NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Julayi 24, 2020
Ndixhomekeke ngakumbi ekususeni isikhumbuzo esikrwada phakathi kwezikwere kunye nokubonelela ngemeko kunye nengcaciso kwiindawo ezingadumanga, kunye nokuthanda ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi yobugcisa yoluntu engacaphukisiyo. Kodwa ukuba uza kudiliza nantoni na (okanye uqhume nantoni na kwindawo engaphandle), ayifanele Ukuqaqanjelwa kukaWernher von Braun eHuntsville, Alabama, kujongwa ukuba ufakwe kuluhlu?
Uluhlu olude lweemfazwe ezinkulu kukho bambalwa kakhulu amabango aseMelika awakhe wawina. Enye yazo yiMfazwe yaseMelika yaseMelika, apho kuye kwakhula amatye aqingqiweyo aye alahlekele njengamayeza anetyhefu. Ngoku bayehla. Omnye, nangona waphumelela ngokuyintloko yiSoviet Union, yayiliMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Abanye abaphulukene nalo banamatye ezikhumbuzo eUnited States.
Iikhumbuzo zeConfederate zabekwa unobangela wobuhlanga. Imibhiyozo yamaNazi e-Huntsville izukisa, hayi ubuhlanga, kodwa ukuyilwa kwezixhobo eziphezulu zobugcisa bemfazwe, ekucaphukisa kuphela xa uqaphela ukuba ngubani ogqwirhaweyo okanye ukuba uyala ukubulala umntu.
Kodwa asisebenzi apha ngenjongo yenyaniso, uxolelwaniso kunye nokuvuselelwa. Ukuqhushumba kukaVon Braun - okanye ngenxa yesitampu sika-US-ayenzelwanga ukuthi: “Ewe, le ndoda isebenzise amakhoboka ukwakha izixhobo zamaNazi. Yena noogxa bakhe balungelana kanye naseHuntsville emhlophe ngo-1950, ukusukela apho bavelisa izixhobo ezothusayo zokubulala ukubulala kuphela abantu abafanelekileyo abafuna ukubulawa, kunye namarokethi aye enyangeni ngaloo ndlela engqina ukuba amaSoviet ayanuka njenge-doodoo- na - na - na - NA - na! ”
Ngokuchasene noko, ukubiza izinto ezingqonge iHuntsville ngoVon Braun yindlela yokuthi “Uyakugcina ukungazi okungagungqiyo malunga nalento yenziwa yile ndoda noogxa bayo eJamani, kwaye ujonge ngamehlo xa ujonga oko bancedise kuko kwiindawo ezinje ngeVietnam. Aba bantu bazise iidola zombuso kunye neeokhestra ze-symphony kunye nenkcubeko ephucukileyo kumanzi ethu angasemva, kwaye baziqonda iindlela zethu zobuhlanga njengamaNazi kuphela. Khumbula, thina besenamakhoboka kwaye ayembi eAlabama de kwafika iMfazwe Yehlabathi II. ”
Jonga le skrini ye website kwimyuziyam yelitye eRuntsville:
Kutheni le nyuziyam ine-biergarten? Akukho mntu unokucinga ukuba yayikukubhiyozela amaNazi. Nayiphi na inkcazo isebenzisa igama elithi "amaJamani." Jonga indlela iwebhusayithi yeAlabama ebhala ngayo ngeVon Braun enkulu indlu yangaphambili kwaye imemorandam. Jonga indlela I-Chattanooga Times iFayile yoSimahla Ubhala ngohambo lokhenketho kuzo zonke iindawo zaseHuntsville ezingcwaliswe nguVon Braun. Ungaze ube negama elibalulekileyo okanye elithandabuzayo lokubuza naphina. Akukho ngxoxo ngamathuba amabini-endaweni yoko, ukunyanzeliswa kwe-amnesia.
Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, umkhosi wase-US waqesha ishumi elinesithandathu lamakhulu eminyaka eyinzululwazi kunye noogqirha, kuquka nabanye ababambisene kufutshane no-Adolf Hitler, kubandakanya amadoda anoxanduva lokubulala, ubukhoboka, kunye nokuvavanywa kwabantu, kubandakanya amadoda awayegwetywe ngezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, amadoda afunyanwa enetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. kwaye amadoda angazange eme ecaleni. Amanye amaNazi azamile eNuremberg ayesele esebenzela i-US eJamani okanye e-US ngaphambi kwezilingo. Abanye bakhuselwa kwiminyaka yabo engaphambili ngurhulumente wase-US iminyaka, njengoko babehlala kwaye besebenza e-Boston Harbour, eLong Island, eMaryland, e-Ohio, eTexas, e-Alabama, nakwezinye iindawo, okanye bathunyelwa ngurhulumente wase-US baya eArgentina ukuba abakhusele ekutshutshisweni . Olunye uguqulelo lwesilingo luhlelwe ngokupheleleyo ukuze kuthintelwe ukubhengeza iipasile zenzululwazi ebalulekileyo yase-US. Abanye bobuNazi babeziswa ngobuqhetseba ababezenzile njengoososayensi, abanye babo abathi emva koko bafunda amasimi abo ngelixa besebenzela umkhosi wase-US.
Abahlali baseMelika baseJamani emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi bavakalise ukuba lonke uphando lwasemkhosini eJamani lwaluza kuyekiswa, njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokuchazwa. Ukanti olo phando laqhubeka kwaye lwandiswa emfihlakalweni, phantsi kwegunya laseMelika, eJamani naseMelika, njengenxalenye yenkqubo enokuthi ukuyijonga njengezazation. Ayingabo oososayensi kuphela abaqeshiweyo. Ababesakuba ziintlola zaseNazi, uninzi lwabo babefudula bengama-SS, babeqeshiwe yi-US kwimfazwe yasemva kwemfazwe ukuya kuhlola - kunye nokuthuthumbisa- iiSoviet.
Umkhosi wase-US waguquka ngeendlela ezininzi xa amaNazi wangaphambili abekwa kwizikhundla eziphezulu. Yayilizazinzulu zerhasi zamaNazi eziphakamise ukubekwa kweebhombu zenyukliya emngxunyeni zaza zaqalisa ukuphuhlisa umjikelo wokulinganisa ibhola. Yayingunonjineli bamaNazi ababecebe uHitler kwigumbi elingaphantsi kweBerlin, ngoku owayesakhela urhulumente wase-US iinqaba zaseCatoctin nakwiiNtaba zeBlue Ridge. Amaxoki amaNazi aziwayo aqeshwa ngumkhosi wase-US ukuyila amaphepha eenjengele ezazichaza ukuba zibubuxoki. Izazinzulu zamaNazi ziphuhlise iinkqubo zaseMelika zekhemikhali kunye nezebhayoloji, bezisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-tabun kunye ne-sarin, bengasathethi ke nge-thalidomide-kunye nokulangazelela kwabo ukuzilolonga kwabantu, abathi umkhosi wase-US kunye ne-CIA entsha bayenze ngokulula. Yonke imvo engaqhelekanga kunye nokuba nembono ethandabuzekayo yokuba umntu angabulawa njani okanye umkhosi uxhobile wayenomdla kuphando lwabo. Izixhobo ezitsha zaphuhliswa, kubandakanya i-VX kunye ne-Agent Orange. Kwenziwa idrive entsha yokundwendwela kunye nokuxhobisela izixhobo zokuphuma, kwaye amaNazi ngaphambili abekwa kwi-arhente entsha ebizwa ngokuba yi-NASA.
Ukucinga ngokusisigxina kwemfazwe, ukucinga ngemfazwe engenasiphelo, kunye nokucinga okudala imfazwe apho isayensi kunye netekhnoloji yayigubungela ukufa nokubandezeleka, konke kuhamba phambili. Xa owayesakuba ngumNazi wayethetha nesidlo sasemini sabasetyhini eRochester Junior Chamber of Commerce ngo-1953, iindaba ezazisentloko zazingumxholo othi "Buzz Bomb Mastermind ukuze athethe neJaycees namhlanje." Oko akuvakali kuyothusa kakhulu kuthi, kodwa kusenokuothusa wonke umntu ohlala eMelika nangaliphi na ixesha ngaphambi kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Jonga le Walt Disney Inkqubo kamabonwakude enomntu owayesakuba ngumNazi owayesebenza amakhoboka ekufeni kwilokhi yokwakha umqolomba. Qikelela ukuba ngubani.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zjs3nBfyIwM
Kungekudala, uMongameli Dwight Eisenhower wayezakukhalaza esithi "impembelelo epheleleyo - kwezoqoqosho, kwezopolitiko, nakwezomoya - zivakala kuyo yonke idolophu, kwizindlu zonke zikarhulumente, kwiiofisi zikarhulumente." I-Eisenhower yayingabhekiseli kwiNazi kodwa kumandla omkhosi-womzi-mveliso. Kodwa ke, xa wabuzwa ukuba ngubani awayenengqondo yokuphinda athethe kwintetho enye ukuba "umgaqo-nkqubo woluntu ungabathimba ngokwabantu abaphethe isayensi," u-Eisenhower wachaza izazinzulu ezimbini, omnye wabo babengamaNazi kwividiyo yeDisney edityaniswe ngasentla.
