Impikiswano yexesha lethu: i-US Imperialalism kunye noMthetho woMthetho

NguNicolas JS Davies, World BEYOND War

Ihlabathi lijongene nobunzima obukhulu: iingxaki zezopolitiko zengingqi ezisuka eKashmir ukuya eVenezuela; iimfazwe ezinobukrakra ezithukuthelela e-Afghanistan, eSiriya, eYemen naseSomalia; kunye neengozi ezenzekayo zezixhobo zenukliya, utshintsho lwemozulu, kunye nokupheliswa kwamanzi.

Ngaphantsi kwazo zonke ezi ngxaki, uluntu lujamelene nengxabano, engasonjululwanga malunga nokuba ngubani okanye ntoni olawula umhlaba wethu kwaye ngubani ekufuneka enze izigqibo ezibalulekileyo malunga nendlela yokujongana nazo zonke ezi ngxaki - okanye siza kuzilungisa konke konke. Ingxaki ebangela ukuba semthethweni kunye negunya elenza uninzi lweengxaki zethu zibe nzima ukusombulula ungquzulwano phakathi kwe-impiriyalizim yase-US kunye nomthetho.

I-Imperialism ithetha ukuba omnye urhulumente olawulayo usebenzisa ubukumkani phezu kwamanye amazwe kunye nabantu emhlabeni jikelele, kwaye wenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo malunga nendlela abaza kulawulwa ngayo kwaye phantsi kweyiphi inkqubo yoqoqosho abaya kuphila kuyo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkqubo yethu yangoku yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ngokusekelwe kulo Charter UN kunye nezinye izivumelwano zamazwe aphesheya, zithathela ingqalelo amazwe njengezimele geqe, anamalungelo asisiseko okuzilawula kunye nokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ngezivumelwano malunga nobudlelwane babo bezopolitiko nezoqoqosho omnye komnye. Phantsi komthetho wamazwe aphesheya, iimvumelwano zamazwe amaninzi ezityikityiweyo zaza zaqinisekiswa zizikhulu ezinkulu zamazwe ziba yinxalenye yesakhiwo somthetho wamazwe ngamazwe obophelela kuwo onke amazwe, ukusuka kwelona lincinci ukuya kwelona linamandla.

Kwinqaku lwakutshanje, Ulwakhiwo olufihlakeleyo lwaseMelika, " Ndiphonononge ezinye zeendlela i-United States esebenzisa amandla ombuso ngaphezulu kwamanye amazwe azimeleyo, amazwe azimeleyo kunye nabemi bawo. Ndacaphula u-anthropologist uDarryl Li's uphando lwe-ethnographic Uburhogongela base-US eBosnia, obonakalisa inkqubo yolawulo lwongamoya apho abantu abajikeleze ihlabathi abazithobeli kuphela ulawulo lwentlanga kumazwe abo kodwa kulawulo oluphezulu lwangaphandle kolawulo lwase-US.

Ndacacisa indlela uJulian Assange, abanjwe ngayo kwi-ambassy yase-Ecuadorian eLondon, kunye neHuawei CFO uMeng Wanzhou, uvalelwe xa eguqula iindiza e-Airport yaseVancouver, ngamaxhoba olawulo olufanayo lwamazwe angaphandle ase-United States njengoko amaninzi angabamsulwa "abukrokrela" ukuba amabutho ase-United States abanjwe ji keleza ihlabathi kwaye sithunyelwa kwixesha elingenammiselo, ukuvalelwa ngaphandle komthetho kwiGuantanamo Bay nakwezinye iinjongo zase-US.

Ngelixa umsebenzi kaDarryl Li ubaluleke kakhulu kwinto ayityhilayo malunga nolwakhiwo esele lukhona lwenkululeko apho i-US iqhuba khona amandla ayo obukhosi, i-impiriyalizim yase-US ingaphezulu kokuzilolongela ukubamba nokugcina abantu kwamanye amazwe. Uninzi lweengxaki zanamhlanje zamazwe ngamazwe ziziphumo zale nkqubo inye yolawulo lwasebukhosini lwangaphandle.

Zonke ezi ngxaki zisebenza ukubonisa indlela i-US elisebenzisa ngayo igunya lasebukhosini, indlela oku okungqubana ngayo kunye nokujongela phantsi ulwakhiwo lomthetho wamazwe aphuhliswe kabuhlungu ukulawula imicimbi yamazwe aphesheya kwihlabathi langoku, kunye nendlela le ngxaki isemthethweni yokusithintela ngayo ekusombululeni ezona ngxaki zinzima sijamelana nazo kwinkulungwane yama-21- yiyo loo nto zisibeka emngciphekweni sonke.

