NguDavid Swanson, Julayi 23, 2019
Kwidolophu yam e-United States - njengoko ingaqhelekanga kakhulu - sinezikhumbuzo ezinkulu kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke eziphawula ezona zenzo zenzakalisayo. Ngelishwa, zontlanu ezi zikhumbuzo ziphambili zibhiyozela kwaye zizukisa ezi zinto zoyikisayo zangaphambili, endaweni yokusikhumbuza ukuba singaziphindi. IYunivesithi yaseVirginia yakha isikhumbuzo kubantu abathobileyo abakha iYunivesithi yaseVirginia. Ke, siya kuba nemibhiyozo emihlanu yobubi, kunye nesilumkiso esinye sokukhumbula oko.
Zimbini kwezi zikhumbuzo zazisihlanu zibhiyozela ubuhlanga bokwanda kwentshona kwilizwekazi liphela. Ababini babhiyozela ukulahleka kunye necala lobutsha leMfazwe yaseMelika. Umntu uhlonipha amajoni athabathe inxaxheba kolunye lolona tshabalaliso lukhulu, utshabalaliso kunye nokubulala kwinxalenye encinci yomhlaba eveliswayo ngabantu. EUnited States abantu bayibiza ngokuba “yimfazwe yaseVietnam.”
EVietnam ibizwa ngokuba yimfazwe yaseMelika. Kodwa hayi eVietnam kuphela. Le yayiyimfazwe eyayihlasela ngamandla eLaos naseKhambodiya naseIndonesia. Ukuphononongwa kakuhle nokuphononongwa okunamandla okunika ubungqina, jonga incwadi entsha, I-United States, I-Southeast Asia, kunye neMemori yezeMbali, Kuhleliwe nguMark Pavlick noCaroline Luft, ngeminikelo evela kuRichard Falk, uFred Branfman, Channapha Khamvongsa, Elaine Russell, Tuan Nguyen, Ben Kiernan, Taylor Owen, Gareth Porter, Clinton Fernandes, Nick Turse, Noam Chomsky, Ed Herman, no Ngo UVinh ixesha elide.
I-United States yaphosa iitoni ze-6,727,084 zebhombu kwi-60 ukuya kwizigidi zabantu be-70 kwizantsi-mpuma ye-Asia, ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kathathu kwinto eyayihleleyo e-Asiya nase Yurophu idityaniswa kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Kwangelo xesha, yaqala ngohlaselo olukhulu ngokulinganayo ngobugcisa behlabathi. Iphinde yafafaza ivela emoyeni amashumi ezigidi zeelitha zeAgent Orange, singasathethi ke ngepasalm, sineziphumo ezibi. Iziphumo zisekhona nanamhlanje. Amashumi ezigidi zeebhombu ahlala engafakwanga, kwaye esiya esiba yingozi namhlanje. Uphononongo lwe-2008 olwenziwe nguHarvard Medical School kunye neZiko leMetrikhi lezeMpilo kunye noVavanyo kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington kuqikelelwa ukuba kwabulawa iimfazwe ezi-3.8 ezizigidi ngezigidi, ukulwa nabantu abasemazantsi, emantla nasemazantsi, kwiminyaka yokuzibandakanya kwe-US eVietnam, ukubalwa kwamakhulu amawaka wabulawa kwindawo nganye: eLaos, eCambodia, eIndonesia. Abanye abazizigidi ze-19 benzakala okanye benzelwa amakhaya eVietnam, Laos, naseCambodia. Izigidi ezininzi ngakumbi zanyanzelwa ukuba ziphile ubomi obunobungozi kunye nobuhlwempuzekileyo, kunye neempembelelo ezinje nanamhlanje.
Amajoni ase-US awenze i-1.6% yabaswelekayo, kodwa ukubandezeleka kwabo kulawula iimuvi zase-US malunga nemfazwe, baye bahlupheka kakhulu kwaye boyikisa njengoko kubonisiwe. Amawakawaka amagqala agqibe ngokuzibulala. Kodwa khawucinge ukuba oko kuthetha ntoni ngenqanaba lokwenyani lokubandezeleka okwenziweyo, nditsho nakubantu, ukutyeshela zonke ezinye iintlobo ezichaphazelekayo. Isikhumbuzo seVietnam eWashington DC sidwelise amagama e-58,000 kwiimitha ze-150 zodonga. Ngamagama e-387 ngemitha nganye. Uluhlu olufanayo lwe-4 yezigidi zamagama luya kudinga i-10,336 yeemitha, okanye umgama osuka kwiSikhumbuzo seLincoln ukuya kumanqanaba e-US Capitol, kwaye ubuye umva, kwaye ubuyele kwiCapitol kanye, emva koko ubuye umgama njengazo zonke iimyuziyam kodwa umile kancinci yeSikhumbuzo saseWashington. Ngethamsanqa, kuphila ubomi obubalulekileyo.
ELaos, malunga nesithathu somhlaba weli lizwe usonakaliswe kukubakho ngamandla kweebhombu ezingafakwanga, eziqhubeka zibulala abantu abaninzi. Oku kubandakanya ezinye iibhombu ze-80 yezigidi zeebhombu kunye namawaka amabhombu amakhulu, iirokethi, iidreyini, amagobolondo kunye nemigodi yomhlaba. Ukusuka kwi-1964 ukuya kwi-1973, e-United States yaqhuba imishini yokuqhushumba ngokuchasene nabantu abahluphekileyo, abangenazixhobo, iifama zokufuya rhoqo ngemizuzu esibhozo, amashumi amabini anesine / isixhenxe- ngeenjongo zokucima nakuphi na ukutya okuya kungondla nakuphi na amajoni (okanye nabani na). I-United States yenze ngathi ibonelela ngoncedo loluntu.
