Njengabathunywa abalishumi elinesithandathu abamele imibutho yoxolo ephuma kwihlabathi liphela, siye sahamba sisuka eAsia, ePasifiki, eYurophu, nakuMntla Melika ukuya kubiza iQonga leNgqungquthela yeVancouver Women's Forum yoXolo noKhuseleko kwiPeninsula yaseKorea, umsitho obanjelwe ngokubambisana noMgaqo-nkqubo waseCanada wobuFazi. ukukhuthaza isisombululo esinoxolo kwingxaki ekwiPeninsula yaseKorea. Izohlwayo kunye nokwahlukaniswa akuphumelelanga ukunqanda inkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya yaseNorth Korea kwaye endaweni yoko kwenzakalise kanobom abemi baseNorth Korea. I-Korean Peninsula engenazixhobo zenyukliya iya kuphunyezwa kuphela ngothethathethwano lokwenene, iingxoxo ezakhayo, kunye nentsebenziswano. Sikhupha ezi ngcebiso zilandelayo kubaPhathiswa bamazwe angaphandle abathatha inxaxheba kwiNgqungquthela ye-16 kaJanuwari ngoKhuseleko kunye noZinzo kwiPeninsula yaseKorea:
- Uzibandakanya ngoko nangoko onke amaqela afanelekileyo kwingxoxo, ngaphandle kwemiqathango, ukusebenzela ukuzuza usinga-siqithi waseKorea ongenanyukliya;
- Lahla inkxaso yesicwangciso soxinzelelo oluphezulu, ukuphakamisa izohlwayo ezineziphumo ezibi kubantu baseNyakatho Korea, sebenzela ukulungelelaniswa kobudlelwane bozakuzo, ukususa imiqobo ekubandakanyekeni kommi-kummi, kunye nokomeleza intsebenziswano yoluntu;
- Yandisa umoya wesivumelwano se-Olimpiki kwaye uqinisekise ukuqaliswa kwengxoxo phakathi kwe-Korean ngokuxhasa: i) uthethathethwano lokunqunyanyiswa okuqhubekayo kwemithambo yase-US-ROK esemazantsi, kunye nokunqunyanyiswa okuqhubekayo kovavanyo lwenyukliya kunye nemijukujelwa emantla, ii) isibhambathiso sokungaluqhubeki ugwayimbo lokuqala, lwenyukliya okanye oluqhelekileyo, kunye iii) nenkqubo yokutshintsha iSivumelwano seArmistice ngeSivumelwano soXolo saseKorea;
- Bambelela kuzo zonke iingcebiso zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko malunga nabaseTyhini, uXolo kunye noKhuseleko. Ngokukodwa, siyakucela ukuba usebenzise iSigqibo seBhunga leZizwe eziManyeneyo leZizwe eziManyeneyo, esivuma ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba okunentsingiselo kwabasetyhini kuzo zonke izigaba zokusonjululwa kwengxabano kunye nokwakha uxolo kuqinisa uxolo nokhuseleko kubo bonke.