Isigqibo sokufakwa kwi-1,600 ye-Hitler's yesayensi yezobuchwepheshe kwi-US emkhosini yayiqhutywa luloyiko lwe-USSR, zombini zisengqiqweni kunye nesiphumo sobuqhetseba soyiko lokuhlasela. Isigqibo savela ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye sasiyimveliso yeengqondo ezininzi eziphosakeleyo. Kodwa i-buck yayeka kunye noMongameli Harry S Truman. UHenry Wallace, owayengusekela-Mongameli ka-Truman njengo-vice-mongameli esithanda ukuba akhokele ilizwe kwicala elingcono kunokuba uTruman wenza njengo-Mongameli, enyanzelise uTruman ukuba aqeshe amaNazi njengenkqubo yemisebenzi. Iya kuba yinto elungileyo kwishishini laseMelika, litshilo iqhawe lethu eliqhubayo. Abangaphantsi kukaTruman baphikisana, kodwa uTruman uthathe isigqibo. Njengoko bits ye-Operation Paperclip yaziwa, i-American Federation of Scientists, u-Albert Einstein, kwaye abanye babongoza uTruman ukuba ayiphelise. Isazi seyunivesithi yeNyukliya uHans Bethe neqabane lakhe uHenri Sack babuza uTruman:
"Ngaba into yokuba amaJamani angasindisa ilizwe lizizigidi zeedola kuthetha ukuba kungathengwa indawo yokuhlala ngokusisigxina nokuba ngabemi? Ngaba i-United States ingathembela [kwizazinzulu zaseJamani] ukuba zisebenzele uxolo xa inzondo yabo engagungqiyo nxamnye namaRussia inokuba negalelo ekwandiseni umahluko phakathi kwamandla amakhulu? Ngaba imfazwe yayilwelwe ukuvumela iingcinga zamaNazi ukuba zingene kumaziko ethu emfundo nakwezenzululwazi ngomnyango ongasemva? Sifuna isayensi nangayiphi na indlela? ”
Ngo-1947 i-Operation Paperclip, isencinci, yayisengozini yokupheliswa. Endaweni yokuba, iTruman iguqule umkhosi wase-US kunye noMthetho woKhuseleko lweLizwe, kwaye wenza eyona thelelwano ilungileyo inokuthi ifune ukuSebenza ngePhepha lePhepha: Ngoku inkqubo iqale, ngabom kwaye ngabom, ngolwazi olupheleleyo kunye nokuqonda okufanayo kukaMongameli wase-US owayebhengeze njengendlu yenkundla ukuba abantu baseRussia babephumelele i-US kufuneka bancede amaJamani, kwaye ngokuchanekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uninzi lwabantu kungenzeka ukuba wasweleka, uMongameli omnye owathi ngokungekho mthethweni waphosa iziqhushumbe kabini kwizixeko zaseJapan, umongameli omnye owasizisela imfazwe e-Korea, imfazwe ngaphandle kokubhengeza, iimfazwe eziyimfihlo, ubukhosi obongezwe ngokusisigxina beziseko, ukugcinwa kwemfihlo kuyo yonke Imicimbi, ubongameli bobukumkani, noomkhosi-wezomzi-mveliso. Inkonzo yezeMfazwe yaseMelika ye-US yathatha ukufundwa kwezixhobo zemichiza zaseJamani ekupheleni kwemfazwe njengendlela yokuqhubeka nokubakho. UGeorge Merck omabini afumanisa ukuba kukho izixhobo zokulwa ezomkhosi kwaye wathengisa nezitofu zokulwa. Imfazwe yayilishishini kwaye ishishini laliza kuba lixesha elide elizayo.
