IiHelmet eziMhlophe, ezasekwa ukuze kuhlangulwe amaxhoba avaleleke phantsi kwengqushu yezakhiwo ezitshatyalaliswe yibhombu yaseSyria neyaseRussia, ziye zaba ngumthombo othandwayo weendaba zaseNtshona ezigubungela ibali lokuqhushumba kweRussia-Syria. Zibonakaliswe njengamaqhawe oluntu kulo nyaka uphelileyo kwaye atyunjelwe iBhaso loXolo lweNobel kwihlobo elidlulileyo, iiHelmet eziMhlophe zinikwe intembeko engathandabuzekiyo ziintatheli ezijonga le ngxaki yaseSyria.
Nangona kunjalo ii-White Helmet ayingombutho ongengowezopolitiko. Ixhaswa ngemali eninziliSebe likaRhulumente wase-US kunye ne-Ofisi yangaphandle yaseBritani, iqela lisebenza kuphela kwiindawo ezisemantla eSiriya ezilawulwa yi-al Qaeda edibeneyo kunye namaqabane abo agqithiseleyo-imimandla apho intatheli zaseNtshona zingenakufikelela. Ngenxa yokuba ii-Helmet eziMhlophe zisebenza phantsi kwegunya labo babambe amandla okwenene empuma ye-Aleppo kunye nezinye iindawo ezichasayo ezilawulwayo, ukuthembela kweendaba zaseNtshona kulo mbutho ngolwazi kuza neengozi ezinzulu zokusetyenziswa.
Indima enkulu yezopolitiko edlalwa yi-White Helmets ngokumalunga nokupapashwa kweendaba zangaphandle kwabonakaliswa ngokuphawulekayo emva kohlaselo lwelori ye-Syria ye-Red Crescent kwi-rebel ebanjwe kwindawo yase-Urum al-Kubra, ngasentshonalanga ye-Aleppo ngoSeptemba 19. Uhlaselo lwathatha. indawo ngokukhawuleza emva kokupheliswa komlilo okuvunyelenwe yiRussia, i-US kunye norhulumente waseSyria bachithwa luhlaselo olubulalayo lwase-US kwimikhosi yomkhosi waseSyria esilwa ne-ISIS malunga nesixeko saseDeir Ezzor nge-17 kaSeptemba.
Ulawulo luka-Obama lucinge ukuba uhlaselo luhlaselo lwenqwelomoya kwaye kwangoko lwalubeka ityala kwinqwelomoya yaseRussia okanye yaseSyria. Igosa laseMelika elingachazwanga xelele iNew York Times ukuba kukho “amathuba aphezulu kakhulu” okuba inqwelomoya yaseRashiya yayikufuphi naloo ndawo ngaphambi nje kohlaselo, kodwa abaphathi abazange bavelise nabuphi na ubungqina obuxhasa elo bango. Kwiintsuku ezilandela uhlaselo, iindaba zeendaba zazixhomekeke kakhulu kwiiakhawunti ezibonelelwe yi-White Helmets. Intloko yombutho eAleppo, u-Ammar Al-Selmo, wayebanika iakhawunti yobuqu kwindawo yendibano.
Inguqulelo kaSelmo yebali iye yazala bubuxoki; kunjalo, iintatheli ezininzi wasondela kuyo ngaphandle ounce of amathandabuzo, kwaye baye baqhubeka ukuthembela kuye ngolwazi malunga amadabi eziqhubekayo kunye ngeenxa Aleppo.
Ukutshintsha amabali ngelixa iphephandaba lidlala kunye
Inkcukacha yokuqala apho ubungqina bukaSelmo buzibonakalise njengenganyanisekanga libango lakhe malunga nendawo awayekuyo ngeli xesha luqala uhlaselo. USelmo uxelele Ixesha lexesha kusuku emva kohlaselo ukuba wayeyikhilomitha okanye ngaphezulu ukusuka kwindawo yokugcina impahla apho iilori zoncedo zazimi ngelo xesha-mhlawumbi kwiziko le-White Helmet lendawo e-Urm al-Kubra. Kodwa uSelmo walitshintsha ibali lakhe udliwanondlebe kunye neWashington Post epapashwe ngoSeptemba 24, echaza ukuba "wayesenza iti kwisakhiwo esingaphaya kwesitrato" ngelo xesha.
