Eyona bhanyabhanya igqwesileyo eyakha yenzeka malunga nenyaniso emva kweMfazwe yaseIraq "Iimfihlo zaseburhulumenteni"

"Iimfihlo ezisemthethweni," ezavula uLwesihlanu eNew York naseLos Angeles, yeyona bhanyabhanya ibalaseleyo yakha yenziwa malunga nemfazwe yase-Iraq. Kuchanekile ngokumangalisayo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, kuyakhuthaza ngokulinganayo, kuyadimaza, kunethemba, kwaye kuyacaphukisa. Nceda uye kuyibona.

Sele ilityelwe ngoku, kodwa iMfazwe yase-Iraq kunye neziphumo zayo ezilisikizi-ikhulu lamawaka abantu ababhubhileyo, ukunyuka kweqela lamaSilamsi, iqela lasebusuku eliya eSyria, ngokuchaseneyo ubongameli bukaDonald Trump - phantse ayenzekanga. Kwiiveki ezingaphambi kokuba uhlaselo olukhokelwe yi-US ngo-Matshi 19, 2003, ityala laseMelika nelase-Bhritane lomlo lalisiwa. Kwakukhangeleka ngathi yijalopy eyenziwe kakubi, i-injini yayo iyatshaya kwaye iinxalenye ezahlukeneyo ziyawa njengoko zidilika ngokungekho mgaqweni.

Okwalo mzuzu mfutshane, ulawulo lukaGeorge W. Bush lwabonakala ngathi luye ngaphezulu. Kuya kuba nzima kakhulu ukuba i-US ihlasele ngaphandle kwe-UK, iMini-Me yayo ethembekileyo, ecaleni kwayo. Kodwa e-UK, umbono wemfazwe ngaphandle kwemvume evela kwi-United Nations Security Council ngokungathandekiyo. Ngaphezu koko, ngoku siyazi ukuba uPeter Goldsmith, igqwetha laseBritane uxelele iNkulumbuso uTony Blair ukuba isigqibo se-Iraq esaphunyezwa liBhunga lezoKhuseleko ngoNovemba 2002 "asigunyazisi ukuba kusetyenziswe umkhosi ngaphandle kokuzimisela kweBhunga lezoKhuseleko." (Igqwetha eliphambili kwiOfisi Yezangaphandle, iSebe laseBritane elilingana neSebe laseMelika. Ngamandla nangakumbi: "Ukusebenzisa amandla ngaphandle kwegunya leBhunga lezoKhuseleko kuya kuba lulwaphulo-mthetho.") Ke uBlair wayenqwenela ukufumana i-thumbs-up kwi-UN. Kodwa kuye wonke umntu wothuka, iBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-15-ilizwe lahlala lilungile.

Ngomhla ka-Matshi 1, i-Observer yase-UK yaphosa ityhubhu kule meko ixhaphakileyo: i-imeyile kaJanuwari 31 i-imeyile evela kumphathi weArhente yoKhuseleko kaZwelonke. Umphathi we-NSA wayefuna iphephandaba elipheleleyo le-espionage kumalungu eBhunga lezoKhuseleko- "thabatha i-US ne-GBR kunjalo," watsho njalo umphathi-nakwilizwe le-non-Security Council elinokuthi livelise ingxoxo elungileyo.

Oko kubonakalisiweyo kukuba uBush noBlair, bobabini ababesithi bafuna iBhunga lezoKhuseleko babambe okanye bavote kwisigqibo esanikwa isitampu semvume sokuvunyelwa ukuba baye emfazweni. Babesazi ukuba bayalahleka. Ibonisile ukuba ngelixa bebanga ayenayo Ukuhlasela i-Iraq ngenxa yokuba bekhathalele kakhulu ukuxhasa ukusebenza kwe-UN, bonwabile kukucinezela amanye amalungu e-UN, ukuya kuthi ga ngoku kubandakanya ukuqokelelwa kwemathiriyeli. Kwangqina ukuba isicwangciso se-NSA sasingaqhelekanga ngokwaneleyo ukuba, kwenye indawo kwilizwe le-labyrinthine, umntu othile wayenomsindo ngokwaneleyo ukuba wayezimisele ukubeka emngciphekweni ixesha elide.

