Amatye eDrones: Imbali emfutshane yeMfazwe emhlabeni

Ifoto nguGar Smith World Beyond War Ingqungquthela ye # NoWar2017,
NgoSeptemba 22-24 kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika eWashington, DC.

Imfazwe yeyona nto ibulala abantu. Ukusuka ku 500 BC ukuya ku AD 2000 imbali ibhala ngaphezulu kwe 1000 [1,022] yeemfazwe ezinkulu ezibhaliweyo. Kwinkulungwane yama-20, iimfazwe eziqikelelwa kwi-165 zabulala abantu abazizigidi ezingama-258 - ngaphezulu kwepesenti ezi-6 zabo bonke abantu abazalwe kule nkulungwane yama-20. I-WWII yathatha ubomi bezigidi ezili-17 zamajoni kunye nabantu abazizigidi ezingama-34. Kwiimfazwe zanamhlanje, iipesenti ezingama-75 zabo babuleweyo ngabantu abaqhelekileyo - uninzi lwabo ngabasetyhini, abantwana, abantu abadala kunye namahlwempu.

I-US ngumkhokeli ohamba phambili wemfazwe. Yeyona mveliso yethu yokuthumela ngaphandle enkulu. Ngokwababhali bembali yomkhosi wamanzi, ukusuka ngo-1776 ukuya ku-2006, imikhosi yase-US yalwa kwiimfazwe zangaphandle ezingama-234. Phakathi kowe-1945 nowama-2014, i-US yasungula i-81% yeengxabano ezinkulu ezingama-248 zehlabathi. Ukusukela ekubuyeni kwePentagon eVietnam e1973, imikhosi yase-US ijolise e-Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Bosnia, Cambodia, El Salvador, Grenada, Haiti, Iran, Iraq, Kosovo, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines. , ISomalia, iSudan, iSiriya, iUkraine, iYemen, neYugoslavia yangaphambili.

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Iimfazwe ngokumelene nendalo zinomlando omde. I-Epic yeGilgamesh, Enye yeentsomi ezindala emhlabeni, ubalisa ngomzabalazo womlo waseMesopotamiya wokubulala uHumbaba - irhamncwa elalilawula ihlathi elingcwele leCedar. Inyaniso yokuba uHumbaba wayengumkhonzi ka-Enlil, uthixo womhlaba, umoya kunye nomoya awuzange umise uGilgamesh ekubulaleni lo mkhuseli weNdalo kunye nokugawula imisedare.

IBhayibhile (Abagwebi 15: 4-5) ibalisa ngokuhlaselwa okungaqhelekanga kwamaFilisti xa “uSamson“ wabamba iimpungutye ezimakhulu mathathu, wazibophelela ngomsila ngomsila. Emva koko wafaka itotshi kuzo zombini izisila. . . nizikhulule iimpungutye kwingqolowa yamaFilistiya emileyo. ”

Ngexesha leMfazwe yasePeloponnesian, u-King Archidamus waqala ukuhlaselwa kwiPlataea ngokuwa yonke imithi yezityalo ezijikeleze idolophu.

Ngomnyaka we-1346, iMongol Tartars yaqesha umlo webhayoloji ukuhlasela idolophu yoLwandle oluMnyama yaseCaffa -ngokubamba imizimba yamaxhoba esifo phezu kweendonga ezinqatyisiweyo.

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Ukutyhefa ubonelelo lwamanzi kunye nokutshabalalisa izityalo kunye nemfuyo yindlela eqinisekisiweyo yokwehlisa uluntu. Nanamhlanje, la maqhinga "atshisiwe" ahlala eyindlela ekhethiweyo yokujongana noluntu lwezolimo kuMazantsi ehlabathi.

Ngexesha loQhushululu lwaseMelika, uGeorge Washington wasebenzisa amaqhinga "atshisiweyo" kubantu baseMelika ababezimanye nemikhosi yaseBritane. Iziqhamo zeziqhamo kunye nezityalo zengqolowa zesizwe saseIroquois zatshatyalaliswa ngethemba lokuba ukutshatyalaliswa kwazo kuya kubangela ukuba namaIroquois atshabalale.