Okumangalisa ngakumbi, uSelmo wathi ekuqaleni wabona ukuqala kohlaselo. Ngokwebali elipapashwe liXesha ngoSeptemba 21, uSelmo wathi wayesela iti kwibalcony xa kwaqala uqhushumbo, kwaye "wabona iibhombu zokuqala ziwa kwinto awayeyichonge njengenqwelomoya yaseSyria."
Kodwa uSelmo wayengenakuyibona ibhombu yomphanda isiwa kwinqwelo-ntaka okanye nantoni na eyenye ngelo xesha. Kwividiyo eyayidutyulwe ngentsasa elandelayo, uSelmo wabhengeza ukuba ibhombu iqale ngentsimbi yesi-7:30 ebusuku. Kwiingxelo zamva, iiHelmet eziMhlophe zibeka ixesha ngo-7:12pm. Kodwa ukutshona kwelanga ngoSeptemba 19 kwakungo-6:31pm, kwaye malunga nentsimbi yesi-7pm, i-Aleppo yayigutyungelwe bubumnyama obupheleleyo.
Kukho umntu ngokucacileyo watsalela ingqalelo kaSelmo kule ngxaki emva kokuba ibali leXesha lipapashiwe, kuba ngexesha awayenikela ngalo iakhawunti yakhe kwiWashington Post, wayesele eyitshintshile nenxalenye yebali. Isithuba umbiko ingxelo yakhe elungisiweyo ngolu hlobo: “Engena kwibalcony kanye emva kwentsimbi yesi-7pm, xa kwakusele kurhatyela, wathi umamele inqwelo-moya igxumeka yaza yawisa iziqhushumbisi ezibini kwi-convoy.”
Kwiividiyo iiHelmet eziMhlophe ezenze ngobusuku bohlaselo, uSelmo waya nangakumbi, esithi kwicandelo elinye levidiyo ukuba iibhombu ezine emgqomo yayiwisiwe kwaye kwenye, loo nto iibhombu ezisibhozo yayiwisiwe. Ingcamango yokuba kusetyenziswe iibhombu zombhobho kuhlaselo yathatyathwa ngoko nangoko ngabantu abazibiza ngokuba "ngabavukeli beendaba" egameni labasemagunyeni abachasayo e-Aleppo ngentsasa elandelayo, njengoko Ingxelo ye-BBC. Loo mxholo wawuhambelana nomzamo wemithombo echasayo ebuyela kwi-2012 ukuchonga "iibhombu zemibhobho" njengezixhobo ezizodwa ezitshabalalisayo, ezigxekayo kunemijukujelwa eqhelekileyo.
Ubungqina obuthandabuzekayo obuvela kwimithombo yamaqela
In i vidiyo iiHelmet eziMhlophe zavelisa ngobusuku bohlaselo, uSelmo uthetha nababukeli ngokukhomba kwindawo ekucingelwa ukuba kuqhushumbe kuyo ibhombu. "Uyayibona ibhokisi yebhombu yomphanda?" uyabuza. Kodwa into eboniswa kule vidiyo kukuphoswa koxande kwigrabile okanye ingqushu ebonakala imalunga nemitha enzulu iimitha ezimbini ububanzi kwaye ingaphezulu kancinane kweenyawo ezintathu ubude. Ufika ngaphantsi komhlaba aze akhuphe into efana nencakuba yefotsholo eyonakeleyo, ngokusekelwe kwimilo yayo.