Kodwa lutshintsho olukhulu kangakanani i-United States egqithileyo emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, kwaye ingakanani inokuthiwa ku-Operation Paperclip? Ayinguye urhulumente oya kuthi anikezele ukungazinikezeli kwizaphuli mthetho zemfazwe zamaNazi nezaseJapan ukuze zifunde iindlela zazo zolwaphulo-mthetho esele zikwindawo embi? Njengomnye wabamangalelwa abaphikise elityala eNuremberg, i-US yayisele izame ukuzibandakanya nabantu besebenzisa izizathu ezifanayo nezo zinikezelwa ngamaNazi. Ukuba ummangalelwa ebesazi, ngewayengakhankanya ukuba i-US yayikuloo mzuzu wenza lovavanyo eGuatemala. AmaNazi afunde ezinye zeeugenics zawo kwaye olunye utyekelo olubi abavela eMelika. Abanye oosonzululwazi bePepaclip babesebenze e-US ngaphambi kwemfazwe, njengoko abantu abaninzi baseMelika babesebenze eJamani. Ezi yayingezizo zehlabathi zodwa.
Ukujonga ngaphaya kwesibini, ukugculela, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olubi lweemfazwe, uthini ngolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe uqobo? I-United States ibonakalisa ukuba ayinatyala kangako kuba yenza amaJamani ahlasela okokuqala, kwaye kuba yatshutshisa abo baphulukene nemfazwe. Kodwa ulingo olungenamkhethe lwaluya kutshutshisa nabo abantu baseMelika. Iibhombu zaphoswa phezu kwabemi ababuleweyo kwaye benzakala kwaye batshabalalisa ngaphezu kweenkampu zoxinaniso - iinkampu zaseJamani zazimodareyithwa ngokuyinxenye emva kweenkampu zase-US zabomthonyama baseMelika. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba izazinzulu zamaNazi zidibene nomkhosi wezomkhosi wase-US kuba iziko elisele likwenzile oko likwenzile ukwenza iiPhilippines lalingekho kuyo yonke loo mfuno ingako yamazinyo?
Ukanti, ngandlela thile, sicinga ngokutshiswa komlilo kwizixeko zaseJapan kunye nokubekwa kwinqanaba lonke kwizixeko zaseJamani njengezingaxhamli kangako ekuqeshweni koososayensi abangamaNazi. Kodwa yintoni le isikhubekisayo ngoososayensi bobuNazi? Andiqondi ukuba kufanelekile ukuba babandakanyeke ekubulaweni kwabantu abaninzi ngecala elingalunganga, impazamo elungelelanisiweyo kwezinye iingqondo kodwa umsebenzi wabo kamva wabulala abantu abaninzi ngecala lasekunene. Kwaye andicingi ukuba kufanelekile ukuba bazibandakanye ekuzivavanyweni kokugula kwabantu kunye nokunyanzelwa. Ndicinga ukuba ezo zenzo kufuneka zisikhubekise. Kodwa kuya kufuneka ukwakhiwa kwamarokethi athabatha amawaka abantu. Kwaye kufanele kusikhubekise nakubani na okwenzelwe.
Kuyiminqweno ukuba ube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni woluntu oluphucukileyo kwindawo ethile emhlabeni kwiminyaka ethile ukusuka ngoku. Ngaba umntu ovela kwelinye ilizwe owayesemkhosini wase-US unokufumana umsebenzi? Ngaba uphononongo luyafuneka? Ngaba babetshutshise amabanjwa? Ngaba babebethwe ngabantwana ababebethwe? Ngaba baye bachitha izindlu okanye badubula abantu kulo naliphi na ilizwe? Ngaba basebenzise iibhombu zeklabhu? Uranium ephelileyo? Phosphorous emhlophe? Ngaba bakhe basebenza kwinkqubo yentolongo yase-US? Inkqubo yokugcinwa kwabantu ngokungekho mthethweni? Umgca wokufa? Ukuphononongwa ngokucokisekileyo kuya kufuneka njani? Ngaba likho inqanaba elithile lokuziphatha nje koku-oda okungathiwa kwamkelekile? Ngaba ayizukubaluleka nje le nto yenziwe ngumntu, kodwa indlela abacinga ngayo ngomhlaba?
Andiphikisani nokunika nabani na ithuba lesibini. Kodwa iphi imbali yokuSebenza kwePapliplip kwimbonakalo yase-US? Ziphi iimpawu zokumakisha kunye nezikhumbuzo? Xa sithetha ngokudiliza izikhumbuzo, sisenzo sembali imfundo, hayi umlando wempazamo esiya kuthi emva kwayo.