Imfazwe yamakhaya yaseMelika yabonisa uGeneral Sherman “ngoMatshi ukuya eGeorgia” kunye nephulo likaGeneral Sheridan eVirginia eShenandoah Valley, izihlandlo ezibini ezitshisiweyo ezazijolise ekutshabalaliseni izityalo, imfuyo kunye nepropathi. Umkhosi kaSherman utshabalalise umhlaba weehektare ezili-10 eGeorgia ngelixa iifama zikaShenandoah zajikwa zangumhlaba omnyama.

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Ngexesha elininzi lokwenyuka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ezinye zeempembelelo ezingqongileyo zenzeke eFransi. KwiMfazwe yeSomme, apho amasosha aseBritani e-57,000 afa ngosuku lokuqala lokulwa, uMthi oPhakamileyo washiya isitya esiqhumayo samatye aqhubiweyo.

EPoland, amajoni aseJamani axhoma amahlathi ukuze enze amaplanga okwakha umkhosi. Kwinkqubo, batshabalalisa indawo yokuhlala yaseYurophu inyathi - ekhawuleze yanqunyulwa yimipu yamajoni alambileyo aseJamani.

Omnye owasindayo wachaza ibala ledabi njengendawo “yeziphunzi ezimnyama nezimnyama zemithi eyaphukileyo esanamathele kwindawo eyayikade ikhona iidolophana. Baphathwa ngamacwecwe oonokrwece abatyumkileyo bemi ngokungathi zizidumbu ezime nkqo. ” Inkulungwane emva kwembubhiso, amafama aseBelgium aqhubeka nokufumanisa amathambo amajoni aphuma abulala eFlanders Field.

I-WWI yenza umonakalo ngaphakathi kwe-US ngokunjalo. Ukunyusa umzamo wemfazwe, ii-acre ze-40 ziqhutywe ekuhlaleni kwi-acreage ngokungafunekiyo kwezolimo. AmaLwandle, iindawo zokuhlala, kunye nemigxobhozo yayinxweme ukudala ifama. Ubuncwane bomhlaba buyathatyathwa indawo yeengqolowa. Amahlathi ayicacile ukuze akhonze iimfuno zemfazwe. Ukutshala ngokugqithiseleyo kwehlabathi lepotton eyadalayo ekugqibeleni ihlonywe ngumonakalo nokukhukhula.

Kodwa impembelelo enkulu yenziwa ngetyhunji yeoli evuselelwe imfazwe. Ngokukhawuleza, imikhosi yanamhlanje ayisayidinga i-oats kunye nefoshe yamahashe kunye nama-mules. Ekupheleni kweWWI, i-General Motors yakha iinqwelo ze-9,000 [8,512] zezempi kwaye yajika inzuzo. Amandla omoya aya kuba ngumnye umguquleli-mlando.

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Ngokuqhambuka kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, ilizwe laseYurophu lahlaselwa kwakhona. Imikhosi yaseJamani yankcenkceshela iipesenti ezili-17 zeefama ezisezantsi zaseHolland ngamanzi anetyuwa. Iibhombu ezimanyeneyo zaphula amadama amabini kwiRuhr Valley yaseJamani, zatshabalalisa iihektare ezingama-7500 zasemaphandleni aseJamani.

ENorway, imikhosi kaHitler ebuyela umva yonakalisa izakhiwo, iindlela, izityalo, amahlathi, amanzi kunye nezilwanyana zasendle. Amashumi amahlanu eepesenti eenyamakazi ezazibulala amaNazi eNorway abulawa.

Iminyaka engama-50 emva kokuphela kwe-WWII, amabhomu, iinqwelo zeengqungquthela, kunye neemigodi zaza zifunyanwa emasimini nasemigodini yamanzi yaseFransi. Izigidi zamahektare zihlala zingekho kwimida kwaye i-ornity engcwabayo iqhubeka ibiza amaxhoba athile.

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Esona siganeko sonakalisayo seWWII sibandakanya ukuqhushumba kweebhombu ezimbini zenyukliya kwizixeko zaseJapan iHiroshima neNagasaki. Iibhola zomlilo zalandelwa "yimvula emnyama" eyahlutha abasindileyo iintsuku, ishiya ngasemva inkungu engabonakaliyo yemitha eyangena emanzini nasemoyeni, ishiya ilifa elipholileyo lomhlaza kunye notshintsho kwizityalo, izilwanyana nakubantwana abasandul 'ukuzalwa.

