NguVladimir Kozin – iLungu, iAkhademi yaseRashiya yeNzululwazi yoMkhosi, eMoscow, ngoNovemba 22, 2021
Ngomhla we-15 kaNovemba 2021, iSebe lezoKhuselo laseRashiya liye latshabalalisa ngempumelelo isiphekepheke selizwe esiyekiweyo nesiyekiweyo esibizwa ngokuba yi-"Tselina-D", esafakwa kwi-orbit emva phaya ngo-1982. Intloko yeSebe lezoKhuselo laseRashiya, uSergei Shoigu, yaqinisekisa ukuba iRussian Aerospace Forces ngenene iyitshabalalise ngempumelelo le sathelayithi ngokuchanekileyo.
Iingceba ezenziwe emva kokuwisa esi siphekepheke azibeki soyikiso nokuba zizikhululo ze-orbital okanye ezinye iisathelayithi, okanye ngokuqhelekileyo zithetha ngemisebenzi yasesijukujukwini yalo naliphi na ilizwe. Oku kwaziwa kuwo onke amagunya asemajukujukwini aneendlela zobugcisa zelizwe zokuqinisekisa nolawulo lwendawo engaphandle, kuquka ne-USA.
Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwesathelayithi egama lingu, amaqhekeza ayo ahamba ecaleni kwendlela ngaphandle kwemijikelo yezinye iimoto ezisebenza kwindawo yokusebenza, bezisoloko zijongwa kwaye zibekwe iliso kwicala laseRussia kwaye zibandakanyiwe kwikhathalogu ephambili yemisebenzi yendawo.
Uqikelelo lwazo naziphi na iimeko ezinokuba yingozi ezibalwe emva kokuba intshukumo nganye ye-orbital phezu koMhlaba yenziwe ngokunxulumene nobutyobo obukhatshwayo kunye neziqwenga ezisandula ukufunyanwa emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwesathelayithi "Tselina-D" enesiphekepheke sokusebenza kunye neSikhululo seNdawo samazwe ngamazwe okanye i-ISS "Mir". ”. UMphathiswa wezoKhuselo waseRashiya wabika ukuba i-ISS orbit i-40-60 km ngaphantsi kweengcezu ze-satellite "Tselina-D" echithiweyo kwaye akukho mngcipheko kwesi sikhululo. Ngokweziphumo zokubala naziphi na izoyikiso ezinokuthi zibekho, akukho ndlela zikhoyo kuyo kwixesha elizayo elingekude.
Ngaphambilana, uAnthony Blinken, uNobhala Welizwe laseUnited States, wathi uvavanyo lwaseRashiya lwenkqubo yokuthintela isathelayithi esetyenziswa kule meko lubeka emngciphekweni ukhuseleko lophando lwasesibhakabhakeni.
IMoscow yasilungisa isigwebo sakhe. "Esi siganeko senziwe ngokungqongqo ngokuhambelana nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kubandakanya neSivumelwano seNdawo sangaphandle sika-1967, kwaye asijoliswanga nakubani na," utshilo uMphathiswa weSebe lezangaphandle. UMphathiswa Wezangaphandle waseRashiya uphinde waphinda ukuba iziqwenga ezenziwe ngenxa yovavanyo azifaki ingozi kwaye aziphazamisi ukusebenza kwezikhululo ze-orbital, i-spacecraft, kunye nayo yonke imisebenzi yendawo ngokubanzi.
IWashington ilibele ngokucacileyo ukuba iRashiya ayilona lizwe lokuqala ukubamba izenzo ezinjalo. IUnited States, iTshayina neIndiya zinamandla okutshabalalisa iziphekepheke ezisemajukujukwini, ekubeni ngaphambili bezivavanye ngempumelelo ezazo ii-asethi ezichasene nesathelayithi xa zithelekiswa nezazo isathelayithi.
