NguDavid Swanson
Iimfazwe zisenokuba yindlela abantu baseMelika abafunda ngayo iJografi, kodwa ngaba bahlala befunda imbali yendlela iJografi eyakhiwe ngayo ziimfazwe? Ndiye ndafunda nje ISiriya: Imbali yeMinyaka eyiMinyaka edlulileyo NguJohn McHugo. Kunzima kakhulu kwiimfazwe, ezihlala ziyingxaki ngendlela esiyixela ngayo imbali, kuba iqinisekisa abantu ukuba imfazwe yinto eqhelekileyo. Kodwa ikwenza kucace ukuba imfazwe yayihlala ingaqhelekanga eSyria.
I-Syria yenziwa kwaye ihleli nanamhlanje icaphukile sisivumelwano se-Sykes-Picot sika-1916 (apho i-Bhritane ne-France zahlulahlula izinto ezazingezozabo), Isibhengezo se-Balfour se-1917 (apho i-Bhritane ithembisa iZiyonis umhlaba awuzange Eyaziwa ngokuba yiPalestine okanye iSyria eseMazantsi), kunye neNkomfa yeSan Remo ka-1920 apho iBritane, iFrance, i-Itali, neJapan basebenzise imigca ethandanayo ukwenza iGunya laseFrance laseSyria nelaseLebhanon, iGunya laseBritane lasePalestine (kubandakanya neJordani) , kunye neGunya laseBritane laseIraq.
Phakathi kwe-1918 ne-1920, iSiriya izama ukuseka ubukumkani-siseko; kwaye uMcHugo ubona ukuba umzamo wokuba ngowamaSiriya omfutshane sele weza ukuzimela. Kakade, oko kwagqitywa yinkomfa yaseSan Remo apho iqela labafokazi lahlala e-villa e-Italy waza wagqiba ekubeni iFransi kufuneka isindise iSiriya kwiSiriya.
Ke i-1920 ukuya kwi-1946 yayilixesha lokulawulwa gwenxa kweFrance kunye nengcinezelo kunye nobundlobongela. Icebo laseFrance lokwahlulahlula nolawulo laphumela ekwahlukaneni kweLebhanon. Imidla yaseFrance, njengoko uMcHugo eyitshoyo, kubonakala ngathi yayiyinzuzo kunye nezibonelelo ezikhethekileyo kumaKristu. Isibophelelo esisemthethweni saseFransi "kwigunya" yayikukunceda iSyria ifikelele kwinqanaba lokuba ikwazi ukuzilawula. Kodwa, ke, amaFrentshi ayenomdla wokuvumela amaSiriya ukuba azilawule, amaSiriya ayengazilawuli kakubi kunokuba amaFrentshi enza, kwaye konke ukuzenzisa kwakungekho nolawulo lomthetho okanye ukulawulwa kwamaFrentshi. Ke, uqhanqalazo lwaseSyria lwabhenela kumaLungelo oLuntu kodwa bahlangatyezwa ngogonyamelo. Uqhanqalazo lwalubandakanya amaSilamsi kunye namaKristu kunye namaJuda, kodwa amaFrentshi ahlala ekhusela amancinci okanye ubuncinci ukwenza ngathi ayabakhusela ngelixa ekhuthaza ukwahlukana kwehlelo.
Ngo-Epreli 8, 1925, u-Lord Balfour watyelela eDamasko apho abaqhankqalazi abayi-10,000 1920 babulisa khona besithi "Phantsi ngesivumelwano seBalfour!" AmaFrentshi kwafuneka ampheleke aphume edolophini. Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-6,000 amaFrentshi abulala amajoni angabavukeli angama-100,000 aza atshabalalisa amakhaya abantu abayi-1930. Ngama-1936 amaSiriya adala uqhanqalazo, uqhankqalazo, kunye noqhankqalazo lwamashishini aphethwe ngabaseFrance. Ngo-20,000 kwabulawa abaqhankqalazi abane, kwaye abantu abangama-XNUMX XNUMX baya emngcwabeni wabo ngaphambi kokuqalisa uqhankqalazo jikelele. Kwaye amaFrentshi, njengamaBritane aseIndiya kunye nabo bonke ubukhosi babo, ahlala.
Ukuphela kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, iFrance yacebisa "ukuphelisa" ukuhlala kwabo eSyria ngaphandle kokuyiphelisa, into efana nokuhlala kwe-Afghanistan ngoku e-Afghanistan "ephelileyo" ngelixa iqhubeka. ELebhanon, amaFrentshi abamba umongameli kunye nenkulumbuso kodwa banyanzelwa ukuba babakhulule emva koqhankqalazo kunye nemiboniso eLebhanon naseSyria. Uqhanqalazo eSyria lukhule. IFransi yahlasela iDamasko ibulala i-400. I-Bhritane yangena. Kodwa ngo-1946 amaFrentshi kunye nabaseBritane bayishiya iSyria, ilizwe apho abantu bala ukusebenzisana nolawulo lwangaphandle.
Amaxesha amabi, kunokuba alunge, abeke ngaphambili. I-Bhritane kunye nekamva-ama-Israyeli abeba iPalestine, kwaye umkhukula weembacu waya eSyria naseLebhanon ngo-1947-1949, ekusafuneka babuye kuzo. Kwaye (yokuqala?) Imfazwe ebandayo yaqala. Ngo-1949, kunye neSiriya kuphela kwesizwe esingazange sisayine i-armistice kunye no-Israyeli kunye nokwenqaba ukuvumela ipayipi yeoli yase-Saudi ukuba iwele umhlaba wayo, umkhosi wamagosa wabulawa eSiriya kunye nokubandakanyeka kwe-CIA-ngaphambi kwe-1953 Iran kunye no-1954 eGuatemala.