Phambi kokuba kutyikitywe iSivumelwano seNyukliya soVavanyo lweNyukliya ngo-1963, i-US kunye ne-USSR yayikhuphe i-1,352 phantsi komhlaba, i-520 yeatmosfera, kunye neziqhushumbisi ezisibhozo ezingaphantsi kolwandle-ezilingana namandla eebhombu ezilingana ne-Hiroshima ezingama-36,400. Ngo-2002, iNational Cancer Institute yaxwayisa ukuba wonke umntu eMhlabeni wayevelele kumanqanaba okuwa abangele amashumi amawaka abantu ababulawa ngumhlaza.

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Kwiminyaka emashumi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-20X, umboniso wezobukhosi wawungapheliyo.

Kwiinyanga ezingama-37 kwii-1950s zakuqala, i-US yayibetha iNorth Korea ngeetoni ezingama-635,000 zebhombu kunye neetoni ezingama-32,557 ze-napalm. I-US yatshabalalisa iidolophu ezingama-78 zaseKorea, izikolo ezingama-5,000 1,000, izibhedlele ezili-600,000 30, amakhaya angama-1984, kwaye zabulala iipesenti ezingama-20 zabemi ngoqikelelo oluthile. Umkhosi woMoya uGeneral Curtis LeMay, intloko ye-Strategic Air Command ngexesha leMfazwe yaseKorea, wanikezela ngoqikelelo olusezantsi. Ngo-XNUMX, uLeMay uxelele iOfisi yoMbutho woMkhosi woMoya: "Kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu okanye ngaphezulu, sibulale abantu- yintoni - iipesenti ezingama-XNUMX zabemi." IPyongyang inesizathu esihle sokwesaba i-US.

Kwi-1991, i-US ilahle i-88,000 yamabhomu e-Iraq, ichitha imizi, izityalo zamandla, amadama amakhulu kunye neenkqubo zamanzi, okubangela ukuphuthuma kwezempilo kwanegalelo ekufeni kwabantwana base-Iraqi.

Umsi ovela kumhlaba weoyile ovuthayo wajika imini nobusuku wakhupha iziqwenga ezininzi zomsizi onetyhefu owathi wehla waya emazantsi eekhilomitha.

Ukususela kwi-1992 ukuya kwi-2007, ukuqhunyiswa kwebhola e-US kuncede ukutshabalalisa ipesenti ze-38 zendawo yehlathi e-Afghanistan.

Ngo-1999, ukuqhushumbisa kweNATO isityalo sepetroli eYugoslavia kwathumela amafu eekhemikhali ezibulalayo esibhakabhakeni kwaye yakhupha iitoni zongcoliseko kwimilambo ekufuphi.

Imfazwe yaseAfrika eRwanda yaqhubela abantu abamalunga ne-750,000 kwiVirunga National Park. Iikhilomitha ezili-105 zeekhilomitha zagqogqwa zaza iikhilomitha ezingama-35 zeekhilomitha “zahluthwa zahlulwa.”

E-Sudan, amajoni asabelayo kunye nabantu abahlaselwa kwiGarta National Park, behlalisa isilwanyana. EDemocratic Republic of Congo, imbambano exhobileyo yanciphisa inani lezindlovu ezihlala kwi-22,000 ukuya kwi-5,000.

Ngethuba lokuhlasela kwe-2003 yase-Iraq, i-Pentagon iyavuma ukuba isasaze i-175 iitoni ze-uranium ephelile kwi-uranium phezu komhlaba. (I-US iyavuma ukuba ijolise i-Iraq kunye namanye ama-300 amathani kwi-1991.) Ukuhlaselwa okusasazwa ngama-radioactive kwabangela izifo zesifo se-cancer kunye neziganeko zabantwana abaqhwaqayo kwi-Fallujah nakwezinye iidolophu.

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Xa ebuzwa ukuba yintoni ebangele iMfazwe yase-Iraq, owayesakuba nguMlawuli we-CENTCOM uGeneral John Abizaid uvumile: “Ewe, kuthethwa nge-oyile. Asinakuyikhanyela loo nto. ” Nantsi inyani eyoyikisayo: IPentagon kufuneka ilwe iimfazwe ngeoyile ukulwa iimfazwe zeoyile.