Iziganeko zentshabalalo
Baye babhengezwa ngamazwe abiziweyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
NgoJanuwari 2007, i-PRC yenze uvavanyo lwenkqubo ye-anti-missile esekelwe kumhlaba, apho i-satellite yakudala yaseTshayina ye-meteorological "Fengyun" yatshatyalaliswa. Olu vavanyo lukhokelele ekwenziweni kobuninzi benkunkuma yendawo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngoNovemba 10 walo nyaka, i-orbit ye-ISS yalungiswa ukuze kugwenywe ukuchithwa kwale satellite yaseTshayina.
NgoFebruwari 2008, kunye ne-missile ye-interceptor yenkqubo yokukhusela i-missile yase-United States "i-Standard-3", i-American side yatshabalalisa i-satellite ye-reconnaissance "USA-193" eyayiphulukene nolawulo kwindawo ephakamileyo malunga ne-247 km. Ukuqaliswa kwe-missile ye-interceptor yenziwa kwindawo ye-Hawaiian Islands ukusuka kwi-US Navy cruiser Lake Erie, exhotywe ngolwazi lwe-Aegis yokulwa kunye nenkqubo yokulawula.
NgoMatshi ka-2019, i-Indiya iphinde yavavanya ngempumelelo isixhobo esichasene nesathelayithi. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwesathelayithi "Microsat" kuqhutywe yi-interceptor "Pdv" ephuculweyo.
Ngaphambili, i-USSR ibize, kwaye ngoku iRashiya ibibiza amagunya asemajukujukwini amashumi eminyaka ukuba adibanise ngokusemthethweni kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe ukuvinjelwa komkhosi wangaphandle ngokuthintela umdyarho weengalo kuwo kunye nokwala ukusebenzisa naziphi na izixhobo zokubetha kuyo.
Ngo-1977-1978, iSoviet Union yabamba uthethathethwano olusemthethweni kunye ne-United States kwiinkqubo ezichasene nesatellite. Kodwa ngokukhawuleza ukuba igqiza laseMelika livile malunga nomnqweno waseMoscow wokuchonga iintlobo zemisebenzi enobutshaba kwindawo ekufuneka ivalwe, kubandakanywa neenkqubo ezifanayo ekuthethwa ngazo, yabaphazamisa ngokukhawuleza emva komjikelo wesine weentetho kwaye bagqiba ekubeni bangathathi nxaxheba kuxoxiswano olunjalo. inkqubo kwakhona.
Ingcaciso ebaluleke kakhulu: ukusukela ngelo xesha, iWashington ayizange ibambe kwaye ayifuni kubamba uthethathethwano olunjalo nalo naliphi na ilizwe emhlabeni.
Ngaphezu koko, idrafti ehlaziyiweyo yesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe ekuthinteleni ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo kwindawo yangaphandle ecetywayo yiMoscow kunye neBeijing ivalwe rhoqo yiWashington kwi-UN kunye neNkomfa ye-Diarmament e-Geneva. Emva phayaa ngo-2004, iRashiya yazibophelela ukuba ayizukuba yeyokuqala ukubeka izixhobo emajukujukwini, kwaye ngo-2005, ukuzinikela okufanayo kwenziwa ngamazwe angamalungu e-Collective Security Treaty Organisation ebandakanya inani lezizwe ze-USSR yangaphambili.
Lilonke, ukususela ekuqaleni kwexesha lesithuba, elaqala ngokusungulwa kwesathelayithi yokuqala eyenziweyo ebizwa ngokuba yi "Sputnik" yiSoviet Union ngo-Oktobha 1957, iMoscow iye yabeka ngokudibeneyo okanye ngokuzimeleyo malunga namanyathelo angama-20 ahlukeneyo kwibala lamazwe ngamazwe ukukhusela. ugqatso lweengalo kwisithuba esingaphandle.
Yeha, bonke bavalwe ngempumelelo yi-United States kunye namaqabane ayo e-NATO. U-Anthony Blinken ubonakala ekhohliwe ngayo.