Lo mboniso ungqina ngokucacileyo ibango likaSelmo ukuba libubuxoki ngokupheleleyo. Iibhombu zemiphanda zenza umjikelo omkhulu kakhulu iikreyiti ubuncinci buziimitha ezingama-25 ububanzi kwaye ngaphezulu kweemitha ezili-10 ubunzulu, ngoko ke ukufakwa okufana nebhokisi kwividiyo akukhange kufane nokuba kukuphi na umngxuma webhombu.
U-Hussein Badawi, ongumlawuli wasekhaya we-White Helmets we-Urum al-Kubra, usezantsi ngokucacileyo kunoSelmo kuluhlu lombutho. U-Badawi wavela ngokufutshane ecaleni kukaSelmo kwicandelo elinye levidiyo eyenziwe ngobo busuku kodwa wathi cwaka, emva koko wanyamalala. Nangona kunjalo, Badawi iphikisene ngokuthe ngqo Ibango likaSelmo lokuba iziqhushumbisi zokuqala ngobo busuku zaziphuma kwiziqhushumbisi. Kwizigcina-ntloko ezimhlophe yokuzonwabisa leyo yaguqulelwa ukusuka kwisiArabhu ukuya kwisiNgesi, uBadawi wachaza ezo ziqhushumbisi zokuqala hayi njengeziqhushumbisi zomoya kodwa “njengeerokethi ezine ezilandelelanayo” kufutshane nombindi weRed Crescent e-Urum al-Kubra.
Abukho obunye ubungqina obubonakalayo bomngxuma ongathi wenziwe ngebhombu yomphanda obuye bavela. Ukuxhasa inkcazo kaSelmo, iQela leNgqondo leNgqungquthela yaseRashiya, elizinikele ekuphikiseni amabango karhulumente waseRashiya, unokucaphula kuphela isakhelo sevidiyo kaSelmo ebambe eso siqwenga esinye sesinyithi.
Iwebhusayithi yeBellingcat, umseki wayo u-Eliot Higgins ungumntu ongengommi we-Atlantiki ye-Atlantiki, iSebe likaRhulumente elifumana inkxaso-mali kwiSebe le-Atlantiki, kwaye akanabo ubuchwephesha kwizixhobo zemfazwe, zikhomba kwisakhelo esinye. U-Higgins ubanga ukuba isiqwenga sentsimbi saphuma “kwicrater.” Uphinde wacaphula ifoto yesibini athe ibonakalisa “icrater elungisiweyo” endleleni ecaleni kwelori etshileyo. Kodwa ummandla osesithombeni obonakala ugqunywe bubumdaka obutsha ngokucacileyo awukho ngaphezulu kweemitha ezintathu ubude kwaye ungaphezulu kweenyawo ezimbini ububanzi—kwakhona umncinci kakhulu ukuba ube bubungqina bokudubula kombhobho.
Iqela le-Selmo's White Helmet lisasaze kwiBellingcat nakwimithombo yeendaba into ebonakale ekuqaleni njengobungqina obubonakalayo bokuhlaselwa komoya waseSyria naseRussia: i-tailfin eshwabeneyo yeRussia. I-OFAB-250 ibhombu, enokubonwa phantsi kweebhokisi kwi-a ifoto ithathwe kwindawo yokugcina impahla kwindawo. UBellingcat ubalule ezo iifoto njengobungqina obubambekayo bokusetyenziswa kweRashiya yaloo bhombu kuhlaselo lweqela loncedo.
Kodwa ukuba iifoto ze-OFAB tailfin ziyingxaki kakhulu njengobungqina bokubetha emoyeni. Ukuba ibhombu ye-OFAB-250 ngenene yagqabhuka ngelo xesha ngeyishiye icrater eyayinkulu kakhulu kunaleyo ibonisiwe yile foto. Umgangatho Umgaqo kabhontsi kukuba i-OFAB-250, njengayo nayiphi na enye ibhombu eqhelekileyo enobunzima obungama-250kg ingenza i-crater ibe yi-24 ukuya kwi-36 yeenyawo ububanzi kunye ne-10 okanye i-12 yeenyawo ubunzulu. Ubukhulu becrater yayo buboniswe kwividiyo yentatheli yaseRashiya emi kwelinye emva kwedabi lesixeko saseSiriya iPalmyra, esasibanjwe yi-ISIS.