Iimpi ze-Imperial zaseUnited States zihlukumeza ubudlova bexesha elide kunye ne-Chaos

I-Charter ye-UN yaqulunqwa ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBili ukukhusela ukuphindaphinda kwegazi-ukuvumela kunye neengxabano zehlabathi kwiiMfazwe zehlabathi ezimbini. Umakhi we I-UN Charter, Umongameli we-United States uFranklin Roosevelt, sele sele esele efile, kodwa iimbandezelo zeemfazwe zomhlaba zazingenangqondo kwiingcinga zezinye iinkokeli ukuqinisekisa ukuba zamkela uxolo njengemfuneko ebalulekileyo kwimicimbi yehlabathi elizayo kunye nomgaqo-siseko weZizwe eziManyeneyo.

Ukuphuhliswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kuphakamisa ukuba imfazwe yehlabathi yexesha elizayo inokuyitshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo impucuko yabantu, kwaye ke ngoko mayingaze ilwe. Njengokuba u-Albert Einstein exelele udliwanondlebe, "andazi ukuba iza kuliwa njani iMfazwe yesiThathu yeHlabathi, kodwa ndingakuxelela ukuba bazokusebenzisa ntoni kwelesine: amatye!"

Ngoko iinkokheli zehlabathi zibeka iimpawu zazo kwi Charter UN, umnqophiso obophelelayo owenqabela isisongelo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngaliphi na ilizwe elimelene nelinye. I-Senate yase-United States ifunde isifundo esibuhlungu sokwenqaba kwayo ukuvumelanisa isivumelwano soMbutho weZizwe emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala, kwaye ivotelwe ukuba iqinisekise i-Charter ye-UN ngaphandle kokugcinwa kwevoti ze-98 ukuya kubini.

Iimbandezelo zeeKorea kunye neVietnam IiWars zachaneka ngeendlela ezazityhila Charter UNukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye ne-UN okanye amabutho ase-US alwela "ukukhusela" amatsha angama-neocolonial aqoshwe kwiindawo zokubhubha zaseJapan naseFransiyali.

Kodwa emva kokuphela kweMfazwe yeCold, iinkokeli zase-US kunye nabacebisi babo baxhomekeke kuloo owayengumongameli waseSoviet uMikhail Gorbachev ngoku ubhekisela njengeNtshona "ukuphumelela, " umbono wobukhosi "we-unipolar" wehlabathi olawulwa ngokufanelekileyo "ngamandla amakhulu," iUnited States. Ubukhosi baseMelika bandise kwezoqoqosho, kwezopolitiko nakwezomkhosi eMpuma Yurophu kwaye amagosa ase-US akholelwa ukuba ekugqibeleni "banokuqhuba umkhosi eMiddle East ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokudala iMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiThathu," njengoMichael Mandelbaum weBhunga lezoBudlelwane baNgaphandle. lililo ku 1990.

Isizukulwana esilandelayo, abantu baseMpumalanga Mpuma banokuxolelwa ngokucinga ukuba ngokwenene bafumana iMfazwe Yehlabathi III, njengezimbane ezingapheliyo, phulo lokuqhuma kwaye iimfazwe ziye zanciphisa iidolophu, iidolophana kunye needolophana ukuba zihlahlwe bulala izigidi zabantu ngaphesheya kweIraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, Lebanon, Palestine, Libya, Syria nase Yemen - kungekho siphelo emva kweminyaka engama-30 yemfazwe eqhubeka isanda, ubundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi.

Ayikho enye ye-US post-9 / i-11 iimfazwe ezigunyazwe yiBhunga loKhuseleko lwe-UN, njengoko i-Charter ye-UN iyafuna, nto ithetha ukuba bonke bayaphula i-Charter ye-UN, njengoNobhala Jikelele u-Kofi Annan. izigqibo ezicacileyo zezigqibo zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko lwe-UN, ezifana UNSCR 1973Isigunyaziso "sokuphelisa umlilo ngoko nangoko," ukuthintelwa okungqongqo kwengalo nokungabandakanywa kwe "a amandla angaphandle nangayiphi na indlela ”eLibya ngo-2011.

Enyanisweni, ngelixa iinkokeli zase-US zama-imperialist zihlala zizimisele ukusebenzisa iBhunga lezoKhuseleko lwe-UN njengoko ukugqoka iwindi ngenxa yezicwangciso zabo zemfazwe, bacinga ukuba benze izigqibo ezichanileyo ngokuphathelele imfazwe nokuthula ngokwabo, ukusebenzisa iingxoxo zezopolitiko ukulungisa iimfazwe ezingenalo ngokwenene ngokomthetho kwimithetho yamazwe ngamazwe.