IWashington ikwatyeshela ukuvunywa kweZiko laseMelika leSifundo seQhinga kunye neHlabathi, elikwikomkhulu laseMelika, ingxelo yalo ngo-Epreli ka-2018 yaqaphela ukuba "i-United States ihlala iyinkokeli ekusebenziseni indawo ngeenjongo zomkhosi."
Ngokuchasene nale mvelaphi, iRashiya izalisekisa umgaqo-nkqubo onenjongo kunye nokwaneleyo ukuqinisa amandla okukhusela ilizwe, kubandakanywa kwi-space sphere, ngokuqwalasela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iimeko ezininzi ezongezelelweyo.
X-37B kunye nemisebenzi ethile
Bazintoni? I-Russia ithathela ingqalelo into yokuba i-United States ithatha amanyathelo abambekayo okwandisa ngokuthe ngcembe uqhankqalazo lwendawo.
Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka ukwenza inethiwekhi yokukhusela i-missile-based based space, ukuphuhlisa nokusebenza iinkqubo ezinemijukujelwa ye-interceptor esekwe emhlabeni, eselwandle kunye ne-air-based, imfazwe ye-elektroniki, izixhobo zamandla ezilawulwayo, kubandakanywa nokuvavanya i-shuttle space shuttle X-37B engenabantu. , enendawo yemithwalo ephangaleleyo ebhodini. Kuthiwa iqonga elinjalo liyakwazi ukuthwala umthwalo ohlawulayo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-900 kg.
Kungoku nje iqhuba uhambo lwayo lwesithandathu lwenqwelomoya olude. Ubhuti wakhe osesibhakabhakeni, owenza inqwelomoya yakhe yesihlanu esithubeni ngo-2017-2019, waqhubeka ebhabha esikhaleni kangangeentsuku ezingama-780.
Ngokusemthethweni, iUnited States ibango lokuba esi siphekepheke singenamntu senza imisebenzi yokuqhuba itekhnoloji yamaqonga anokuphinda asetyenziswe. Ngelo xesha, ekuqaleni, xa i-X-37B iqaliswe okokuqala ngo-2010, kwaboniswa ukuba umsebenzi wayo oyintloko uya kuba kukuhanjiswa "kwempahla" ethile kwi-orbit. Kuphela akuzange kuchazwe: luhlobo luni lwempahla? Nangona kunjalo, yonke le miyalezo iyintsomi nje yokugubungela imisebenzi yasemkhosini eyenziwe esi sixhobo esithubeni.
Ngokwesiseko semfundiso esele ikho yesicwangciso somkhosi, imisebenzi ethile imiselwe kuluntu lwezobuntlola lwase-US kunye nePentagon.
Phakathi kwazo zenziwa njengokuqhuba imisebenzi esithubeni, ukusuka esibhakabhakeni kunye nayo ukuqulatha iingxabano, kwaye kwimeko yokusilela ukunqanda - ukoyisa nawuphi na umhlaseli, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto ezibalulekileyo zase-United States kunye namahlakani. kunye namaqabane. Kuyacaca ukuba ukuze yenze imisebenzi enjalo, iPentagon iya kufuna amaqonga akhethekileyo anokuphinda asetyenziswe kwindawo, ebonisa inkqubo ethembisayo yokuqhubeka kwayo emkhosini yiPentagon ngaphandle kwezithintelo.
Ngokwezinye iingcali zomkhosi, injongo ebambekayo yesi sixhobo kukuvavanya itekhnoloji yesithuba sexesha elizayo, esivumela ukuhlola izinto zendawo yasemzini kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukukhubaza ngeenkqubo ezichasene nesathelayithi ngemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa ne 'hit-to. -bulala' iimpawu zekinetic.