Ngamanye amaxesha, yayiyinto nje yokungcola. Iibhulorho ezibhabha ukusuka eThailand ziye eVietnam ngamanye amaxesha ziye zingakwazi ukubhubhisa iVietnam ngenxa yeemeko zemozulu, kwaye ke ngoku zinokuphosa iibhombu zazo eLaos kunokuba zenze kube nzima ngakumbi ukufika ngomthwalo opheleleyo eThailand. Ngamanye amaxesha kwakuyimfuno yokubeka izixhobo ezifanelekileyo ezibulalayo ukuze zisetyenziswe. Xa uMongameli uLyndon Johnson wabhengeza ukuba kuphele ukuphela kweebhombu eNyakatho yeVietnam e1968, iiplani zabhomba iLaos endaweni. Elinye igosa lathi: “Asinakho ukuyeka nje ukuba neendiza. Amahlwempu namhlanje eLaos akanakufumana ukufikelela kwezempilo xa esenzakaliswa yibhombu endala, kwaye kufuneka aphile ukukhubazeka kwezoqoqosho bambalwa abaza kutyala imali kuzo zonke iibhombu. Abasweleyo kufuneka bathathe inxaxheba emngciphekweni wokuthengisa isinyithi kwibhombu abayisebenzisa ngempumelelo.
IKhambodiya yaphathwa ngokuqatha njengo Laos, kunye neziphumo ezinokubakho. Umongameli Richard Nixon uxelele uHenry Kissinger oxelele uAlexander Haig ukuba enze iphulo lokubhomisa. . . nantoni na ebaleka kuyo nayiphi na into eshukumayo. ”Iphiko lase-Khmer Rouge elisentloko ekunzima ukuba likhule ukusuka kwi-10,000 kwi-1970 ukuya kumajoni e-200,000 e-1973 ngokufumana abantu abagxile ekuhlaselweni yibhombu yase-US. Nge-1975 boyise urhulumente wepro-US.
Imfazwe esemhlabeni eVietnam yayisoyikeka ngokulinganayo. Ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungekho mthethweni, ukusetyenziswa kwabalimi ngenjongo yokuzijolisa, iindawo ezingenamlilo apho nawuphi na umntu waseVietnam athathwa ngokuba "lutshaba" - ezi yayingezizo iindlela ezingaqhelekanga. Ukupheliswa kwenani labantu yayiyinjongo ephambili. Oku-kwaye ayilobubele-kuqhubele ukwamkelwa okukhulu kweembacu kunokuba kwenziwe ngexesha leemfazwe zakutshanje. URobert Komer I-United States ibongoza i-United States ukuba "inyuse iinkqubo zokubalekela ngabom ngenjongo yokuthoba i-VC kwisiseko sokuqesha."
Urhulumente wase-US wayeyiqonda kwasekuqaleni into yokuba iqela eliphambili lomkhosi elalifuna ukumisa eVietnam alikho inkxaso ebalulekileyo. Ikwayeyika "ukubonakaliswa" korhulumente oshiyekileyo ochasa ulawulo lwe-US kwaye afezekise inkqubela phambili kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho. Amabhombu anokunceda ngaloo nto. Ngamazwi oososayensi bezomkhosi baseMelika ababhale I-Pentagon Papers, "ngokuyintloko, silwa nenqanaba lokuzalwa kwabantu baseVietnam." Kodwa, ewe, lo mfazwe wawungavelisi mveliso kwaye uvelisa nje "amaKomanisi," efuna ukonyuka kubundlobongela. ukulwa nabo.
Ubafumana njani abantu abazibona ngathi balungile kwaye benesidima sokukhupha imali nenkxaso yabo kunye namakhwenkwe abo ukubulala amafama ahluphekayo kunye neentsana zabo kunye nezalamane zabo ezalupheleyo? Ewe, sinabo ntoni oonjingalwazi, ukuba asinakukwenza oko? Umgca ophuhliswe kubunkunkqele bokulwa emkhosini baseMelika yayikukuba i-United States ibingababulali abalimi kodwa, endaweni yoko, iidolophu zenza ukuba abantu basempilweni basebenze kwiindawo ezisezidolophini ngokusetyenziswa kakuhle kweebhombu. Inani leepesenti ze60 zabantu kumaphondo akumbindi waseVietnam ancitshiswe kukutya amagxolo kunye neengcambu. Abantwana kunye nabantu abalupheleyo baba ngabokuqala ukulamba. Abo baqhutywa kwiintolongo zase-US kwaye bathuthunjiswa kwaye bavavanywa, ekugqibeleni, yayingabantu baseAsia, ukuze izizathu zokunganyanzelekanga zingabi lolonyanzelo.
Izigidi eUnited States ziyichasile imfazwe kwaye zazama ukuyiyeka. Andazi naziphi na izikhumbuzo kubo. Baphumelele ukuvota kwi-Congress yase-US ngo-Agasti 15, 1973, ukuphelisa ibhombu yaseCambodia. Banyanzelisa ukupheliswa kulo lonke ishishini elothusayo. Banyanzelisa i-ajenda eqhubela phambili yemigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya ngokusebenzisa i-Nixon White House. Banyanzele iCongress ukuba ibambe i-Nixon ngokuphendula ngendlela ebonakala ingaqhelekanga kwi-Congress yase-US namhlanje. Njengabaphembeleli boxolo kwiminyaka yakutshanje bebephawula isikhumbuzo se-50th somzamo ngamnye woxolo, umbuzo omnye uzinikele kuluntu lwase-US xa lilonke: Baza kufunda nini? Bayokufunda nini?