Ezi zindululo zisekwe kumava ethu amade okuzibandakanya nabantu baseNyakatho Korea ngokusebenzisa idiplomacy yabemi kunye namanyathelo oluntu, kunye nakubuchule bethu obuhlangeneyo bomkhosi, ukuthotywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, izohlwayo zoqoqosho, kunye neendleko zoluntu zeMfazwe yaseKorea engasonjululwanga. Le Ngqungquthela sisikhumbuzo esimangalisayo sokuba izizwe ezihlangeneyo zinoxanduva lwembali nokuziphatha lokuyiphelisa ngokusesikweni iMfazwe yaseKorea. Isibhambathiso sokungalubambi ugwayimbo lokuqala sinokunciphisa unxunguphalo ngokunciphisa kakhulu ukubanjwa kohlaselo kunye nomngcipheko wokubalwa ngendlela engafanelekanga okunokukhokelela ekuqalisweni kwenyukliya ngabom okanye ngokungazi. Ukusombulula iMfazwe yaseKorea inokuba lelona nyathelo lisebenzayo lokumisa umkhosi oqatha waseMntla-mpuma ye-Asia, esongela uxolo nokhuseleko lwabantu abazibhiliyoni ezi-1.5 kulo mmandla. Isisombululo esinoxolo sengxaki yenyukliya yaseKorea linyathelo eliphambili ekuphelisweni ngokupheleleyo kwezixhobo zenyukliya ehlabathini. 2
IMVELAPHI NGEENCEBISO KUBAPHATHISI BANGAPHANDLE
- Uzibandakanya ngoko nangoko onke amaqela afanelekileyo kwingxoxo, ngaphandle kwemiqathango, ukusebenzela ukuzuza usinga-siqithi waseKorea ongenanyukliya;
- Yandisa umoya woxolo we-Olimpiki kwaye uqinisekise inkxaso yengxoxo phakathi kwamaKorea ngokuqalisa: i) ukunqunyanyiswa okuqhubekayo kwemithambo yomkhosi yase-US-ROK emazantsi, ii) isibhambathiso sokungaluqhankqalazi lokuqala, lwenyukliya okanye oluqhelekileyo; kunye iii) nenkqubo yokutshintsha iSivumelwano soXolo ngeSivumelwano soXolo saseKorea;
I-2018 ibonisa isikhumbuzo se-65th yeSivumelwano se-Armistice, ukupheliswa komlilo osayinwe ngabaphathi bezempi abavela kwi-DPRK, i-PRC, kunye ne-US egameni le-UN ekhokelwa yi-UN Command.1 Ukuhlanganisa ndawonye abameli bezizwe ezithumela iingalo, amajoni, oogqirha, abongikazi. kunye noncedo lwezonyango kumanyano lomkhosi olukhokelwa yi-US ngexesha leMfazwe yaseKorea, iNgqungquthela yeVancouver inika ithuba lokwenza umzamo ohlangeneyo wokuxhasa ukufezekisa isivumelwano soxolo, ukuzalisekisa isibambiso esichazwe phantsi kweSiqendu IV seArmistice. NgoJulayi 27, 1953, abaPhathiswa bamazwe angaphandle abalishumi elinesithandathu batyikitya isihlomelo kwiArmistice besithi: “Siza kuzixhasa iinzame zeZizwe eziManyeneyo zokuzisa uxolo eKorea ngokusekelwe kwimigaqo ekudala yasekwa ziZizwe eziManyeneyo. efuna iKorea emanyeneyo, ezimeleyo nenedemokhrasi.” INgqungquthela yaseVancouver sisikhumbuzo esifanelekileyo kodwa esibalulekileyo sokuba izizwe ezihlangeneyo zinoxanduva lwembali nokuziphatha lokuphelisa ngokusesikweni iMfazwe yaseKorea.
Isibhambathiso sokungaluqhubeki ugwayimbo lokuqala sinokuphinda sinciphise uxinezeleko ngokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokunyuka okanye ukubalwa ngendlela engeyiyo okunokukhokelela ekusungulweni kwenyukliya ngabom okanye ngokungazi. Njengabatyikitye kwi-Charter ye-UN, amazwe angamalungu kufuneka asombulule iingxabano ngeendlela zoxolo. Imfazwe eqhelekileyo okanye yenyukliya kwiPeninsula yaseKorea. Inkonzo yoPhando yeCongress yase-US iqikelela ukuba, kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa zokuqala zokulwa, uninzi lwe-2 luya kubulawa. Ukongeza, ubomi bamashumi ezigidi zabantu buya kuba semngciphekweni kumacala omabini olwahlulo lwaseKorea, kwaye amakhulu ezigidi ngaphezulu aya kuchaphazeleka ngokuthe ngqo kulo mmandla nangaphaya.