Oku kuqinisekiswa yingxelo kaNobhala woMkhosi woMoya wase-US, uBarbara Barrett, owathi ngoMeyi ka-2020 waxelela iintatheli ukuba ngexesha le-X-37B ye-mission yendawo yesithandathu, inani leemvavanyo liya kwenziwa ukuvavanya ukuguqulwa kwamandla elanga. kwirediyo yerediyo ye-microwave, ethi kamva idluliselwe eMhlabeni ngohlobo lombane. Yingcaciso ethandabuzekayo kakhulu.
Ke, yintoni eneneni esi sixhobo besisenza kwaye sisaqhubeka sisenza esithubeni iminyaka emininzi kangaka? Ngokucacileyo, ekubeni eli qonga lendawo lenziwe yiBoeing Corporation ngokuthatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kwinkxaso-mali kunye nophuhliso yi-Arhente yeeProjekthi zoPhando oluPhezulu lwaseMelika okanye i-DARPA, kwaye iqhutywa yi-US Air Force, imisebenzi ye-X-37B yenziwa akukho ndlela inxulumene nokuphononongwa okunoxolo komkhathi wangaphandle.
Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba izixhobo ezinjalo zingasetyenziselwa ukuhambisa izixhobo zokukhusela i-missile kunye ne-anti-satellite systems. Ewe, ayibandakanywanga.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ukusebenza kwesi siphekepheke saseMelika ixesha elide kubangele inkxalabo kungekuphela nje kwicala laseRussia neTshayina, kodwa nakwicala lamanye amahlakani ase-US kwi-NATO malunga nendima enokwenzeka njengesixhobo sendawo kunye neqonga ukuhambisa izixhobo zogwayimbo emajukujukwini, kuquka iintloko zenyukliya eziza kugcinwa kwindawo yempahla ye-X-37B.
Uvavanyo olukhethekileyo
I-X-37B inokwenza imisebenzi eyimfihlo ukuya kuthi ga kwishumi.
Enye yazo ezaliseke kutshanje ifanele ikhankanywe ngokukodwa.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kwiminyaka yamashumi amabini ka-Okthobha ka-2021, ukwahlukana kwesiphekepheke esincinci kwisantya esiphezulu ukusuka kwi-fuselage yale "shuttle", engenakho ukukwazi ukwenza uhlolo lwe-radar, yabhalwa kwi-X-37B okwangoku. ukuhamba esikhaleni, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iPentagon ivavanya uhlobo olutsha lwesixhobo esisekwe kwindawo. Kucacile ukuba olu hlobo lomsebenzi waseUnited States aluhambelani neenjongo ezichaziweyo zokusetyenziswa ngoxolo kwendawo engaphandle.
Ukwahlulwa kwento yesithuba esibiziweyo kwandulelwa kukuqhutywa kwe-X-37 kusuku olungaphambili.
Ukusukela nge-21 ukuya kwi-22 ka-Okthobha, isithuthi esisesithubeni esahlukileyo sasibekwe kumgama ongaphantsi kweemitha ezingama-200 ukusuka kwi-X-37B, eyathi emva koko yenza i-manuver yokumka kwisiphekepheke esitsha esahlukileyo.
Ngokusekwe kwiziphumo zokusetyenzwa kolwazi lwenjongo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-spacecraft yazinziswa, kwaye akukho zinto zifunyenwe emzimbeni wayo ezibonisa ubukho bee-eriyali ezinokubonelela ngokuqhuba ucupho lwe-radar. Kwangaxeshanye, iinyani zendlela yesiphekepheke esitsha esahlukileyo kunye nezinye izinto zasemkhathini okanye ukusebenza kwe-orbital maneuvers ayikatyhilwa.
Ngaloo ndlela, ngokwecala laseRashiya, iUnited States yenza uvavanyo lokuhlukanisa i-spacecraft encinci ngesantya esiphezulu kwi-X-37B, ebonisa ukuvavanywa kohlobo olutsha lwezixhobo ezisekelwe kwindawo.
