengxaki efanayo.
Eyona ndawo ithwaxwa kakhulu kukunyuka kwamaxabiso okutya inokuba yiYemen, ilizwe ebelisoloko likwimfazwe yamakhaya iminyaka kwaye lijongene nokunqongophala kokutya okungapheliyo kunye nendlala ngaphambi kokuba iRussia ihlasele iUkraine. Amashumi amathathu ekhulwini e-Yemen yengqolowa evela kumazwe angaphandle e-Ukraine kwaye, ngenxa yokunciphisa unikezelo oludalwe yimfazwe, ixabiso ngekhilogram sele linyuke phantse kahlanu emazantsi ayo. I Inkqubo yokutya yeHlabathi (I-WFP) ichitha i-10 yezigidi zeedola ngenyanga ekusebenzeni kwayo apho, kuba phantse abantu abangama-200,000 banokujongana "neemeko ezinjengendlala" kwaye i-7.1 yezigidi zizonke ziya kuba "namanqanaba kaxakeka endlala." Ingxaki ayiphelelanga kumazwe afana neYemen, nangona kunjalo. Ngokutsho kwe I-WFP, abantu abazizigidi ezingama-276 ehlabathini lonke bajamelene “nendlala eqatha” kwanangaphambi kokuba imfazwe iqalise yaye ukuba iyaqhubeka ehlotyeni abanye abazizigidi ezingama-27 ukusa kwezingama-33 banokuzifumana bekuloo meko iyingozi.
Ukungxamiseka koXolo-kwaye hayi nje kubantu baseUkraine
Ubukhulu beemali ezifunekayo ukwakha kwakhona i-Ukraine, ukubaluleka kwe-US, iBritane, i-European Union, kunye ne-Japan zincamathele kuloo njongo, kunye neendleko ezinyukayo zokungeniswa kwempahla ebalulekileyo ziza kubeka amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ehlabathi kwindawo yoqoqosho enzima nangakumbi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, abantu abangamahlwempu kumazwe afumileyo nabo basesichengeni, kodwa abo bangabona bahlwempuzekileyo baya kubandezeleka ngakumbi.
Abaninzi sele bephila nzima yaye abanazo iinkonzo zentlalontle ezifumanekayo kubantu abahlwempuzekileyo abakumazwe afumileyo. Umnatha waseMelika wokhuseleko loluntu yi intambo xa kuthelekiswa nee-analogues zayo zaseYurophu, kodwa ubuncinci apho is into enjalo. Akunjalo kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo. Apho, abona babanethamsanqa barhoxa ngoncedo oluncinci, ukuba lukhona, oluvela koorhulumente babo. Kuphela 20% zazo zigutyungelwe nangayiphi na indlela yinkqubo enjalo.
Abona bahlwempuzekileyo behlabathi abanaxanduva ngemfazwe yaseUkraine kwaye abanawo amandla okuyiphelisa. Ngaphandle kwe-Ukraine ngokwabo, nangona kunjalo, baya kwenzakala kakhulu kukwandiswa kwayo. Abona bahlwempuzekileyo phakathi kwabo abakhutshelwanga ngamaRussia okanye bathathwe kwaye babekwe kulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe njengabemi bedolophu yaseUkraine. bucha. Sekunjalo, kubo, ukuphelisa imfazwe ngumbandela wobomi okanye ukufa. Loo nto ingako babelana ngayo nabantu baseUkraine.
Ilungelo lokushicilela lika-2022 uRajan Menon
Rajan Menon, i TomDispatch njalo, ngu-Anne noBernard Spitzer uNjingalwazi wezoBudlelwane baMazwe ngaMazwe ophuma kwiSikolo sasePowell, kwiKholeji yesiXeko saseNew York, umlawuli weNkqubo yeSicwangciso esiPhezulu kwizinto eziphambili zoKhuseleko, kunye noMphengululi oPhando oluPhezulu kwi-Saltzman Institute of War and Peace kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia.. Ungumbhali, kutshanje, we Ukuzingca ngoNgenelelo loLuntu.