Lowo mntu yayinguKatharine Gun.

Idlalwe ngobuqhetseba kwi "Iimfihlo ezisemthethweni" nguKeira Knightley, uGun wayengumguquleli kwiKomkhulu lezoNxibelelwano Jikelele, elingana ne-NSA yase-Bhritane. Kwinqanaba elinye, "Iimfihlo ezisemthethweni" ngumdlalo ocacileyo, okrokrisayo ngaye. Ufunda ukuba wayifumana njani i-imeyile, kutheni wayivelisa, wayenza njani, kwakamsinya wavuma, iziphumo ezoyikisayo awajamelana nazo, kunye nesicwangciso-qhinga somthetho esikhethekileyo esanyanzela urhulumente wase-Bhritane ukuba azilahle zonke izityholo abekwa zona. Ngelo xesha, uDaniel Ellsberg wathi izenzo zakhe “zazisexesheni kwaye zazibaluleke ngaphezu kwePentagon Papers… ukuthetha inyani ngolu hlobo kungayimisa imfazwe.”

Kwinqanaba elicekeceke, ifilimu ibuza lo mbuzo: Kutheni le nto ivuzayo ingenzanga mahluko wenene? Ewe, kwaba negalelo ekuchaseni i-US nase-UK kwi-Security Council, engazange ivote kwesinye isisombululo se-Iraq, kuba u-Bush no-Blair bayazi ukuba bazakulahleka. Nangona kunjalo u-Blair wakwazi ukuyijika le nto kwaye wafumana ivoti yePalamente yase-Bhritane kwiiveki ezimbalwa emva kokuyigcina imfazwe.

Inye kuphela impendulo kulo mbuzo, kokubini "kwiimfihlo ezisemthethweni" kunye nenyani: eendaba e-US. "Iimfihlo ezisemthethweni" zinceda ukubonisa ukungalunganga kweengcinga kumaphepha-ndaba aseMelika, awayexhumaxhuma kule grenade ukuze asindise abahlobo bakhe abangoozenzele kulawulo lukaBush.

Kulula ukucinga ngembali eyahlukileyo kunale siyiphileyo. Abezopolitiko base-Bhritane, njengabo baseMelika, bayakucekisa ukugxeka iiarhente zobukrelekrele. Kodwa ukulandela kakhulu ibali le-Observer ngabasasazi base-US abaphambili bekuya kuba kukhuphe ingqalelo kumalungu e-US Congress. Oku ke bekuya kuvula indawo yokuba amalungu ePalamente ase-Bhritane aphikisane nokuhlasela ukubuza ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni emhlabeni. Imbambano yemfazwe yayiqhekeka ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba ukulibaziseka ngokuthobekileyo kunokuba lula ukuhlehlisa. UBush noBlair bobabini bayazi le nto, yiyo loo nto batyhalela phambili ngokungagungqiyo.

Kodwa kweli lizwe, iNew York Times ipapashe ngokungekho nto malunga nokuvuza kwe-NSA phakathi komhla wokupapashwa kwawo e-UK kunye nokuqala kwemfazwe phantse kwiiveki ezintathu kamva. I-Washington Post ibeke inqaku elinye lamagama e-500 kwiphepha A17. Umxholo wayo: "Ukuhlola ingxelo ayiTshabalalisi kwiUN" ILos Angeles Times ngokufanayo ibaleke iziqwengana ngaphambi kwemfazwe, isihloko sayo esasicacisa, "Ingekho mthethweni okanye hayi, abanye bathi akukho nto inokusebenza." Eli nqaku linike ithuba isiluleko sangaphambili se-CIA sokucebisa ukuba i-imeyile yayingeyonyani.

Lo ngowona mgca weziqhamo ohlaselwe ibali lika-Observer. Njengoko "iiMfihlo eziSemthethweni 'zibonisa, umabonwakude waseMelika ekuqaleni wayenomdla wokubeka intatheli ye-Observer emoyeni. Ezi zimemo zakhutshwa ngokukhawuleza njengoko iNgxelo ye-Drudge ichaza ibango lokuba i-imeyile ngokuqinisekileyo ibubuxoki. Ngoba? Kuba isebenzise ukupela amagama aseBritane, anjengokuthi "kuyathandeka", ngenxa yoko ayinakuba yabhalwa ngumntu waseMelika.

