Ukuqala kwesiphelo

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Julayi 2, 2020

Isiqalo okanye isiphelo inokuba yayikukuqala kwesiphelo.

Ukuba ucinga ubuntu obabukho kwinkulungwane ukusukela ngoku kuluntu olubandakanya iiklasi zembali, ungalindela, uthintela iinguqu ezinkulu, ukuba iincwadi zase-US zichaze eli njengexesha loxolo, mhlawumbi uphawule ukusilela kukaTrump ukunceda abantu baseVenezuela ngamandla amakhulu oluntu , kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo uchitha izivakalisi ezimbalwa kubukhoboka bukaTrump kuVladimir Putin.

Kuya kubakho abaphandi kunye noonjingalwazi, abaya kuthi baqokelele yonke ingqokelela yolwazi, lonke uxwebhu, iklip yevidiyo, ukuvuma izono ekufeni, kunye nokubekwa kweliso ngasese. Baza kuba bayalele ngaphaya kwesithunzi sokuthandabuza ukuba u-Donald J. Trump wayengumbriza onobugocigoci onetyala lokuxhaphaka kolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuxhaphaza ongazange akude kwinkonzo kaPutin, owayemcaphukisa ngokufuthi uPutin ngesohlwayo, ukhuphiswano loqoqosho, Ukwahlulwa kwezivumelwano kunye nezivumelwano, ukugxothwa kwabasebenzi, ukuqhushumba kwemikhosi yaseRussia, kunye nokulwa okungapheliyo kwezomkhosi kunye nokwandiswa kweNATO. Kwaye olo lwazi alunakuba namsebenzi.

Yile ndlela isebenza ngayo imbali yase-US. Ngaphandle kokuhamba okuthandwayo okunamandla ngokwaneleyo okuqhekeza izithixo zemabhile kunye nokuvelisa ihlazo eluntwini, izifundo zembali yase-US zishiya yonke into ezinokuyenza kwaye ngobunono zibumbe nantoni na enkulu kangangokuba ayinakuphetshwa. Umzekelo weklasikhi wokugqibela kukukhuliswa kweHiroshima neNagasaki. Isixeko sokugqibela sithintelwe ikakhulu ngokugxila kwinto yangaphambili, engenakuphepheka, ke kuyaxokwa ngayo.

Kutheni le nto ootitshala bembali yase-US kwizikolo zaseprayimari zase-US namhlanje-ngo-2020! - uxelele abantwana ukuba iibhombu zenyukliya zaphoswa eJapan ukusindisa ubomi - okanye "ibhombu" (isinye) ukunqanda ukukhankanya iNagasaki? Kungekudala emva kweziganeko, urhulumente wase-US wabeka ikhomishini esesikweni yokufunda lo mbuzo uphethe ngokuchaseneyo, evumelana nommeli wase-US eJapan ngelo xesha, uninzi lwezazinzulu ezazingasemva kweebhombu ezazizama ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwazo, kwaye Uninzi lwamagosa aphezulu emkhosini wase-US ngelo xesha, bonke babekholelwa ukuba imfazwe sele iphelile, ukuba iJapan ngesele sele izinikezele ukuba ivumelekile ukugcina umlawuli wayo kwaye ngekhe yanikezela nangaphandle kwemiqathango ngaphandle kwe-nukes, kwaye nangaphandle Uhlaselo lwaseMelika kwaye akukho hlaselo lweSoviet. Uhlaselo lweSoviet lwalucwangcisiwe ngaphambi kweebhombu, ezingagqitywanga ngabo. I-US ibingenazicwangciso zokuhlasela iinyanga, kwaye akukho zicwangciso kwisikali sokubeka emngciphekweni inani lobomi ootitshala abaza kukuxelela ukuba usindisiwe. Ubomi, ngendlela, ayisiyompahla eyodwa yamajoni ase-US. Abantu baseJapan nabo babenobomi.

Abaphandi kunye noprofesa bathulule ngaphezulu kobungqina iminyaka engama-75. Bayazi ukuba iTruman yayisazi ukuba idabi liphelile, iJapan ifuna ukunikezela, ukuba iSoviet Union yayisele iza kuhlasela. Bayayazi ukuqhushumbe kweNagasaki yasuswa ukusuka nge-11 ka-Agasti^th ukuya ku-Agasti 9^th ngenxa yokoyika ukuba iJapan inokunikezela ngaphambi kokuba yenzeke. Baye bakubhala konke ukumelana nokuqhushumbe ngaphakathi komkhosi wase-US kunye noRhulumente kunye noluntu lwezesayensi, kunye nenkuthazo yokuvavanya iibhombu ukuba umsebenzi omninzi kunye nenkcitho ungene, kunye nentshukumo yokwesabisa umhlaba kwaye ngakumbi iiSoviet, kunye nokubekwa ngokuvulekileyo nokungabi nazintloni kwexabiso le-zero kubomi baseJapan.

