Ingxaki yeAnglophone eCameroon: Umbono omtsha

NguHippolyte Eric Djounguep, Meyi 24, 2020

Ungquzulwano olunobundlongondlongo phakathi kwabasemagunyeni baseCameroonia kunye nokwahlulwa kwemimandla emibini ethetha isiNgesi ukusukela ngo-Okthobha u-2016 iya isiba mandundu. Le mimandla yayingaphantsi kwegunya loMbutho weZizwe (SDN) ukusukela ngonyaka we-1922 (umhla wokutyikitywa kweSivumelwano saseVersailles) kunye noqeqesho lwe-UN ukusukela ngo-1945, yaza yalawulwa yi-Great Britain kwade kwangowe-1961. Ingxubangxwaba ye-Anglophone ”, le ngxabano ithathe uxinzelelo olukhulu: phantse i-4,000 iswelekile, i-792,831 ifuduselwe ngaphakathi ngaphezulu kwe-37,500 yeembacu apho i-35,000 ikwi-Nigeria, bafuna i-18,665 abafuna indawo yokhuseleko.

I-UN Security Council yabamba intlanganiso malunga nemeko yezabasebenzi eCameroon okokuqala nge-13 kaMeyi ngo-2019. Ngaphandle kwesicelo sikaNobhala-Jikelele weZizwe eziManyeneyo sokupheliswa kwangoko kwempendulo ebanzi kwi-Covid-19, umlo uqhubekile ukonakalisa imeko ilaphu lentlalontle kule mimandla yaseCameroon. Le ngxaki yinxalenye yochungechunge lweengxwabangxwaba eziye zachaphazela iCameroon ukusukela ngo-1960. Lelinye lawona macandelo abaluleke kakhulu, athelekiswa nenani labadlali ababandakanyekayo kunye neyantlukwano yabo ngokwamanqanaba ayo. Izibonda eziqondwe kwikona zisabonisa ii-link ezingasoloko ziphi na ezaphukileyo ezaliswe yimifanekiso kunye neembonakalo ezichazayo zekoloniyali yangaphambili, kunye nembono ekuhambeni kweminyaka engazange ivele ngokupheleleyo.

Ungquzulwano olugubungele ne-priori ethe tyaba ngokumalunga nenyani

Imbono yeengxwabangxwaba e-Afrika yakhiwa ziindlela ezahlukeneyo, ezinye zihlala zijongwa yimithombo yeendaba namanye amajelo ogqithiso lolwazi. Indlela eendaba echaza ngayo intlekele ye-anglophone eCameroon ngumphetho weendaba zamanye amazwe kunye neendaba zikazwelonke zisaveza intetho ethi izabalazela ukuzifikelela kumbono obekwa phantsi kweliso. Incoko ngamanye amaxesha igcwele izimvo, ii-clichés kunye nocalucalulo lwangaphambi kwenkululeko ziyaqhubeka nanamhlanje. Eminye imithombo yeendaba kunye neminye imijelo yokuhambisa ulwazi kwilizwe kunye naseAfrika igcina iiproses kunye neparadigms ezivumela lo mfanekiso wobukoloniyali kunye ne-postcolonies ye-Afrika ukuba uchume. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zinto zimele ukubonakaliswa zelizwekazi lase-Afrika zibhengeza okanye zibeke ilize kwimizamo yokutsalwa kolunye udidi lwezinto zosasazo: abaphengululi kunye nezifundo ezingazivumeliyo ukuba zithathwe ngulo mbono we-colon-coloning ngokukhetha ulwazi oluqinisekisiweyo kunye nemiba eyenza i-Afrika, ilizwe lase-Afrika. ilizwekazi lenziwe ngamazwe angama-54, antsonkothileyo njengawo onke amanye amazwekazi emhlabeni.

Ingxaki ye-anglophone eCameroon: ungayifumana njani?