Iinkokheli zase-US zibonisa indelelo efanayo kuMgaqo-siseko wase-US njengakwisivumelwano se-UN kunye nezigqibo ze-UN. Njengoko uJames Madison wabhalela uThomas Jefferson ngo-1798, uMgaqo-siseko wase-US “ngenkathalo efundisiweyo wawunika umbuzo malunga nemfazwe kumthetho,” kanye ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa gwenxa okunje kwamagunya emfazwe lisebe elilawulayo likarhulumente.

Kodwa kuthathe iminyaka emininzi yemfazwe kwaye izigidi zobundlobongela Phambi kokuba i-Congress yase-US icele i-Vietnam-War War Powers Act ukuba ibango igunya layo lomgaqo-siseko lokumisa naziphi na kwezi mfazwe zingahambelaniyo nomgaqo-siseko. ICongress ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ayizilinganiseli iinzame zayo emfazweni e-Yemen, apho i-Saudi Arabia kunye ne-UAE ziintshatsheli ezikhokelayo kwaye i-US idlala kuphela indima yokuxhasa, nokuba ibalulekile. Ngomnye wabo kwi-White House, uninzi lwaMalungu eRepublican Congress alwaxhathisa kwanoku kungqinelwa okuthe ngqo kwegunya lomgaqo-siseko weCongress.

Ngeli xesha i-HR 1004, Ummeli oyilwayo u-Cicilline wokuqinisekisa ukuba uMnu. Trump akanalo igunya ngokomgaqo-siseko lokuyalela ukusetyenziswa komkhosi wase-US e-Venezuela, une-cosponsors ezingama-52 kuphela (ama-50 amaDemokhrasi kunye nama-2 amaRiphabhlikhi). I-bill yeqabane likaSenator Merkley kwi-Senate isalinde i-cosponsor yayo yokuqala.

Iimpikiswano zezopolitiko zase-US malunga nemfazwe kunye noxolo ziwutyeshela ngokungqinelana nemeko esemthethweni yokuba Charter UN, exhaswa ngu "Ukurhoxiswa kweMfazwe njengeCandelo loMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe" kwi-1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact kwaye i ukuthintela ulwaphulo kumthetho wesiko wamazwe aphesheya, konke kuthintela i-US ekuhlaseleni amanye amazwe. Endaweni yokuba abezopolitiko e-US baxoxe ngokulunga kunye nokubi kohlaselo lwase-US kulo naliphi na ilizwe elinikiweyo kuphela ngokwemidla yase-US kunye nolwakhe uhlangothi lwamalungelo ezopolitiko kunye nokungalunganga kwemeko.

I-US isebenzisa ulwazi lwemfazwe ukudemoni oorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle kunye imfazwe yezoqoqosho ukuphazamisa amazwe ajoliswe kuzo, ukuvelisa iingxaki zezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho nezomntu ezinokuthi zisebenze njengengqungquthela yemfazwe, njengokuba ihlabathi liye labona ngoku kwilizwe emva kwelizwe kwaye njengoko ukushumayela namhlanje eVenezuela.

Ngokucacileyo ezi zizenzo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yamandla ombuso, hayi ezo zelizwe elizimeleyo elisebenza phantsi komthetho.

Ukucima iSebe eli sihlala kulo

Alupheli iveki kungakhange kwenziwe zifundo zintsha zichaza imiba ebingakhange ixelwe ngaphambili kwintlekele yokusingqongileyo ejongene noluntu kunye nehlabathi esiphila kulo. Zonke iintlobo zezinambuzane kuphele kwikhulu leminyaka, kunye neentlobo zeentambo kunye neempukane zendlu, okubangela ukunyuka kwezinto eziphilayo njengezityalo ezingekho phantsi kwepolitiki, iintaka ezilambileyo kunye nezinye izidalwa zilandele izinambuzane zibe ziphele.  Isiqingatha sabemi bomhlaba ezanyisayo, iintaka, iintlanzi kunye nezirhubuluzi sele zinyamalale kule minyaka ingama-40 idlulileyo.

Utshintsho lwemozulu lunokuvelisa iinyawo ezintandathu okanye ezisibhozo zokuphakama kwenqanaba lolwandle kule nkulungwane- okanye Ngaba iya kuba yi-20 okanye i-30 inyawo? Akukho mntu unokuqiniseka. Ngeli xesha sikuyo, kuya kuba sekude kakhulu ukuyikhusela. UDahr Jamail nqaku yakutshanje at Thunti, ebizwa ngokuthi, "Sitshabalalisa iNkqubo Yethu yoNkxaso yeNkxaso," kukuhlaziywa kakuhle kwezinto esiziyo.