Ukusombulula iMfazwe yaseKorea inokuba lelona nyathelo lisebenzayo lokumisa umkhosi oqatha waseMntla-mpuma Asia, i-3 esongela uxolo nokhuseleko lwabantu abazibhiliyoni ezi-1.5 kulo mmandla. Ukwakhiwa komkhosi omkhulu kube nefuthe elibi kubomi babantu abahlala kufutshane neziseko zomkhosi wase-US, e-Okinawa, eJapan, kwiiPhilippines, eMzantsi Korea, eGuam naseHawaii. Isidima, amalungelo oluntu, kunye nelungelo elihlangeneyo lokuzimela kwabantu kula mazwe liye laphulwa ngumkhosi. Imihlaba yabo kunye neelwandle abaxhomekeke kuzo ukuze baziphilise kwaye ezinentsingiselo yenkcubeko nembali, zilawulwa ngumkhosi kwaye zingcoliswe yimisebenzi yomkhosi. Ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo benziwa ngabasebenzi bezempi ngokuchasene noluntu olubambe iqhaza, ngakumbi abasetyhini kunye namantombazana, kwaye inkolelo ekusebenziseni amandla ukusombulula iingxabano igxininiswe ngokunzulu ukugcina ukungalingani kwe-patriarchal eyenza uluntu kwihlabathi lonke.
- Lahla inkxaso yesicwangciso soxinzelelo oluphezulu, ukuphakamisa izohlwayo ezineziphumo ezibi kubantu baseNyakatho Korea, sebenzela ukulungelelaniswa kobudlelwane bozakuzo, ukususa imiqobo ekubandakanyekeni kommi-kummi, kunye nokomeleza intsebenziswano yoluntu;
Abaphathiswa bamazwe angaphandle kufuneka bajongane nefuthe lokunyuka kwe-UNSC kunye nezohlwayo zamazwe amabini ngokuchasene ne-DPRK, eziye zakhula ngenani kunye nobunzima. Ngelixa abaxhasi bezohlwayo bazijonga njengenye indlela enoxolo kwintshukumo yasemkhosini, izohlwayo zinefuthe elinobundlobongela kunye nentlekele kubemi, njengoko kungqinwa zizigwebo ezichasene neIraq ngeminyaka yoo-1990s, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekufeni kwangaphambi kwexesha kwamakhulu amawaka abantwana baseIraq.4 I-UNSC igxininisa ukuba izohlwayo ze-UN ngokuchasene neNorth Korea azijoliswanga kubemi, kodwa ubungqina bubonisa ngokuchasene noko. Ngokutsho kwengxelo ye-UNICEF ye-5, i-2017 yepesenti yabo bonke abantwana abaneminyaka emihlanu nangaphantsi bahlupheke ngokumodareyitha ukuya kwi-stunting enzima. kunye norhulumente we-DPRK kwaye ayikhankanyi ukubakho okanye impembelelo yokwenyani yezohlwayo ngokwazo.
Ngokunyukayo, ezi zohlwayo zijolise kuqoqosho lwabahlali kwi-DPRK kwaye ke ngoko zinokuba neempembelelo ezimbi ngakumbi kubomi bomntu. Umzekelo, ukuvalwa kokuthunyelwa kwamalaphu kumazwe angaphandle kunye nokuthunyelwa kwabasebenzi kumazwe angaphandle zonke zichaphazela kakhulu iindlela apho abemi be-DPRK abaqhelekileyo bafumana izibonelelo zokuxhasa ubomi babo. Ngaphaya koko, imilinganiselo yakutsha nje ejolise ekuthinteleni ukungenisa kwe-DPRK yeemveliso ze-oyile emngciphekweni wokuchaphazeleka kakubi koluntu.