IPentagon ilinganisa ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli kwi "gallon-mile-mile" kunye "nemigqomo ngeyure" kunye nenani leoyile elitshisiweyo liyanda nanini na xa iPentagon isiya emfazweni. Kwincopho yayo, Imfazwe yase-Iraq yavelisa ngaphezulu kwesigidi seetoni zeetrikhi zohlobo lwe-CO2 ngenyanga. Nanku umxholo ongabonakaliyo: Ungcoliseko lomkhosi yeyona nto iphambili ekuqhubeni utshintsho lwemozulu.

Nantsi ke isigqebelo. Amaqhinga omkhosi otshisiweyo omkhosi sele eyonakalisile kangangokuba ngoku sizifumanisa siphila- ngokwenyani- kuMhlaba oTshisiweyo. Ukungcoliseka kwemizi-mveliso kunye nokusebenza komkhosi kuye kwaqhuba amaqondo obushushu ukuya kwinqanaba lokuncipha. Ukusukela inzuzo namandla, imibutho eyongezelelweyo kunye nemikhosi yasebukhosini ibhengeze ngokufanelekileyo imfazwe kwindalo. Ngoku, iplanethi ibuyela umva- ngohlaselo lwemozulu egqithileyo.

Kodwa uMhlaba ovukelayo awukho njengawo nawuphi na umkhosi wabantu owakhe wajongana nawo. Inkanyamba enye inokuvula inqindi elingana nokuqhushumba kweebhombu zeatom ezili-10,000. I-airstrike ye-Hurricane Harvey eTexas yabangela i-180 yezigidigidi kumonakalo. Isithuba senkanyamba u-Irma isithuba esingaphezulu kwe- $ 250 yezigidigidi. Umvuzo kaMaria usakhula.

Ukuthetha ngemali. I-Worldwatch Institute inika ingxelo yokuba ukuhambisa kwakhona i-15% yemali echithwe kwizixhobo kwihlabathi liphela kungaphelisa uninzi lwezinto ezibangela imfazwe nokonakaliswa kwendalo. Ke kutheni imfazwe iqhubeka? Kungenxa yokuba i-US iye yaba liQela lezeManyano kuRhulumente elilawulwa lushishino lweArms kunye neFossil Fuel Interests. Njengokuba owayesakuba yiCongressmember Ron Paul ephawula: Inkcitho yomkhosi ikakhulu “inceda abantu abambalwa abadityaniswe kakuhle nabahlawulwa kakuhle. Abantu aboyikayo banoloyiko lokuba uxolo lungagqibela luphelile, nto leyo eya kuba yingozi kwinzuzo yabo. ”

Kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuba intshukumo yanamhlanje yokusingqongileyo yavela, ngokuyinxenye, ekuphenduleni izinto ezoyikisayo zemfazwe yaseViet Nam- iAgent Orange, napalm, ikhaphethi-ibhombu- kunye neGreenpeace yaqala ukuqhankqalaza uvavanyo lwenyukliya olucwangcisiweyo kufutshane neAlaska. Ngapha koko, igama elithi "Greenpeace" lakhethwa kuba lidibanisa "imiba emibini emikhulu yamaxesha ethu, ukusinda kwendalo esingqongileyo kunye noxolo lwehlabathi."

Namhlanje ukusinda kwethu kusongelwa yimibhobho yompu kwaye Imiphanda yeoyile. Ukuzinzisa imozulu yethu, kufuneka siyeke ukuchitha imali emfazweni. Asinakuphumelela emfazweni ejolise ngqo kule planethi siphila kuyo. Kufuneka sizibeke phantsi izixhobo zethu zemfazwe nokuphanga, sithethathethane ngokuzinikela okunesidima, kwaye sisayine isivumelwano soXolo esihlala sihleli kunye nePlanethi.

UGar Smith ungumlindi-uphando wongqongqoshe, umhleli we-emeritus of Earth Island Journal, umququzeleli-nxaxheba we-Environmentalists Against War, kunye nomlobi Nuclear Roulette (U-Chelsea Green). Yakhe entsha incwadi, Imfazwe kunye neNgqongileyo yokuFunda (Iincwadi zeHlabathi nje) ziya kupapashwa ngo-Okthobha 3. Wayengomnye wezithethi ezininzi e World Beyond War Ingqungquthela yeentsuku ezintathu "Yemfazwe kunye nokusingqongileyo," NgeyoMsintsi 22-24 kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika eWashington, DC. (Ngeenkcukacha, zibandakanya uvimba wevidiyo wentetho, ndwendwela: https://worldbeyondwar.org/nowar2017.)