Ngokwenyani, ukuvuza kwasekuqaleni kwi-Observer kwakusebenzisa upelo lwaseMelika, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba kupapashwe abasebenzi abasebenza ephepheni babetshintshe ngengozi kwiinguqulelo zase-Bhritane ngaphandle kokuchazwa ziintatheli. Kwaye njengesiqhelo xa ujongene nohlaselo oluvela kwiphiko lasekunene, iinethiwekhi zikamabonwakude e-US zangenwa luloyiko olukhulu. Ngelixa i-minutiae yopelo yayilungisiwe, babeprintile iwaka leekhilomitha kude ne-Observer's scoop kwaye babengenamdla wokuyiphinda.

Ukuqwalaselwa kancinci ibali elifumanayo kwakubulela kakhulu kwintatheli kunye nomzabalazo uNorman Solomon, kunye nombutho awusungulayo, iZiko loNyango loLuntu, okanye i-IPA. USolomon wayeye eBaghdad kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa ngaphambi koko wabhala incwadi "Ithagethi Iraq: Zange Zange Ixelelwe Ngamajelo Eendaba?, ”Eyaphuma ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari 2003.

Namhlanje, uSolomon ukhumbula ukuba "Ndaziva ndisihlobo kwangoko - kwaye, eneneni, into endiza kuyichaza luthando-kuye nabani na othathe umngcipheko omkhulu wokutyhila ulwazi lwe-NSA. Ewe, ngeloxesha bendingenathemba lokuba ngubani owenze lento. ”Kungekudala wabhala ikholam eqinisekisiweyo ebizwa ngokuba yi" American Media Dodging UN Surveillance Story. "

Kutheni iphepha lerekhodi lingazange ligubungele, uSolomon wabuza uAlison Smale, emva koko owayesekela lomhleli welinye ilizwe kwiNew York Times. "Asikuko ukuba besingenamdla," utshilo uSmale. Ingxaki yayikukuba "asinakufumana bungqina okanye sigqibe 'malunga ne-imeyile yase-NSA evela kumagosa ase-US. Kodwa "sisajonge leyo ngokuqinisekileyo," utshilo uSmale. Ayisiyo ukuba asinguye. "

Amaxesha akazange akhankanye umpu kude kube nguJanuwari 2004, kwiinyanga ezili-10 kamva. Nangona kunjalo, khange ivele kwicandelo leendaba. Endaweni yokuba, enkosi kwi-IPA, umbhali wexesha u-Bob Herbert ujonge kweli bali, kwaye, ebedidekile ukuba abahleli beendaba baphumelele, wazithathela yena.

Ngoku, ngeli xesha unokufuna ukuwa ukusuka ekuphelelweni lithemba. Kodwa musa. Kuba nantsi indawo engakholelekiyo yebali- into entsonkothileyo kwaye ingenakwenzeka ukuba ivele "kwiiMfihlo eziSemthethweni" konke.

KUTHENI BENZE GUN uthathe isigqibo sokuba kufuneka evuza i-imeyile yeNSA? Kutshanje uveze ezinye zezizathu zakhe eziphambili.

"Besele ndikrokrela kakhulu malunga nemfazwe," utshilo nge-imeyile. Ke waya kwivenkile ethengisa iincwadi wabhekisa kwicandelo lezopolitiko wakhangela into nge-Iraq. Wathenga iincwadi ezimbini wazifunda wazogquma kule mpelaveki. Bobabini "bandenza ndaqiniseka ukuba akukho bungqina bokwenene bale mfazwe."

Enye yezi ncwadi yayingu “Isicwangciso semfazwe eIraq: iZizathu eziShumi ngokuchasene neMfazwe e-IraqNgu-Milan Rai. Eyesibini yayiyi “Target Iraq,” incwadi ebhalwe nguSolomon.