Ngaphezu koko, udonga olusesithombeni kuphela iinyawo ezimbalwa ukusuka kwindawo ekucingelwa ukuba impembelelo yayingachatshazelwanga yibhombu. Oko kubonisa ukuba akukho OFAB-250 eye yawiswa kuloo ndawo okanye yayiyi-dud. Kodwa umfanekiso weebhokisi ezijikeleze i-OFAB tailfin ikwatyhila obunye ubungqina bokuba bekukho ugqabhuko-dubulo. Njengombukeli omnye Fu maneka ukusuka kuvavanyo olusondeleyo, iibhokisi zibonisa ubungqina be Iinyembezi zeentlantsi. A Isondeziwe Kwiphakheji enye ibonisa ipateni yemingxuma ecolekileyo.
Kuphela into engenamandla kakhulu kune-OFAB-250 ibhombu okanye ibhombu yombhobho eya kuphendula kwezo nyaniso zibonakalayo. Esinye isixhobo esinokuthi i-shrapnel ibangele ipateni ebonwe kwifoto yi-rocket yaseRashiya ye-S-5, ezahlukeneyo ezimbini apho kulahlwa amaqhekeza amancinci angama-220 okanye angama-360.
Kwividiyo wenza ubusuku bohlaselo, uSelmo wayesele ebange ukuba iinqwelomoya zaseRussia zidubule ii-S-5 kwindawo, nangona ngempazamo wazibiza ngokuba zii-“C-5s.” Kwaye ifoto yemijukujelwa emibini ye-S-5 nayo yahanjiswa eBellingcat nakwimibutho yeendaba, kubandakanya neWashington Post. Selmo iwanyanzelisa ixesha ukuba uhlaselo lwasemoyeni lwahlulahlulwe phakathi kweziqhushumbisi zemibhobho nemijukujelwa eyayidutyulwa ziinqwelo-moya zaseRashiya.
Kodwa kwakhona uBadawi, intloko yeeHelmet eziMhlophe ye-Urum al Kubra, yaphikisana noSelmo ividiyo eyahlukileyo, echaza ukuba imijukujelwa yokuqala yaqalisa ukusuka emhlabeni. Ukwamkelwa kukaBadawi kwakubaluleke kakhulu, kuba imikhosi echasayo yaseSyria yayinempahla IsiRashiya S-5s ukusukela oko izixhobo zakhutshwa eLibya ngokungekho mthethweni zisiwa kubavukeli ngobuninzi ngo-2012. Basoloko besebenzisa ii-S-5s njengeerokethi ezaziswa emhlabeni njengoko benzayo abavukeli baseLibya, kwaye baziyilele ezabo iziqhushumbisi eziphuculweyo.
U-Badawi uthi imijukujelwa emine yokuqala yagxothwa yimikhosi karhulumente waseSyria kwiifektri zokhuselo ezikumazantsi e-Aleppo. Kodwa izityalo zokukhusela urhulumente kumazantsi e-Aleppo governorate zise-al-Safira-ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-25 kude, kanti i-S-5 inoluhlu lwe-3 kuphela kwiikhilomitha ze-4.
Okubaluleke ngakumbi kukuba, ngaphandle kokunyanzeliswa kukaSelmo ukuba i-airstrikes iqhubeke iiyure kwaye ibandakanya uninzi lwe-20 ukuya kwi-25 yohlaselo olwahlukileyo, akukho namnye kumalungu eqela le-White Helmet obambe i-airstrike enye kwividiyo, ebinokuthi inike isandi esicacileyo. -ubungqina obubonakalayo bebango lakhe.