NgokukaDavid von Hippel noPeter Hayes,: “Iimpembelelo ezikhawulezileyo zeempendulo kwiimveliso ze-oyile neemveliso zeoyile ziya kuba kwintlalontle; abantu bayakunyanzelwa ukuba bahambe ngeenyawo okanye bangashukumi kwaphela, kwaye batyhale iibhasi endaweni yokukhwela kuzo. Kuya kuba ncinane ukukhanya ezindlini ngenxa ye-kerosene encinci, kunye nombane onganeno kwisiza. Kuya kubakho ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ngakumbi ukuvelisa i-biomass kunye namalahle asetyenziswa kwizitshizi zegesi ukuqhuba iilori, okukhokelela kukhukuliseko olungakumbi, izikhukula, ukutya okuncinci kwezityalo, kunye nendlala eyongezelelekileyo. Kuya kuba mbalwa amafutha edizili okumpompa amanzi okunkcenkceshela amasimi erayisi, ukugaya izityalo zibe kukutya, ukuthutha ukutya nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko ekhaya, nokuthutha iimveliso zezolimo zisiwe kwiimarike ngaphambi kokuba zonakale.”7 Kwileta yakhe, uMququzeleli woLuntu woLuntu weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. kuMntla Korea ukhankanya imizekelo engama-42 apho izohlwayo ziye zaphazamisa umsebenzi wobuntu,8 oye waqinisekiswa mva nje ngunozakuzaku weZizwe eziManyeneyo waseSweden.9 I-UN, imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, kunye neeNGOs eDPRK iminyaka emininzi zijongene nobunzima bokusebenza, njengokungabikho kwezizwe ngezizwe. Iinkqubo zebhanki ekudluliswa kuzo iimali zokusebenza. Bakwajongene nokulibaziseka okanye uthintelo oluchasene nokunikezelwa kwezixhobo zonyango eziyimfuneko kunye neemveliso zoxubo-mayeza, kunye nehardware yokulima kunye neenkqubo zokubonelela ngamanzi.
Impumelelo yezohlwayo ngokuchasene ne-DPRK ikhangeleka imfiliba xa ukuvulwa kwengxoxo phakathi kwe-US ne-North Korea kuxhomekeke ekuzibopheleleni kwe-DPRK kwidenuclearization. Lo mqathango awuzisombululi izizathu ezisisiseko zenkqubo yenyukliya ye-DPRK, oko kukuthi, ukungasonjululwa kweMfazwe yaseKorea kunye nokuqhubekeka nokunyuka koxinzelelo lwe-geopolitical kulo mmandla, okwakudala ngaphambi kwenkqubo yenyukliya ye-DPRK kwaye ngokuyinxenye inokuthatyathwa njengeyona mpembelelo iphambili. ukuze ifumane isakhono senyukliya. Endaweni yoko, sibiza idiplomacy ebandakanyekayo, kubandakanywa iingxoxo zokwenyani, ubudlelwane obuqhelekileyo, kunye nokuqala kwentsebenziswano, amanyathelo okwakha ukuthembana anamandla okudala nokugcina imeko yezopolitiko ezinzileyo yobudlelwane obufanayo kunye nenzuzo kummandla kunye nokuthintela kunye nokukhusela. ukusonjululwa kwangethuba kongquzulwano olunokwenzeka.
- Bambelela kuzo zonke iingcebiso zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko malunga nabaseTyhini, uXolo kunye noKhuseleko. Ngokukodwa, siyakucela ukuba usebenzise iSigqibo seBhunga leZizwe eziManyeneyo leZizwe eziManyeneyo, esivuma ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba okunentsingiselo kwabasetyhini kuzo zonke izigaba zokusonjululwa kwengxabano kunye nokwakha uxolo kuqinisa uxolo nokhuseleko kubo bonke.
Uphononongo lwehlabathi lonke oluphonononga iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu yokuphunyezwa kwe-1325 UNSCR lubonelela ngobungqina obubanzi bokuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini ngokulinganayo kunye nentsingiselo kumzamo woxolo nokhuseleko kubalulekile kuxolo oluzinzileyo.