Kodwa ngaba bebefanele ukubhala konke oku? Ngaba wawukho umsebenzi onjalo owawufuneka? Khange axelele uluntu ngokukhawuleza emva kolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba inkuthazo yayiziphindezela eJapan? Khange athethe kwaloo nto ade afe? Ngaba akazange avume ekuhleni kubundlobongela, ubuhlanga, nentiyo ngamaJapan eyayiyimali yenkcubeko eqhelekileyo? Ngaba abantu babengazi ngokukhawuleza ukuba ibango lakhe lokuqhushumisa isiseko somkhosi endaweni yesixeko yayilixoki elijamelene nesibindi? Ngaba abantu abayifundanga iakhawunti kaJohn Hersey yabasindileyo baseHiroshima kwaye baqonda ukuba akukho nto imbi ngaphezu kokuqhushumisa okwakunokuthi kuthintelwe ukuba kuqhushumbe? Ngaba isigqibo esichanekileyo besingafumaneki ngokukhawuleza, endaweni yokufuna uphando lwamashumi eminyaka? Kodwa ngaba yayingeyonto ingamkelekanga, engafunekiyo, engaphandle kwenyathelo kunye neqela lokucinga-njengokukhomba ukuba uDonald Trump onentiyo akasebenzi eRashiya?

Kodwa yenziwa njani i-groupthink? Ngubani oncede abantu kwiintsomi ezinqwenelekayo? Ewe, ngoku, umbhali uGreg Mitchell uqaphele ukuba usenzele into entle nembali yokuba imveliso enkulu yaseHollywood yaveliswa njani. Isiqalo okanye isiphelo yakhutshwa yi-MGM ngo-1947 kwaye yaphuculwa kakhulu njenge-blockbuster enkulu elandelayo. Ibhomile. Yalahleka imali. Ilungile kwilungu loluntu lwase-US ngokucacileyo ukuba ibingayibukeli incwadi ebabaza ngokwenene kwaye iyadanisa yabalingisi abadlala izazinzulu kunye nabashushubezi abaye bavelisa indlela entsha yokubulala. Isenzo esifanelekileyo yayikukuphepha nayiphi na ingcinga malunga nomba. Kodwa abo bangakwazanga ukuphepha oko banikwa intsomi enkulu ebonakalayo. Unga yibukele kwi-Intanethi mahala, kwaye njengoko uMark Twain wayenokuthi, kufanelekile yonke idenariyo.

Ifilimu ivula oko uMitchell akuchazayo njengokunika ikhredithi e-UK nase-Canada ngendima yabo ekuveliseni umatshini wokufa-ekucingelwa ukuba yinto ethandabuzekayo ukuba kukho iindlela ezingezizo zokubhengeza kwimarike enkulu yemovie. Kodwa kubonakala ngathi ibekek 'ityala ngakumbi kunekhredithi. Lo ngumzamo wokusasaza ityala. Ifilimu yeqa ngokukhawuleza isola iJamani ngesoyikiso esondeleyo sokurhola umhlaba ukuba i-United States ayikhange iqale. (Unokuba nobunzima namhlanje ukwenza ukuba abantu abancinci bakholelwe ukuba iJamani inikezele ngaphambi kukaHiroshima.) Ke umdlali owenza umbono ombi ka-Einstein utyhola uluhlu olude lwezenzululwazi kwihlabathi liphela. Emva koko omnye umntu ucebisa ukuba abantu abalungileyo bayaphulukana nemfazwe kwaye kungcono bakhawuleze bayile iibhombu ezintsha ukuba bafuna ukuyiphumelela.

Ngokuphindaphindiweyo sixelelwa ukuba iibhombu ezinkulu ziya kuzisa uxolo kwaye ziphelise imfazwe. Umlingisi we-FDR ubeka isenzo sikaWoodrow Wilson, esithi ibhombu ye-athomu inokuphelisa yonke imfazwe (into eyothusayo yenani labantu iyakholelwa ukuba iyenzile, nkqu nasebusweni beminyaka engama-75 edlulileyo yeemfazwe). Sixelelwe kwaye saboniswa ububhanxa obungenanjongo, njengokuba i-US yaphosa amaphetshana e-Hiroshima ukulumkisa abantu (kunye neentsuku ezili-10- "Ziintsuku ezili-10 zesilumkiso ngaphezu kokuba besinikile ePearl Harbour," AmaJapan adubule inqwelo moya njengoko yayisiya kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo. Ngokwenyani, i-US ayizange ilahle iphetshana elinye eHiroshima kodwa -kwindlela entle ye-SNAFU-yaphosa iitoni zamaphetshana e-Nagasaki kusuku olulandelayo emva kokuba kuqhushumbe ibhombu i-Nagasaki. Kwakhona, iqhawe lemuvi liyasweleka ngengozi ngelixa lijijisana nebhombu ukuze ilungele ukusetyenziswa-idini elikhaliphileyo elenzela abantu egameni lamaxhoba okwenyani emfazwe - amalungu omkhosi wase-US. Ifilimu ikwathi abantu abaqhubhiswe yibhombu "ngekhe bazi ukuba babethwe yintoni," ngaphandle kokuba abenzi bemiboniso bhanyabhanya besazi ngentlungu yabo basweleke kancinci.

