NguArnold R. Isaacs, show, UDisemba 15, 2022
Kwibali laseMelika, uhlaselo lokugqibela lokuqhushumba kwebhombu kuMntla weVietnam lwezisa uxolo. Yintsomi ezisebenzela yona
Njengoko abantu baseMelika besiya kwixesha leholide, sikwasondela kwimbali ebalulekileyo yemfazwe yase-US eVietnam: isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-50 yokuhlaselwa komoya kwe-US kuMntla weVietnam, iphulo leentsuku ezili-11 elaqala ngobusuku bukaDec. 18, 1972, kwaye yehla kwimbali ngokuthi "ibhombu yeKrisimesi."
Okuye kwaphinda kwehla embalini, noko ke, ubuncinane kwiingxelo ezininzi ezibaliswa ngokutsha, kukubonakaliswa okungeyonyani okucacileyo kobume nentsingiselo yeso siganeko, kunye neziphumo zaso. Loo mabango asasazeke kakhulu okuba ukuqhushumba kwebhombu kwanyanzela abantu baseNyakatho yeVietnam ukuba bathethathethane ngesivumelwano soxolo abasityikitye eParis kwinyanga elandelayo, kwaye ngenxa yoko amandla omoya ase-US ayesisisigqibo sokuphelisa imfazwe yaseMelika.
Elo bango lobuxoki, elabhengezwa ngokuthe ngcembe nangokubanzi kwiminyaka engama-50 edluleyo, aliphikisani nje nezibakala ezingokwembali ezingenakuphikiswa. Ifanelekile nanamhlanje, kuba iyaqhubeka nokuba negalelo kukholo olubaxiweyo kumandla omoya agqwethe ukucinga kweqhinga laseMelika eVietnam ukusukela ngoko.
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, le nguqulelo yasentsomini iya kuphinda ibonakale kwizikhumbuzo eziza kuza ngokusondela kwesikhumbuzo. Kodwa mhlawumbi loo ndawo ibalulekileyo iya kunika ithuba lokubeka ingxelo ngokuthe tye kwinto eyenzeka emoyeni eVietnam nakwitafile yengxoxo eParis ngoDisemba 1972 nangoJanuwari 1973.
Ibali liqala eParis ngo-Okthobha, xa emva kweminyaka yokudodobala, uthethathethwano loxolo lwathatha inguqu ngesiquphe xa abathethi-thethwano base-US naseNyakatho Vietnamese benikezela ngezivumelwano ezibalulekileyo. Icala laseMelika liye lehlisa ngokungathandabuzekiyo imfuno yalo yokuba iNorth Vietnam irhoxise imikhosi yayo emazantsi, isikhundla ebesichaziwe kodwa singacaciswanga ngokupheleleyo kwizindululo zangaphambili zase-US. Ngeli xesha abameli bakaHanoi okokuqala bayeka ukunyanzelisa ukuba urhulumente waseMzantsi Vietnam okhokelwa nguNguyen Van Thieu kufuneka asuswe ngaphambi kokuba kugqitywe isivumelwano soxolo.
Xa loo miqobo mibini isusiwe, iintetho zaqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ngo-Oct. Emva kweenguqu ezimbalwa zamagama zomzuzu wokugqibela, uMongameli uRichard Nixon wathumela intambo kwiNkulumbuso yaseNyakatho yeVietnam uPham Van Dong ebhengeza, njengoko wabhala kwimemori yakhe, ukuba isivumelwano “ngoku sinokugqalwa njengesipheleleyo” nokuba iUnited States, emva kokwamkela yaza yahlehlisa imihla emibini yangaphambili, “inokubalelwa” ekubeni isityobele kumsitho osemthethweni ngo-Oktobha 31. Kodwa oko kutyikitywa akuzange kwenzeke, kuba i-US yarhoxa ukuzibophelela kwayo emva kokuba ihlakani layo, uMongameli Thieu, urhulumente wakhe wayekhutshelwe ngaphandle ngokupheleleyo kwiingxoxo, wala ukusamkela isivumelwano. Yiyo loo nto imfazwe yaseMelika yayisaqhubeka ngoDisemba, ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngenxa yezigqibo zase-US, hayi zaseNyakatho Vietnam.
Phakathi kwezo ziganeko, iHanoi's i-arhente yeendaba esemthethweni yasasaza isibhengezo ngo-Oct. 26 eqinisekisa isivumelwano kunye nokunika inkcaza ecacileyo yemigaqo yaso (esenza isibhengezo esidumileyo sikaHenry Kissinger kwiiyure ezimbalwa kamva ukuba "uxolo lusondele"). Ke idrafti yangaphambili yayingeyomfihlo xa la macala mabini ebhengeza ukulungiswa okutsha ngoJanuwari.