Indawo yeBellingcat yeBhunga leAtlantiki yalatha a yokuzonwabisa ithunyelwe kwi-intanethi yimithombo ephikisayo e-Aleppo njengokubonelela ngobungqina obuvakalayo beenqwelomoya zejethi ngaphambi nje kokudubula kwasebusuku. Kodwa nangona ilizwi kwividiyo lichaza ukuba yayiyi-airstrike yaseRashiya, isandi siyeka ngokukhawuleza emva kokuqhuma komlilo, ebonisa ukuba kubangelwa ngumjukujelwa owenziwe phantsi komhlaba, kungekhona umjukujelwa okhutshwe kwi-jet plane. Ke ngoko ubungqina obuqinisekisayo bohlaselo lwenqwelomoya olufunwa nguBellingcat abuzange buqinisekise konke konke.
Ngaphandle kwerekhodi yokugqwetheka, uSelmo uhlala engumthombo wokuya
Nabani na owayenoxanduva lokuhlaselwa kwe-convoy yaseSyria yoncedo lwe-Red Crescent, kucacile ukuba u-Ammar al-Selmo, igosa eliphezulu le-White Helmet e-Aleppo, waxoka malunga nokuba wayephi xa uhlaselo lwe-convoy yoncedo lwaqala kwaye, ubuncinane ekuqaleni, ulahlekise abaphulaphuli bakhe xa wathi wazibonela ngawakhe amehlo amanqanaba okuqala ohlaselo. Ngaphezu koko, wenza amabango eebhombu zemigqomo yaseSyria kunye neebhombu zaseRussia ze-OFAB-250 eziwiswe kwi-convoy engaxhaswanga bubungqina obubambekayo.
Ngenxa yokulungela kukaSelmo ukuhombisa iakhawunti yakhe kunye nokuxhasa ibali lohlaselo lwaseRussia-iSyria, imithombo yeendaba yaseNtshona bekufanele ukuba ilumke ngakumbi ngokuthembela kuyo njengokuqinisekisa intlawulo yase-US malunga nohlaselo loncedo. Kodwa ngeeveki zokuqhushumba kwebhombu yaseRussia neSyria kwimpuma ye-Aleppo emva kokuqhawuka kokupheliswa kodushe, uSelmo wayesoloko ecatshulwa ngamajelo eendaba njengomthombo wephulo lokuqhushumba. Kwaye uSelmo wasebenzisa le meko intsha ukutyhala i-ajenda yezopolitiko yabavukeli.
NgoSeptemba 23, ii-White Helmets zatshela amajelo eendaba ukuba ezintathu zamaziko abo okusebenza empuma ye-Aleppo ziye zabethwa kwaye ezimbini zazo zazingekho kwikhomishini. Unomathotholo woLuntu weSizwe catshulwa USelmo esithi ukholelwa ukuba eli qela belijoliswe ngabom, kuba “waluvalile unxibelelwano lwabaqhubi beenqwelomoya kwaye wabeva befumana imiyalelo yokuqhushumba koogxa bakhe.” Okumangalisayo kukuba, i-NPR yasilela ukuchonga uSelmo njengentloko yeeHelmet eziMhlophe empuma ye-Aleppo, imchaza kuphela “njengelungu le-White Helmets.”
Kwiintsuku ezintlanu kamva iWashington Post yabika a ibango elifanayo ngu-Ismail Abdullah, elinye igosa le-White Helmets elisebenza ngokuthe ngqo phantsi kweSelmo. "Ngamanye amaxesha siva umqhubi wenqwelo-moya exelela isiseko sakhe, 'Sibona imarike yabanqolobi, kukho indawo yokubhaka yabanqolobi,' utshilo u-Abdullah. “Ngaba kulungile ukubabetha? Bathi, 'Kulungile, babetheni.'” Waphinda wathi nge-21 kaSeptemba, ii-White Helmets zamva umqhubi wenqwelomoya wotshaba ebhekisa kumaziko okhuseleko “abanqolobi”. Umbutho wathumela umyalezo kumagosa ase-US eNew York kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ukuba bajoliswe kuyo, u-Abdullah wongezelela. La mabali amangalisayo ancede ukuqhubela phambili iphulo le-White Helmets le-Nobel Peace Prize, elabhengezwa kwiintsuku kamva kodwa ekugqibeleni abazange baphumelele.