Olunye unxibelelwano oluvela kubenzi beemovie kumcebisi wabo kunye nomhleli, uGeneral Leslie Groves, ubandakanya la magama: "Nakuphi na ukubhengeza ukwenza umkhosi kubonakale ngathi bubudenge kuyakupheliswa." Awu, loo nto inokuba yayininzi yeziqwengana ezityhutyha umgangatho!

Esona sizathu siphambili sokuba imovie iyabulala, ndiyacinga, ayisiyo yokuba iifilimu ziye zakhangela ukulandelelana kwezenzo zazo minyaka le, iminyaka engama-75, zongezwa umbala, zaza zenza zonke iintlobo zezixhobo zokothuka, kodwa sisizathu sokuba umntu abe ucinga ukuba ibhombu leyo oonobumba bonke abathetha malunga nabo bonke ubude befilimu yinto enkulu esele ishiywe. Asiboni ukuba yenza ntoni, hayi emhlabeni, kuphela esibhakabhakeni.

Incwadi kaMitchell, ekwabizwa ngokuba Isiqalo okanye isiphelo, kufana nokubukela isoseji eyenziwe, kodwa kwakhona kufana nokufunda imibhalo evela kwikomiti ebambe icandelo elithile lebhayibhile. Le yimvelaphi yintsomi yePolisi yeHlabathi ekwenzeni. Kwaye kubi. Kude kube lusizi. Olona luvo lwale filimu lwavela kusosayensi owayefuna abantu baqonde ingozi, bengazukisi ngentshabalalo. Le njingalwazi yabhalela uDonna Reed, elo nenekazi lihle lathatha uJimmy Stewart Ubomi obumnandi, wafumana ibhola eqengqelekayo. Emva koko yajikeleza inxeba elirhabaxa iinyanga ezili-15 kunye ne-voila, kwavela ikofu yesinema.

Kwakungekho mbuzo wokuthetha inyani. Yimovie. Uyazenza izinto. Kwaye uyenza yonke ibe kwicala elinye. Iskripthi sale bhanyabhanya sasiqulathe ngamanye amaxesha zonke iintlobo zobubhanxa ezingazange zihlale, ezinje ngamaNazi anika amaJapan ibhombu yeathom - kwaye amaJapan amisela ilabhoratri yezenzululwazi zamaNazi, kanye njengokuba kubuyela kwilizwe lokwenyani koku ixesha umkhosi wase-US wawuseta iilebhu zenzululwazi yamaNazi (kungasathethwa ke ngokusebenzisa oosonzululwazi baseJapan). Akukho nanye kwezi ehlekisa ngakumbi kunale Indoda ekwinqaba ende, ukuthatha umzekelo wakutsha nje weminyaka engama-75 yale nto, kodwa oku kwakusekuqaleni, yayiyisemina. Abenzi beemovie banike ulawulo lokugqibela kwimikhosi yase-US kunye ne-White House, hayi kwizazinzulu ezazineengxaki. Iibits ezininzi ezilungileyo zazikho okwethutyana kwiskripthi, kodwa zikhutshiwe ngenxa yeendaba ezilungileyo.

Ukuba ikhona induduzo, kunokuba kubi ngakumbi. Into ephambili yayikukhuphiswano lwefilimu yenyukliya kunye ne-MGM kwaye yaqesha u-Ayn Rand ukuba ayile iskripthi sokuthand 'izwe. Umgca wakhe wokuvala wawusithi "Umntu unokuyisebenzisa yonke indalo - kodwa akukho mntu unokusebenzisa umntu." Ngethamsanqa kuthi sonke, khange isebenze. Ngelishwa, ngaphandle kukaHersey Yintsimbi ka-Adano ukuba yimovie engcono kun Isiqalo okanye isiphelo, incwadi yakhe ethengiswa kakhulu kwiHiroshima ayizange ibhenele nakweyiphi na studio njengebali elilungileyo lemveliso yeemovie. Ngelishwa, UDkt Strangelove ayizukuvela kude kube ngo-1964, apho uninzi lwabekulungele ukubuza ukusetyenziswa kwebhombu kwixesha elizayo kodwa lungasetyenziswanga ngaphambili, kusenza konke ukubuza malunga nokusetyenziswa kwexesha elizayo kube buthathaka. Olu lwalamano lwezixhobo zenyukliya lufana neemfazwe ngokubanzi. Uluntu lwase-US lunokuthandabuza zonke iimfazwe ezizayo, kwaye nezo zimfazwe zivakala ngazo kwiminyaka engama-75 eyadlulayo, kodwa hayi iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, inika wonke umbuzo wemfazwe ezayo. Ngapha koko, ukuvota kwamva nje kufumanisa uloyiko oloyikayo lokuxhasa imfazwe yenyukliya yexesha elizayo luluntu lwase-US.