Izenzo ezinjalo zecala laseMelika zivavanywa eMoscow njengesongelo lozinzo lweqhinga kwaye azihambelani neenjongo ezichaziweyo zokusetyenziswa ngokuthula kwendawo yangaphandle. Ngaphezu koko, iWashington ijonge ukusebenzisa indawo yangaphandle njengendawo yokuhanjiswa kwezixhobo eziya kwindawo ukuya kwindawo ngokuchasene nezinto ezahlukeneyo ezikwi-orbit, kunye nohlobo lwezixhobo zokuya emkhathini ngendlela yezixhobo zoqhankqalazo ezisekwe kwindawo. ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukuhlasela ukusuka kwisithuba ezahlukeneyo ezisekelwe emhlabeni, emoyeni-moya kunye neethagethi ezisekelwe elwandle ezibekwe kwiplanethi.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wangoku wase-US
Ukusukela ngo-1957, bonke abongameli baseMelika, ngaphandle kokukhetha, baye babandakanyeka kwimfazwe kunye nezixhobo zangaphandle. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, eyona mpumelelo ibalaseleyo kweli cala yenziwe nguMongameli owayesakuba yiRiphabhlikhi uDonald Trump.
Ngomhla wama-23 kuMatshi ngo-2018, wavuma isiCwangciso-qhinga seSizwe esihlaziyiweyo. NgoJuni 18 kulo nyaka mnye, wanika umyalelo othile kwiPentagon ukuba yenze uMkhosi weSikhathi njengesidlo esipheleleyo sesithandathu soMkhosi oxhobileyo welizwe, ngelixa egxininisa ukunganqweneli ukuba neRashiya neChina njengezizwe ezikhokelayo kwindawo. Nge-9 kaDisemba 2020, i-White House yaphinda yabhengeza uMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe weSithuba. Nge-20 kaDisemba, i-2019, ukuqala kokudalwa kwe-US Space Force kwabhengezwa.
Kwezi mfundiso zobuchule bomkhosi, iimbono ezintathu ezisisiseko zobunkokeli bomkhosi-kwezopolitiko baseMelika malunga nokusetyenziswa kwendawo yangaphandle ngeenjongo zomkhosi ziye zabhengezwa esidlangalaleni.
Ekuqaleni, kwavakaliswa ukuba iUnited States inenjongo yokulawula yedwa emajukujukwini.
Okwesibini, kwathiwa afanele alondoloze “uxolo kwindawo yokomelela” kwindawo engaphandle.
Okwesithathu, kwaxelwa ukuba indawo kwiimbono zaseWashington iba yindawo enokubakho kwimisebenzi yomkhosi.
Ezi mfundiso zobuchule bomkhosi, ngokutsho kweWashington zifana neempendulo "kwisoyikiso esikhulayo" esisesithubeni esivela eRussia nase China.
IPentagon iya kuphuhlisa imimandla emine ephambili yemisebenzi yendawo ukufezekisa iinjongo ezichaziweyo ngelixa iphikisana nezisongelo ezichongiweyo, izinto ezinokubakho kunye nemingeni: (1) ukuqinisekisa ukulawulwa komkhosi odibeneyo kwindawo; (2) ukudityaniswa kwamandla asemajukujukwini omkhosi kwimisebenzi yokulwa yesizwe, edibeneyo nedibeneyo; (3) ukusekwa kobume obucwangcisiweyo ngokulungiselela i-United States, kunye (4) nophuhliso lwentsebenziswano kwindawo engaphandle kunye namahlakani, amahlakani, i-complex yezomkhosi-mveliso kunye namanye amasebe kunye namasebe e-United States.
Isicwangciso sendawo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo lwangoku lwaseMelika olukhokelwa nguMongameli uJoseph Biden awahluke kakhulu kumgca wesithuba olandelwa nguMongameli uDonald Trump.