Uphononongo, oluthatha amashumi amathathu eminyaka eenkqubo zoxolo ezingamashumi amane, lubonisa ukuba kwizivumelwano zoxolo ezili-182 ezityikityiweyo, isivumelwano kwafikelelwa kuso kuyo yonke imeko ngaphandle kwetyala elinye xa amaqela amabhinqa aphembelela inkqubo yoxolo. Intlanganiso yabaphathiswa ilandela ukuphehlelelwa kweSicwangciso sokuSebenza seSizwe saseCanada kwi-UNSCR 1325, ebonisa ukuzibophelela ekubandakanyeni abasetyhini kuwo onke amanqanaba enkqubo yoxolo. Le ntlanganiso lithuba labo bonke oorhulumente ukuba baqinisekise ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini kumacala omabini etafile. Loo mazwe akhoyo kwiNgqungquthela enoMgaqo-nkqubo waMazwe ngaPhandle woBufazi kufuneka abele inkxaso-mali kwimibutho yabasetyhini kunye nemibutho yokuqhubela phambili amandla abo okuthatha inxaxheba.
KUTHENI SIFUNA ISIVUMELWANO SOXOLO UKUZE SIPHELE IMFAZWE YASEKOREA
I-2018 iphawula iminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe ukususela ekubhengezweni kwamazwe amabini ahlukeneyo aseKorea, iRiphabhlikhi yaseKorea (ROK) emazantsi kunye neDemocratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) emantla. IKorea yayikhatyiwe ulongamo emva kokukhululwa eJapan, umcinezeli wayo wobukoloniyali, kwaye endaweni yoko yahlulwe ngokungekho mthethweni ngamagunya eMfazwe ebandayo. Kwaqhambuka ubutshaba phakathi koorhulumente baseKorea abakhuphisanayo, yaye ukungenelela kwemikhosi yamazwe angaphandle kwabangela ukuba iMfazwe yaseKorea yamazwe ngamazwe. Emva kweminyaka emithathu yemfazwe, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezithathu befile, kwaye ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwePeninsula yaseKorea, kwasayinwa ukupheliswa komlilo, kodwa akuzange kuguquke kwisivumelwano soxolo, njengoko kwakuthenjisiwe ngabasayinileyo kwiSivumelwano seArmistice. Njengabafazi abavela kwiintlanga ezithathe inxaxheba kwiMfazwe yaseKorea, sikholelwa ukuba iminyaka engamashumi amathandathu anesihlanu mide kakhulu ukuba kupheliswe imfazwe. Ukungabikho kwesivumelwano soxolo kubambe inkqubela phambili kwidemokhrasi, amalungelo oluntu, uphuhliso, kunye nokuhlangana kwakhona kweentsapho zaseKorea ezahlulwe kabuhlungu kwizizukulwana ezithathu.
AMAZISO:
1 Njengenqaku lolungiso lwembali, uMyalelo we-UN ayilombutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo, kodwa lumanyano lomkhosi olukhokelwa yi-United States. NgoJulayi 7, 1950, iUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 84 yancomela ukuba amalungu anikele uncedo lomkhosi nolunye uncedo kuMzantsi Korea “aqinisekise ukuba imikhosi nolunye uncedo luyafumaneka kumyalelo omanyeneyo ophantsi kweUnited States.” Ezi zizwe zilandelayo zathumela imikhosi ukuba ijoyine imanyano yomkhosi ekhokelwa yi-US: iBritish Commonwealth, i-Australia, iBelgium, iCanada, iKholombiya, i-Ethiopia, iFransi, iGrisi, iLuxembourg, iNetherlands, iNew Zealand, iiPhilippines, iThailand neTurkey. UMzantsi Afrika ubonelele ngeeyunithi zomoya. IDenmark, iIndiya, iNorway kunye neSweden zibonelele ngeeyunithi zonyango. I-Itali yaxhasa isibhedlele. Ngowe-1994, uSosiba-jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo uBoutros Boutros-Ghali wacacisa, “iBhunga lezoKhuseleko alizange limisele umyalelo omanyeneyo njengelungu elingaphantsi kolawulo lwalo, kodwa lancomela nje ukusekwa kwaloo myalelo, lichaza ukuba ube phantsi kwegunya leenkokeli zehlabathi. Amazwe Amanyene. Ngoko ke, ukuchithwa komyalelo omanyeneyo akuweli kuxanduva lwalo naliphi na iziko leZizwe eziManyeneyo kodwa ngumbandela osemagunyeni kuRhulumente waseUnited States.”