Ngelo xesha Isiqalo okanye isiphelo yayiprintwa kwaye ihluzwa, urhulumente wase-US wayethatha kwaye efihla yonke indawo yokufihla enokuthi ifumane iifoto ezizezona zineefoto okanye zeefayile zeendawo zebhombu. UHenry Stimson wayenomzuzu wakhe weColin Powell, etyhalela phambili esidlangalaleni ukuba enze eli tyala ngokubhala phantsi ngokuba yaphosa phantsi iibhombu. Iibhombu ezingakumbi zazisakhiwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ziphuhliswa, kwaye bonke abantu bakhutshelwa kumakhaya abo esiqithi, baxoka, kwaye basebenza njengepropathi yeendaba apho baboniswa njengabathathi-nxaxheba abonwabileyo ekutshatyalalisweni kwabo.

UMitchell ubhala ukuba esinye sezizathu sokuba iHollywood ibuyiselwe emkhosini yayikukusebenzisa iinqwelo-moya zayo, njl., Kwimveliso, kunye nokusebenzisa awona magama abalinganiswa ebalini. Ndikufumanisa kunzima kakhulu ukukholelwa ukuba ezi zinto zibaluleke kakhulu. Ngohlahlo-lwabiwo mali olungenamda yayilahla kule nto-kubandakanya ukubhatala abantu ebabanika amandla e-veto- i-MGM ngeyazenzela iipropu zayo ezingathandekiyo kunye nelifu layo lamakhowa. Kumnandi ukucinga ukuba ngenye imini abo bachasene nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi banokuthatha into efana nesakhiwo esikhethekileyo se-US Institute of “Peace” kwaye bafuna ukuba iHollywood ihlangabezane nemigangatho yoxolo ukuze ifilim apho. Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo uxolo alunamali, iHollywood ayinamdla, kwaye nasiphi na isakhiwo sinokulingiswa kwenye indawo. I-Hiroshima ibinokulingiswa kwenye indawo, kwaye kwi-movie ayiboniswanga kwaphela. Eyona ngxaki iphambili apha yayiyingcinga kunye nemikhwa yokuzithoba.

Kwakukho izizathu zokoyika urhulumente. I-FBI yayihlola abantu ababandakanyekayo, kubandakanya oosonzululwazi abanqwenela ukuba bahlambe umzimba njengase-Oppenheimer abagcina ukubonisana kwifilimu, bekhala ngokubi, kodwa bengazange babe nesibindi sokuyiphikisa. Indlela entsha yoBomvu yayikukhahlela nje. Abo banamandla babesebenzisa amandla abo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo eziqhelekileyo.

Njengokuveliswa kwe Isiqalo okanye isiphelo imimoya ukuya ekugqityweni, yakha kwangoko loo mzuzu ibhombu yenziwe. Emva kwezikripti ezininzi kunye neebhili kunye nohlaziyo kunye nomsebenzi kunye nokuqabula, kwakungekho ndlela yokuba studio sasingayi kukhupha. Xa ekugqibeleni kuphume, ababukeli bebancinci kwaye uhlolo luxubekile. INew York mihla le PM Ndifumene ifilimu "eyomelezayo", ndicinga ukuba yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Umsebenzi ufezekisiwe.

Ukuqukumbela kukaMitchell kukuba ibhombu "yaba lityeli lokuqala," kwaye i-United States mayitshitshise umgaqo-nkqubo wabo wokuqala. Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo yayingeyiyo into enjalo. Yayiluseto nje kuphela, ugwayimbo lokuqala nolokugqibela. Azikho ezinye iibhombu zenyukliya ezaziza kuphinda zibuye njengesixhobo sesibini. Ngoku, namhlanje, ingozi yenzeka ngengozi nokuba yeyokusetyenziswa ngabom, nokuba yeyokuqala, yesibini, okanye eyesithathu, kwaye isidingo kukuba ekugqibeleni ujoyine uninzi loorhulumente behlabathi abafuna ukuphelisa izixhobo zenyukliya zonke kunye.