Ingxaki ye-anglophone ithiwe thaca kwamanye amajelo osasazo eendaba nakwamanye amajelo osasazo njengeqela leziganeko ezibhalwe "iintlekele zendalo" - isiqinisekiso esilula kunye nokwenziwa kweziganeko zentlalo ezenzeka rhoqo e-Afrika ezaziwayo ngamajelo eendaba. Ukungazi ngokwaneleyo, "batyhola" urhulumente waseYaounde (ikomkhulu laseCameroon) apho "ubomi obude kunye nolawulo olubi luzise imfazwe". Intloko yelizwe leRiphabhlikhi yaseCameroon ebusweni bukaPaul Biya ihlala ikhankanywa kuzo zonke izinto ezimbi: "ukunqongophala kweenqobo ezopolitiko", "ulawulo olubi", "ukuthula kukaMongameli", njl. akukho nyani okanye ubunzima bezi zinto zixeliweyo kodwa kukungabikho kwezinye iinkcazo zeentetho ezithile.

Umbuzo wesiko?

Ngokwendalo kwale mfazwe kwilizwekazi lase-Afrika eqhubeka ngokususwa kwemeko yobuhlanga yinto ebalulekileyo kwintetho yobukoloniyali e-Afrika eqhubekayo nanamhlanje. Isizathu sokuba le ngxabano ithathelwe ingqalelo njengeyona nto yendalo ibekwe ngokubanzi kwi-axis echasene nendalo kunye nenkcubeko kwaye apho sifumana iindlela ezahlukileyo kuncwadi oluthile. "Ingxaki ye-Anglophone" ihlala ichazwa njengesiqhelo esingenakuchazwa ngokuvakalayo okanye phantse. Inqaku lokujonga elithanda oonobangela bendalo kwinkcazo yemfazwe rhoqo liphuhlisa intetho ebalulekileyo. Oku kuqinisa ngokudibanisa nentetho umfanekiso ongaphefumlelwanga, apho sifumana imixholo efana "nesihogo", "isiqalekiso" kunye "nobumnyama" ngokukodwa.

Inokuvavanywa njani?

Olu vavanyo luqhutywa rhoqo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kugqitywa ngalo kwimidiya ethile kunye nenxalenye ebalulekileyo yemijelo yokuhambisa ulwazi. Ukusukela ekuqaleni kwesithintelo sengxubangxwaba ye-Anglophone nge-1 ka-Okthobha ka-2017, kwaqondwa ukuba "oku kusenokwenzeka ukuba kubangele ukwahlulwa kwezopolitiko zaseCameroonia kunye nokusasazeka kwamajoni asekuhlaleni amile ngokunyaniseka kwezizwe okanye esihogweni semfazwe phakathi kwezizwe". I-Afrika ngoku ibukele iCameroon. Kodwa ke lumka: amagama anje ngo "sizwe" kunye "nohlanga" alayishwe ngeengcinga ezisoloko zisetyenziswa njalo kwaye afumana izimvo, kwaye aqonde imeko yenyani yezinto. La magama, ekuqondeni kwabanye abantu, asondele kuburhabaxa, ubundlongondlongo kunye namandulo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, kwinkcazo enye, umlo awuchasani namaqela akhethe ukhetho lwemfazwe ukwenzakalisa omnye, kodwa kubonakala ngathi bayabanyanzela kuba abanye babo “baqeqeshiwe”.

I-litany yamagama angalunganga

Into eqhele ukwenzeka malunga "nengxaki ye-Anglophone" ngumbono wesiphithiphithi, ukudideka, ukuphanga, ukukhwaza, ukukhala, igazi, ukufa. Akukho nto icebisa ngamadabi phakathi kwamaqela axhobileyo, amagosa aqhuba imisebenzi, amalinge kwincoko eqalwe ngamabutho, njl njl. Umbuzo wokufaneleka kwayo awugqitywanga kuba esi "sihogo" asinakuba nasiseko. Umntu unokuqonda ukuba "iCameroon ibuyiselwe umva kwimizamo yemibutho yamanye amazwe yokunceda iAfrika ukusombulula iimfazwe zayo". Ngokukodwa kuba "ngokutsho kwengxelo ye-UN yakutshanje, ingxaki ye-Anglophone eCameroon yenye yeengxaki ezibi kakhulu, ezichaphazela abantu abayizigidi ezi-2".