Ibango lokuba ii-White Helmet ziye zava abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya becela kwaye befumana imvume yokubetha iithagethi ngelixa emoyeni liyinkohliso, ngokutsho kukaPierre Sprey, owayengumhlalutyi wePentagon kwinqwelomoya yokulwa edlale indima ephambili ekuyileni i-F-16. "Ayinakwenzeka into yokuba le ibilunxibelelwano oluyinyani phakathi komqhubi wohlaselo kunye nomlawuli," u-Sprey uxelele i-AlterNet, ebhekisa kwiiakhawunti zikaSelmo. “Ekuphela kwexesha umqhubi wenqwelo-moya enokwenza isicelo sokubetha itekeni ekujoliswe kuyo kuxa ebona imipu kuyo. Ngaphandle koko ayinangqondo. ”
Ngosuku olusemva kwephulo lokuqhushumba kwebhombu yaseRussia neyaseSyria kwimpuma ye-Aleppo eyayibanjwe ngabavukeli yaqala nge-22 kaSeptemba, iReuters yaphendukela kuSelmo ukuze ihlole yonke impembelelo yebhombu e-Aleppo. Selmo ngokukhawuleza wathi, “Into eyenzekayo ngoku yimbubhiso.”
Ukulandela le ngxelo imangalisayo, imithombo yeendaba yaseNtshona iqhubekile nokucaphula uSelmo ngokungathi ungumthombo ongathathi hlangothi. NgoSeptemba 26, iReuters yabuyela kwiiHelmet eziMhlophe esebenza phantsi kwakhe kwakhona, catshulwa uqikelelo olungabizwanga ngamagama "abasebenzi bokhuselo loluntu" e-Aleppo - enokuthetha kuphela amalungu e-White Helmets - ukuba abantu be-400 babesele bebulewe ngaphantsi kweentsuku ezintlanu zokuqhubhisa ibhombu e-Aleppo nakwiindawo ezikufutshane. Kodwa emva kweeveki ezintathu ezipheleleyo zokuqhushumba kweZizwe eziManyeneyo namanye amaziko Qi kelelwa ukuba abantu abangama-360 babulewe ekuqhunyisweni kwebhombu, ebonisa ukuba inani le-White Helmets liye laphindaphindwa ngokuphindwe kaninzi kunokuba kubhalwe ngemithombo engekho cala.
Kucacile ukuba kunzima kumajelo eendaba ukugubungela iziganeko ezifana nokuhlaselwa kwe-convoy yaseSyria ye-Red Crescent kunye nokuqhunyiswa kwebhombu e-Aleppo esuka e-Istanbul okanye e-Beirut. Kodwa ukulambela ulwazi oluvela emhlabeni akufuneki kugqithise uxanduva lokufumana imithombo yezilwanyana. USelmo kunye neeHelmet zakhe eziMhlophe bekufanele ukuba bamkelwe ukuba bayintoni na: umthombo wecala kunye ne-ajenda ebonisa amandla apho umbutho uphendulela kuwo: oontamo-lukhuni abaxhobileyo abalawula impuma ye-Aleppo, i-Idlib, kunye nezinye iindawo ezisemantla eSiriya.
Ukuthembela ngokungagxekiyo kumabango ee-White Helmet ngaphandle komzamo wokuphanda ukuthembeka kwabo ngomnye umzekelo ocacileyo wokungasebenzi kakuhle kwentatheli ngamaziko eendaba anerekhodi elide lokubhengeza ungquzulwano kwingxelo yongenelelo.