Kodwa i-United States neSyria babengenakwenza umanyano kuba i-United States yayidibene no-Israyeli kwaye ichasene namalungelo ama-Palestine. ISyria yafumana izixhobo zayo zokuqala zeSoviet ngo-1955. Kwaye i-US kunye ne-Bhritane baqala iprojekthi yexesha elide kunye neqhubekayo yokwenza nokuhlaziya izicwangciso zokuhlasela iSyria. Ngo-1967 uSirayeli wahlasela weba iGolan Heights awayehlala kuyo ngokungekho mthethweni ukusukela oko. Ngo-1973 iSiriya ne-Egypt bahlasela u-Israyeli kodwa basilela ukubuyisa i-Golan Heights. Imidla yaseSyria kuthethathethwano lweminyaka emininzi ezayo yayiza kugxila ekubuyeni kwamaPalestina emhlabeni wawo kunye nokubuyela kweGolan Heights eSyria. Umdla wase-US kuthethathethwano loxolo ngexesha loMlo obandayo wawungekho ngoxolo nozinzo kodwa ekuphumeleleni amazwe kwicala lawo ngokuchasene neSoviet Union. I-1970 yemfazwe yamakhaya eLebhanon yongeza kwiingxaki zaseSyria. Iintetho zoxolo zaseSyria zaphela ngokufanelekileyo kunyulo luka-1996 lukaNetanyahu njengenkulumbuso yakwa-Israyeli.
Ukusuka kwi-1970 ukuya kwi-2000 iSyria yayilawulwa nguHafez al-Assad, ukusukela ngo-2000 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ngunyana wakhe uBashar al-Assad. I-Syria ixhase i-US kwi-Gulf War I. Kodwa ngo-2003 i-US yacebisa ukuhlasela i-Iraq yaza yathi zonke izizwe mazibe "nathi okanye zichasene nathi?" ISyria ayinakho ukuzibhengeza "kunye ne-United States" ngelixa ukubandezeleka kwabantu basePalestine bekuku-TV qho ebusuku eSyria nase-United States bekungekho neSyria. Ngapha koko, iPentagon ngo-2001 yayineSyria kwi uluhlu yamazwe asixhenxe acwangcise "ukuthatha".
Ubundlobongela, ubundlobongela, ukuthungatha, ukuhlukana kweecawa, ukuthukuthela, kunye nezixhobo ezikhusele ummandla kunye nokuhlasela kwe-Iraq kwi-2003 kwathintela iSiriya kwaye kukhokelela ekudaleni amaqela afana ne-ISIS. IArabhu Spring eSiriya yajika yinobudlova. Iingxabano ze-Sectarian, imfuno ekhulayo yamanzi kunye nezibonelelo, iingalo kunye nabahlaseli abanikezelwa yimpikiswano yezemimandla kunye nehlabathi bezisa iSiriya kwisihogo esihlala kuyo. Ngaphezulu kwe-200,000 ifile, ngaphezu kwe-3 yezigidi ezishiye ilizwe, izigidi eziziithandathu neziqingatha ziyafuduswa ngaphakathi, izigidi ze-4.6 zihlala apho ukulwa kuqhubeka. Ukuba le yentlekele yendalo, ingqwalaselo yoluntu uncedo luya kufumana inzala, kwaye ubuncinci urhulumente wase-US akayi kugxininisa ekongezeni umoya okanye amaza. Kodwa oku akuyintlekele yendalo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, imfazwe yombutho kwindawo exhotywe yi-United States, kunye neRashiya ngasecaleni likarhulumente waseSiriya.
Kuxinzelelo luka-2013 loluntu luncede ukunqanda umkhankaso omkhulu wokuqhuma amabhomu eSiriya, kodwa izixhobo nabaqeqeshi baqhubeka behamba kwaye akukho ezizezinye yalandelwa. Ngo-2013 u-Israyeli wanika inkampani iphepha-mvume lokuphonononga irhasi kunye neoyile kwiiGolan Heights. Ngo-2014 “iingcali” zaseNtshona bezithetha ngemfazwe efuna "ukuqhuba ikhosi," ngelixa i-US yayihlasela abavukeli abathile baseSyria ngelixa ixhobisa abanye abathi ngamanye amaxesha banikezele ngezixhobo kwabo baseMelika babehlasela kwaye bebexhaswa ngemali zizityebi ze-Gulf US Amanyeneyo kunye nefuthe labalwi abenziwe ngaphandle kwe-infernos i-United States eyayizise e-Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, Yemen, Afghanistan, njl.njl. Ngo-2015, "iingcali" bezithetha "ngokuhlukanisa" iSyria, okusizisela isangqa esipheleleyo.
Ukuzoba imigca emephini kunokukufundisa iJografi. Ayinakubangela ukuba abantu baphulukane nokuncamathiselwa kubantu nakwiindawo abazithandayo nabaphila nazo. Ukuxhobisa kunye nokuhlasela imimandla yehlabathi kungathengisa izixhobo kunye nabagqatswa. Ayinakho ukuzisa uxolo okanye uzinzo. Ukugxeka inzondo yamandulo kunye neenkolo zinokuphumelela ihlombe kwaye zinike umbono wokuphakama. Ayinakucacisa ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi, ukwahlulwa, kunye nomonakalo owenziwe ngenxalenye enkulu kummandla oqalekisiweyo ngemithombo yendalo efunwa ngummandla wamajoni omnqamlezo ogama lawo lingcwele ekubizwa ngokuba luxanduva lokukhusela kodwa ngubani ongathanda Khankanya abo baziva benoxanduva kubo kwaye bakhusela ngantoni.