“Ithagethi yase-Iraq” yapapashwa yiNcwadi yokuBhaliweyo, inkampani encinci eye yabhanga kungekudala emva koko. Ifike iivenkile nje iiveki phambi kokuba uGun ayifumane. Kwiintsuku nje emva kokuba eyifundile, i-imeyile kaJanuwari ye-31 NSA yavela kwi-inbox yakhe, kwaye ngokukhawuleza wenza isigqibo ngento ekufuneka eyenzile.

"Ndothuka ndakuva uKatharine esithi le ncwadi 'iThagethi yase-Iraq' iphembelele kwisigqibo sakhe sokuveza imbonakalo yeNSA," ngoku utsho njalo uSolomon. Bendingayazi indlela yokuqonda. ”

Ithetha ukuthini yonke le nto?

Kwiintatheli ezikukhathaleleyo ubuntatheli, oko kuthetha ukuba, ngelixa usenokuhlala uziva ngathi ukhwaza ngokungahambelani emoyeni, awusoze waxela kwangaphambili ukuba ngubani umsebenzi wakho oza kufikelela kuwo kwaye uza kubachaphazela njani. Abantu abangaphakathi kwisiporiti, amaziko anamandla ayizizo zonke ii-supervisin kwii-bubble ezingafakwanga. Uninzi lwabantu oluqhelekileyo ngabantu abahlala kwihlabathi elinye nabo bonke abanye abantu, kwaye njengabo bonke abanye, bazabalaza ukwenza into elungileyo njengoko beyibona. Lithathe nzulu ithuba lokuba unxibelelana nomntu onokuthi athathe inyathelo ongasoze ulilindele.

Kwababhengezi beentatheli kunye neentatheli ngokufanayo, isifundo ikwayile: Ungatyhafi. Bobabini uSolomon noGun bahlala benxunguphele kakhulu kuba benze konke abanokucinga ukukwenza ukumisa iMfazwe yase-Iraq, kwaye kwenzeka njalo. "Ndiziva ndonwabile ukuba incwadi endiyibhalileyo ineempembelelo ezinjalo," utsho uSolomon. Kwangaxeshanye, ndiziva ngathi ayinamsebenzi indlela endivakalelwa ngayo. ”

Kodwa ndicinga ukuba u-Gun kunye no Solomon ukusilela yindlela engeyiyo yokujonga into abayenzileyo kunye nabanye abanokukwenza. Abantu abazama ukumisa iMfazwe yaseVietnam baphumelela kuphela emva kokuba kusweleke izigidi, kwaye uninzi lwababhali kunye nabaphembeleli bazibona njengabo basilelayo. Kodwa ngoo-1980, xa amaqela olawulo lukaReagan ayefuna ukwenza uhlaselo olupheleleyo eLatin America, babengenakukwazi ukulususa emhlabeni ngenxa yesiseko sombutho kunye nolwazi olwayenziwe kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Inyaniso ekrakra yokuba i-US izinze kukhetho lwayo lwesibini- ukukhupha amaqela okusweleka abulala amashumi amawaka kulo mmandla - ayithethi ukuba ukuqhushumbisa ikhaphethi yohlobo lweVietnam ngekhe kube mbi kakhulu.

Kwangokunjalo, uGun, uSolomon kunye nezigidi zabantu abalwa umlo wase-Iraq ongaphumeleliyo basilele, ngandlela thile. Kodwa nabani na owayephulaphule ngoko wayesazi ukuba i-Iraq yayijongwe njengenyathelo lokuqala nje lokoyisa i-US kuwo wonke uMbindi Mpuma. Khange bayithintele iMfazwe yase-Iraq. Kodwa bona, ubuncinci ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, banceda ekuthinteleni iMfazwe yase-Iran.

Jonga ke "Iimfihlakalo ezisemthethweni”Nje ukuba ibonakale kwindawo yokubonela ekufuphi kuwe. Akunakufane ubone umfanekiso ongcono wokuba kuthetha ntoni ukuba umntu azame ukukhetha inyani, nokuba akaqinisekanga, nokuba woyika, naxa engazi ukuba kuzakwenzeka ntoni emva koko.