Imifanekiso eyenzakalisayo nayo

Kuyavunywa, olunye udidi lwamajelo eendaba athi "ukungqubana eCameroon kuyothusa kwaye kunzima". Ezi mbandezelo ziyinyani kwaye zihlala zikwindawo enkulu engathethekiyo. Ngapha koko, iingxelo eziqhelekileyo zezi mbandezelo, izizathu esingazichaziyo, zinemfesane ngakumbi ebusweni bokufa okuqhelekileyo eAfrika kwaye kungekho mntu unoxanduva lokwenene. Ukusuka kuhlalutyo lwengcali ngezentlalo yomFrentshi uPierre Bourdieu, ethetha ngemifanekiso yeendaba zikamabonakude ezivela kwihlabathi, amabali anjalo ekugqibeleni enza "ukulandelelana kwamabali abonakala ngathi angenangqondo aphela ngokufanayo (…) 'iziganeko zavela ngaphandle kwengcaciso, ziya kunyamalala ngaphandle kwezisombululo' . Ukubhekiswa "esihogweni," "ubumnyama," "ukuqhuma," "ukuqhuma," kuyanceda ukubeka le mfazwe kudidi olwahlukileyo; yeengxaki ezingachazekiyo, ezinengqiqo.

Imifanekiso, uhlalutyo kunye neenkcazo zibonisa intlungu kunye nosizi. Kulawulo lwaseYaounde, kukho ukunqongophala kwamaxabiso edemokhrasi, ingxoxo, ukuqonda kwezopolitiko, njlnjl. Akukho nto anayo yinxalenye yomfanekiso awunikwayo. Kuyenzeka ukuba umchaze naye "njengomcwangcisi oqaqambileyo", "umququzeleli onobuchule", umphathi onezakhono ezithile. Umntu unokucebisa ngokusemthethweni ukuba inyani yokuba abe nakho ukugcina ulawulo ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-35 ngaphandle kokujika okuninzi nokufumana ithuba lokufumana ezi ziqinisekiso.

Ukubambisana kwiziseko ezitsha

Ngokwesiqhelo ingxaki ye-Anglophone eCameroon, isisombululo songenelelo lwamazwe aphesheya ukuyiphelisa kunye nokungabikho kweentetho ezithile zosasazo zamazwi abadlali bembambano kunye namazwi angavumelaniyo abonisa ukuqhubeka kobudlelwane kunye nasemva- amandla azimeleyo. Kodwa umceli mngeni uhlala kuphuhliso lwentsebenziswano entsha. Kwaye ngubani othi intsebenziswano entsha ithi umbono omtsha weAfrika. Kuyimfuneko ke ngoko ukuba wenze ipolitiki kwaye uwele e-Afrika ukuze ubambe izikhonkwane kwaye ukhokele ukubonakaliswa okungenalo ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, ii-clichés, stereotypes kwaye ngaphezulu kwako konke oku kugqithisileyo kule ngcinga ye-senghorian yokuba "imvakalelo ayi-negro kwaye isizathu si-Hellene".

Isivakalisi esingaphezulu kwelishwa kwaye ngaphandle kwe-avatars. Umsebenzi kaSenghor akufuneki uncitshiswe kweli binzana lingaphandle komxholo. Ngelishwa, amazwe amaninzi angoozwilakhe nawase-Afrika azamkelayo amashumi eminyaka imibono yezentlalo nezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho kunye nokucalucalulwa okugqugqisayo e-Afrika iphela, ukusuka eMantla ukuya eMzantsi Afrika. Ezinye iindawo azisindiswanga kwaye azisindi kwinani elikhulu lezinto eziphambili kunye nokumelwa: ezoqoqosho, ezoluntu, inkcubeko, ezemidlalo nkqu nezopolitiko.