Ukuthelekisa amaxwebhu amabini abonisa kumnyama omnyama nomhlophe ukuba ibhomu kaDisemba ayizange itshintshe isikhundla sikaHanoi. I-Vietnamese yaseNyakatho ayizange ivume kwanto kwisivumelwano sokugqibela ebengekayivumi kumjikelo wangaphambili, ngaphambi kokuqhushumba kwebhombu. Ngaphandle kotshintsho oluncinci lwenkqubo kunye nohlaziyo olumbalwa lwezithambiso kumagama, izicatshulwa zika-Okthobha nekaDisemba zenzelwe iinjongo ezisebenzayo ezifanayo, nto leyo eyenza kucace ukuba uqhushumbo lwenze. hayi tshintsha izigqibo zikaHanoi nangayiphi na indlela enentsingiselo.
Ngenxa yokuba irekhodi elicacileyo lekristale, intsomi yokuqhunyiswa kwebhombu yeKrisimesi njengempumelelo enkulu yasemkhosini ibonise amandla amangalisayo okuhlala kwindawo yokhuseleko lwelizwe lase-US nakwinkumbulo yoluntu.
Imeko echazayo yiwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye Isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-50 yePentagon yaseVietnam. Phakathi kwemizekelo emininzi kweso siza nguMkhosi woMoya "ishiti yeenyani" ayithethi nto malunga no-Oktobha uyilo lwesivumelwano soxolo okanye ukuhoxiswa kwe-US kweso sivumelwano (ezo azikhankanywanga kwenye indawo kwindawo yesikhumbuzo, nokuba). Endaweni yoko, ithi kuphela "njengoko iingxoxo ziqhubeka," uNixon wayalela iphulo lomoya likaDisemba, emva koko "iVietnam yaseNyakatho, ngoku ingenakuzikhusela, yabuyela kuthethathethwano kwaye yakhawuleza yaqukumbela isisombululo." Iphepha lezibakala landula ke lichaze oku: “Ngoko ke imikhosi yomoya yaseMerika yaba nendima ebalulekileyo ekupheliseni olu ngquzulwano lude.”
Ezinye izinto ezithunyelweyo kwindawo yesikhumbuzo zithi abathunywa bakaHanoi "ngabanye" okanye "ngokufutshane" baqhawula iintetho emva kuka-Okthobha - nto leyo, kufuneka ikhunjulwe, yayimalunga nokutshintsha izibonelelo ezazisele zamkelwe yi-US - kunye nomyalelo wokuqhushumba kukaNixon. yenzelwe ukubanyanzela ukuba babuyele kwitafile yothethathethwano.
Ngapha koko, ukuba kukho nabani na ophumileyo kwezo ntetho yayingabantu baseMelika, ubuncinci bathethathethwano babo abaziintloko. I-akhawunti ye-Pentagon inika umhla othe ngqo wokuhoxiswa kweNorth Vietnamese: Disemba 18, ngaloo mini ibhombu yaqala. Kodwa iintetho zaphela kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi koko. UKissinger wasuka eParis ngomhla we-13; abona bancedisi bakhe abaphezulu baphuma ngenqwelomoya emva kosuku okanye emva koko. Intlanganiso yokugqibela ye-pro forma phakathi kwala macala mabini yenzeka nge-16 kaDec.
Ukuphanda le mbali kungekudala, ndothuswa kubungakanani bokuba ibali lobuxoki libonakala liloyisa kakhulu ibali lokwenyani. Izibakala bezisaziwa ukususela oko kwenzeka ezo ziganeko, kodwa kunzima ukuzifumana kwingxelo yoluntu namhlanje. Ukukhangela kwi-intanethi "uxolo lusondele" okanye "i-Linebacker II" (igama lekhowudi yebhombu kaDisemba), ndifumene amangeniso amaninzi achaza izigqibo ezifanayo ezilahlekisayo ezivela kwindawo yesikhumbuzo sePentagon. Kwafuneka ndijonge nzima ngakumbi ukufumana imithombo ekhankanyiweyo naziphi na iinyani ezibhaliweyo eziphikisana nolo guqulelo lwentsomi.
Kusenokuba kuninzi kakhulu ukubuza, kodwa ndibhala oku ngethemba lokuba isikhumbuzo esizayo siya kunika ithuba lokujonga ngononophelo ngasemva kwindawo ebalulekileyo yokuguquka kwemfazwe engaphumeleliyo nengathandwayo. Ukuba ababhali-mbali abaxabisa inyaniso kunye namaMerika axhalabele imiba yokhuseleko lwesizwe lwangoku baya kuthatha ixesha lokuhlaziya iinkumbulo zabo kunye nokuqonda, mhlawumbi banokuqala ukulwa nentsomi ngengxelo echanekileyo yezo ziganeko kwisiqingatha senkulungwane edlulileyo. Ukuba oko kuyenzeka iya kuba yinkonzo enentsingiselo kungekuphela nje kwinyaniso yembali kodwa kumbono wokwenyani kunye nengqingqwa yesicwangciso sokhuselo lwangoku - kwaye, ngakumbi, malunga nokuba yintoni enokwenziwa ziibhombu ukufezekisa iinjongo zesizwe, kunye noko bangakwaziyo ukukwenza. .