Ngokwembono ebonakalayo, yetekhnoloji, uguquko oluyimfuneko kumandla ahlaziyekayo apho ubomi bethu buxhomekeke khona bunokufezekiseka ngokupheleleyo. Ke yintoni ethintela umhlaba ukuba wenze olu tshintsho lubaluleke kangaka?

Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zaqonda i-science eyisiseko yokufudumala kwehlabathi okanye ukutshintsha kwemozulu ukususela kwi-1970s. I I-UN Framework Convention Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) kwaxoxwa ngayo kwi-Rio Earth Summit ka-1992 kwaye yaqinisekiswa ngokukhawuleza phantse kuwo onke amazwe, kubandakanya ne-United States. Inkqubo ye- Iprojekthi ye1997 yaseYyoto Amazwe azinikeleyo ukwenza ukusikeka okukhethekileyo, okubophelelayo ekukhutshweni kwekhabhoni, kunye nokusikwa okukhulu okunyanzelwe amazwe aphuhlileyo anoxanduva olukhulu kule ngxaki. Kodwa bekukho enye into engekhoyo ebonakalayo: iUnited States. Kuphela yi-US, i-Andorra kunye ne-South Sudan ezingaphumelelanga ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Kyoto Protocol, de kwa-Canada nayo yarhoxa kuyo ngo-2012.

Amazwe amaninzi athuthukile ayancitshiswe kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni phantsi kwekota yokuqala yeProtocol yaseKyoto, kwaye Ingqungquthela ye2009 yaseCopenhagen Kwacwangciswa ukuba kwenziwe isakhelo somthetho sokulandelela iKyoto. Unyulo lukaBarack Obama lukhuthaze abaninzi ukuba bakholelwe ekubeni i-United States, ilizwe elinoxanduva lokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, ekugqibeleni liza kujoyina isicwangciso sehlabathi sokulungisa ingxaki.

Endaweni yoko, ixabiso laseMelika lokuthatha inxaxheba yayikukunyanzelwa kokuzithandela, okungabopheleli ekujolise kuko endaweni yesivumelwano esisemthethweni. Emva koko, ngelixa i-European Union (i-EU), i-Russia kunye ne-Japan zibeka iithagethi zokunciphisa i-15-30% kwimveliso yazo ka-1990 ngo-2020, kwaye i-China yayijolise ekunciphiseni ama-40-45% ekuphumeni kwayo ngo-2005, i-US ne-Canada yayijolise banciphise ukukhutshwa kwabo nge-17% kumanqanaba abo ka-2005. Oku kuthetha ukuba iithagethi yase-US yayikukucuthwa kwe-4% kuphela ekukhutshweni kwekhabhoni ukusuka kwinqanaba layo le-1990, ngelixa phantse onke amanye amazwe aphuhlileyo ajonge ukusikwa nge-15-40%.

The Isivumelwano seKhaya seParis yayisekwe kwimodeli efanayo yokungazibopheleli, iithagethi zokuzithandela njengesiVumelwano seCopenhagen. Kwisigaba sesibini nesisisiphelo sokugqibela seProtocol yaseKyoto esiphela ngo-2020, akukho lizwe liya kuba phantsi kwesibophelelo esinyanzelekileyo sehlabathi sokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni. Amazwe abantu bawo kunye nabezopolitiko abazinikeleyo ngokwenyani kutshintsho kumandla ahlaziyekayo aya phambili, ngelixa amanye engakhange enze njalo. I-Netherlands ipasise umthetho wokufuna a 95% ukunciphisa kwi-carbon emissions ukusuka kwi-1990 yezinga le-2050, kwaye inayo avalwe ukuthengiswa kweemoto ze-petroli ne-diesel emveni ko 2030. Ngeli xesha ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni e-US kuye kwehla nge-10% ukusukela oko bafikayo ngo-2005, kwaye ngenene yavuka ngo 3.4% kwi 2018.

Njengemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe enqabela imfazwe, i-US inqabile ukuboshwa ngezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ukujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Isetyenzisile amandla alo omkhosi ukuphazamisa isenzo samazwe ngamazwe kwinguqulelo lwemozulu kuzo zonke iinyathelo, ukugcina ubuninzi bezinga eliphezulu loqoqosho olusekelwe kumhlaba wonke. Ioli ye-Fracking kunye ne-shale yandisa i-oil oil and gas amanqanaba okurekhoda, ukuveliswa kweegesi ezingaphezulu kwee-greenhouse kune-oyile kunye ne-gas drilling.