Kuluntu lwanamhlanje lwe-Afrika, olujonga ngakumbi oko kunikwe ukubona kunokuba kunikwe ukuva, "umqondiso-igama" lokucaciswa yeyona ndlela ixabisekileyo kakhulu yokwabelana ngento evuyisayo, enobuchule kunye nomgangatho. Umthombo wobukho ufumaneka ku "ewe" wokuqala othi ucelwe ngumngeni, uguquko kunye notshintsho olwenzekayo kwihlabathi. Ezi ziimfuno ezixhasa okulindelweyo. Umqondiso wamandla angalawulekiyo, intetho yemithombo yeendaba ifuna ukuqaqambisa iindaba kuwo onke amacandelo ophuhliso olunesidima nolumanyeneyo.

Ukuhamba kolwazi okuphuhliswe kumaphepha-ndaba aphesheya, uphando olunomgangatho obonakalayo ngenxa yobunzulu bohlalutyo zizinto zonke ezisusa kuthi kwaye zisikhulule kulo naluphi na inkxalabo yokuzithethelela. Bafuna ukuvumela ulwazi ukuba luguqule ilizwe, imikhwa "yengqondo yengqondo" ukubenza bahambelane nomhlaba jikelele. Yiyo ke loo nto, ngokokucaciswa kwentetho yamajelo eendaba, "uhlalutyo ngaxeshanye kukwamkela, ukuthembisa nokuthumela"; Ukugcina ipali enye kuphela kwiipali ezintathu akunakuphendula ngesisindululo sohlalutyo. 

Nangona kunjalo, lonke ikhredithi lisiya kubuntu obuthile kushicilelo lwamazwe aphesheya, kwilizwe lezemfundo nakwinzululwazi elinyanzela uxanduva lokubonelela ngomqondiso nelizwi elithi izibonda kunye neminqweno yokuphuma kweAfrika kwiiparadigms ezigugileyo neziphelile. Akungombuzo ukuba le yokugqibela yenze isenzo somlingo esinokunyanzela iimeko ukuba zithande iAfrika; Kwaye oko akuthethi ukuba zonke iiprojekthi zelizwekazi ziyavunywa. Kuba ibhekisa kulwazi olucwangcisiweyo olwenza zonke izinto zibe ntsha, kuba zidala ukuzithemba kwikamva, ziyimithombo yokwenene yoxolo nethemba; zivula ikamva kwaye zikhokele ubomi obuhlaziyiweyo obunamandla. Bakwangqina ubukho bolonwabo ekusileleni nakwimpumelelo; kwimatshi eqinisekisiweyo nasekubhaduleni. Ababoneleli ngokungaqiniseki kobomi babantu okanye umngcipheko weeprojekthi okanye uxanduva, kodwa baxhasa ukuzithemba kwikamva elingcono. Nangona kunjalo, ayingombuzo wokudida iyantlukwano esemthethweni kunye ne-juxtaposition nokuba yeyiphi na yeenkolelo kunye nezinto ezenziwayo (ubuninzi obulula) okanye ukumanyanisa ubunye beemvakalelo ngokunyanzeliswa kuko konke ukugwetywa kunye nokuziphatha okwahlukileyo (ukufana).

Lo mfanekiso weAfrika awukho nje kuphela kwaye unamava kuphela; Ikwaveliswa ngokudibeneyo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ibekwa ngaphakathi kwilizwekazi. Akungombuzo wokuwela emhadini "esihogweni, ngabanye". Umntu ngamnye ujongene noxanduva analo.

U-Hippolyte Eric Djounguep yintatheli kunye nohlalutyo lwejografi kwimagazini yaseFrance iLe Point kunye negalelo kwi-BBC nakwi-Huffington Post. Ungumbhali weencwadi ezininzi ezibandakanya iCameroun - crise anglophone: Essai d'analyse post coloniale (2019), Géoéconomie d'une Afrique émergente (2016), Perspective des conflits (2014) and Médias et Conflits (2012) phakathi kwabanye. Ukusukela ngonyaka ka-2012 enze utyelelo oluphambili lwezenzululwazi malunga nokuguquguquka kwengxabano kwindawo ye-Afrika Great Lakes, kwiPhondo leAfrika, kwingingqi yeLake Chad nakwiIvory Coast.