2 UMqulu uyasithintela isoyikiso okanye ukusetyenziswa komkhosi ngaphandle kwakwiimeko apho ugunyaziswe ngokufanelekileyo sisigqibo seBhunga lezoKhuseleko okanye kwiimeko eziyimfuneko kunye nokulungelelanisa ukuzithethelela. Ukuzikhusela kwangaphambili kusemthethweni kuphela xa ujongene nezoyikiso ezisondele ngokwenene, xa imfuneko yokuzikhusela “ingoko nangoko, isoyisa, ingashiyi nketho, kwaye kungekho mzuzu wokuxoxa” ngokwefomula kaCaroline. Kuya kuba kukwaphulwa komthetho wemveli wamazwe ngamazwe ukuhlasela iNorth Korea ukuba nje ingazihlaseli kwaye ukuba kusekho iindlela zozakuzo ekufuneka zilandelwe.
3 Ngokutsho kweStockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), ngo-2015 iAsia “yaye yanda kakhulu” imali echithwa emkhosini. Kwabaphezulu abalishumi abachitha imali emkhosini, amazwe amane akuMntla-mpuma Asia kwaye achithe oku kulandelayo ngo-2015: i-China i-215 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, iRashiya i-$ 66.4 yebhiliyoni, i-Japan $ 41 yebhiliyoni, uMzantsi Korea i-$ 36.4 yebhiliyoni. Elona hlabathi lichitha imali eninzi kwezomkhosi, iUnited States, liwagqwese onke la mazwe mane akuMntla-mpuma Asia ngee-$596 zamawaka ezigidi.
4 uBarbara Crossette, "Izohlwayo zase-Iraq zibulala abantwana, iiNgxelo ze-UN", i-1st kaDisemba 1995, kwi-New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/01/world/iraq-sanctions-kill-children- un-reports.html
5 I-UNSC 2375 “... ayenzelwanga ukuba ibe neziphumo ezibi zobuntu kuluntu lwase-DPRK okanye ukuchaphazela kakubi okanye ukuthintela loo misebenzi, kubandakanya imisebenzi yezoqoqosho kunye nentsebenziswano, uncedo lokutya kunye noncedo loluntu, olungathintelwanga (……) kunye umsebenzi wemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente eyenza uncedo kunye nemisebenzi yokunceda kwi-DPRK ukuze kuxhamle abemi base-DPRK. "
6 I-UNICEF “Imeko Yabantwana Behlabathi Lowama-2017.” https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/SOWC_2017_ENG_WEB.pdf
I-7 Peter Hayes kunye noDavid von Hippel, "Izohlwayo kwiNorth Korean oyile ngaphandle: iimpembelelo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle", IiNgxelo eziKhethekileyo zeNAPSNet, ngoSeptemba 05, 2017, https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/sanctions-on- Umntla-korean-oyile-impembelelo-kunye nokusebenza kakuhle/
8 Chad O'Carroll, "Inkxalabo enzulu malunga neMpembelelo yeSanctions kuMsebenzi woNcedo lwaseNyakatho Korea: UN DPRK Rep", uDisemba 7, 2017, https://www.nknews.org/2017/12/serious-concern-about-sanctions -impembelelo-kumntla-korea-uncedo-umsebenzi-un-dprk-rep/
9 Iinkxalabo malunga nefuthe elibi loluntu lwezohlwayo ziphakanyiswe nguNozakuzaku waseSweden kwi-UNSC kwintlanganiso engxamisekileyo ngoDisemba 2017: “Amanyathelo amkelwe libhunga ayengajongwanga ukuba abe nefuthe elibi kuncedo loluntu, ngoko ke iingxelo zamva nje zokuba Izohlwayo zineziphumo ezibi