Imo etshabalalisayo yaseMelika, mhlawumbi yokuzibulala, imigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo ilungelelaniswe yiyo neoliberal ide, ephakamisa "umlingo wentengiso" kwinqaku lezenkolo, ezikhusele ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho e-United States kuyo nayiphi na into eyinyani engqubana neminqweno emincinci yemali yeenkampani ezizimeleyo kunye ne-1% yodidi olulawulayo. nguTrump, u-Obama, amaHlathi kunye neClintons.

Kwi "intengiso" ekhohlakeleyo yezopolitiko zase-US kunye neendaba, abagxeki I-neoliberalism bagculelwa njengabantu abangazi nto nabaqhekeki, kunye nama-99%, abantu baseMelika abadumileyo baphathwa njengezona zinto ziphantsi ukuba zikhutshwe kumabonwakude ziye kwindawo yokuvota eWalmart (okanye kwi-Whole Foods) - kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ziye emfazweni. Ukunyuka kwemarike yemasheya kungqina ukuba yonke into ihamba kakuhle, nanjengoko uqoqosho olungena kweli lizwe lutshabalalisa umhlaba wendalo onobugqi bokwenyani buyasixhasa nathi.

Impiriyali yama-US ngumqhubi wentsholongwane ye-nonoliberalism kwiinkalo ezine zeMhlaba, njengokuba libhubhisa umhlaba wendalo osixhasa sonke: umoya esiwuphefumlayo; amanzi esiwaselayo; umhlaba ovelisa ukutya kwethu; isimo sezulu esenza ihlabathi lethu libe likhulu; kunye nezidalwa eziziimangaliso eziye zaza zabelwana kunye nehlabathi elihlala kulo.

isiphelo

As UDarryl Li uthi Kumatyala wobunqolobi awafundayo, i-US isebenzisa ubukhosi obugqithisileyo, obungaphaya komthetho obubonisa ukuzimela kwamanye amazwe. Ayiboni mda osisigxina kulawulo lwasebukhosini. Imida yodwa eyamkelwa bubukhosi base-US ngokukrokra zezona zinokwenzeka amazwe anamandla anokuzikhusela ngempumelelo kubunzima bamandla awo.

Kodwa i-US isebenza ngokungakhathali ukuqhubeka nokwandisa ubukhosi bayo kunye nokunciphisa ulawulo lwelizwe lwabanye ukutshintsha ibhalansi yamandla ngokuqhubekayo. Inyanzela ilizwe ngalinye elinamathele kuyo nayiphi na into yobukhosi okanye inkululeko ezimele ukurhweba okanye umdla we-geostrategic wokulwela ulawulo lwayo kuwo onke amanyathelo endlela.

Ezi zivela kubantu base-UK abachasayo ukungeniswa kweenkomo ze-hormones zase-US kunye inkukhu e chlorini kwaye i eyimfihlo yabucala yeNkonzo yabo yeSizwe yezeMpilo yi-US "yezempilo" imboni, yonke indlela eya e-Iran, eVenezuela naseMntla Korea imizabalazo yokuthintela izoyikiso ezicacileyo zase-US zemfazwe ezaphula ngokugqwesileyo i-UN Charter.

Naphi na apho sijikela khona kwihlabathi lethu elixakekileyo, kwimibuzo yemfazwe noxolo okanye ingxaki yendalo esingqongileyo okanye ezinye iingozi esijamelana nazo, sifumana le mikhosi mibini kunye neenkqubo ezimbini, i-impiriyali yase-US kunye nomthetho womthetho, ungavisisani, ukhuphisana ilungelo kunye namandla okwenza izigqibo eziza kubumba ikamva lethu. Zombini ngokungagungqiyo okanye ngokucacileyo zibanga indalo yonke elikhanyelayo igunya lomnye, libenza ukuba bangangqinelani kwaye bangangqinelani.

Ke oku kuya kukhokelela phi? Inokukhokelela phi? Inkqubo enye kufuneka inike enye indlela ukuba siza kusombulula iingxaki ezikhoyo ezijamelene noluntu kwinkulungwane yama-21. Ixesha lifutshane kwaye liyancipha, kwaye akukho mathandabuzo ukuba yeyiphi na inkqubo enika umhlaba ithuba elinoxolo, elinobulungisa kunye nelizayo.

UNicolas JS Davies ngumlobi we Igazi Kwizandla Zethu: iAmerican Invasion and Destruction of Iraq. Ungumphandi weCODEPINK kunye nomlobi ozimelayo umsebenzi wakhe ushicilelwe uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto ezizimeleyo, ezingezobambiswano.