Emva kokuba uJoseph Biden ethathe isikhundla njengomongameli ngoJanuwari kulo nyaka, iUnited States iqhubekile nokuphuhlisa iintlobo ezininzi zezixhobo zogwayimbo lwasemkhathini, kubandakanywa ngokuhambelana neenkqubo ezilishumi elinambini zokusebenzisa indawo yangaphandle ngeenjongo zomkhosi, xa ezintandathu kuzo zibonelela ngokuyilwa kwezixhobo zogwayimbo. iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenkqubo ezinjalo, kunye nesiseko sezinye ezintandathu eziya kulawula iqela lesithuba se-orbital emhlabeni.
I-Pentagon's intelligence and information assets in space iyaqhubeka ihlaziywa ngokupheleleyo, kunye nokuxhaswa ngezimali kweenkqubo zasemkhosini. Kunyaka-mali ka-2021, ulwabiwo lwezi njongo lubekwe kwi-15.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.
Ezinye iingcali zaseRussia ezixhasa iNtshona zixhasa ukuphuhlisa izindululo ezithile kunye necala lase-US kwimiba yendawo yasemkhosini ngezizathu zokuba i-United States ayikulungelanga ukuthethathethana ngemiba yendawo yasemkhosini. Iingcamango ezinjalo zibeka ingozi kukhuseleko lwesizwe lweRussian Federation, ukuba yamkelwe.
Nasi isizathu.
Izenzo ezahlukeneyo eziqhutywe ngoku yiWashington malunga nomkhosi kunye nezixhobo zendawo yangaphandle zibonisa ukuba umkhosi waseMelika kunye neenkokheli zezopolitiko aziyithathi indawo njengelifa lehlabathi loluntu, ukwenzela ukulawulwa kwemisebenzi apho, ngokucacileyo, kuvunyelwene ngokomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. izithethe kunye nemithetho yokuziphatha kakuhle kufuneka yamkelwe.
I-United States kudala ibona imbono echasene nediametrically - ukuguqulwa kwendawo yangaphandle ibe yindawo yemfazwe esebenzayo.
Ngapha koko, i-United States sele yenze i-Space Force eyandisiweyo enemisebenzi ekhubekisayo.
Kwangaxeshanye, amandla anjalo axhomekeke kwimfundiso ekhubekisayo yokuthintela naziphi na iintshaba ezinokubakho kwindawo engaphandle, ebolekwe kwiqhinga laseMelika lokuthintela inyukliya, elibonelela ngoqhankqalazo lokuqala lothintelo kunye nolwandulelayo lwenyukliya.
Ukuba ngo-2012 iWashington yabhengeza ukuyilwa kwe "Chicago triad"-isixhobo sokulwa esidityanisiweyo ngendlela yomxube wemijukujelwa yenyukliya, izixhobo ezichasene nemijukujelwa kunye nezixhobo zoqhankqalazo oluqhelekileyo, ke kuyacaca ukuba iUnited States idala ngenjongo. Ii-asethi ezininzi zoqhankqalazo "ze-quattro", xa esinye isixhobo somkhosi esibalulekileyo songezwa kwi-"Chicago triad" - ezo zizixhobo zokubetha emajukujukwini.
Kucacile ukuba ngexesha lokubonisana ngokusemthethweni kunye ne-United States kwimiba yokomeleza uzinzo lweqhinga, akunakwenzeka ukungazihoyi zonke izinto kunye neemeko ezichazwe ezihambelana nendawo yangaphandle. Kuyimfuneko ukuphepha ukukhetha, oko kukuthi, indlela eyahlukileyo yokusombulula ingxaki eneenkalo ezininzi zolawulo lwezixhobo - ngelixa unciphisa uhlobo olunye lwezixhobo, kodwa unika unyuso kuphuhliso lwezinye iintlobo zezixhobo, oko, kwinyathelo lokuqala lezixhobo. Icala laseMelika, lisekwimeko evaliweyo.
