Amasosha ngaphandle kwezibhamu

NguDavid Swanson, uMlawuli oLawulayo World BEYOND War, UJuni 21, 2019

Ifilimu entsha ngo-Will Watson, ebizwa ngokuba Amasosha ngaphandle kwezibhamu, kufanele yothuse abantu abaninzi- hayi kuba isebenzisa uhlobo olundlongondlongo ngakumbi lobundlobongela okanye uhlobo olungaqhelekanga lwesini (abothuso abaqhelekileyo kuvavanyo lweemovie), kodwa ngenxa yokuba ibalisa kwaye isibonisa ibali eliyinyani eliphikisana nezona zinto zisisiseko yezopolitiko, umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle, kunye nesosioloji eyaziwayo.

Isiqithi saseBougainville sasiyiparadesi yeminyaka engamawaka, sihlala ngokuzinzileyo ngabantu abangazange babangele ukuba umhlaba wonke ube nengxaki. Amagunya aseNtshona alwa nayo, ewe. Igama lalo lelomphandi ongumFrentshi owazithiya ngawo ngo-1768. IJamani yayibiza njalo ngonyaka ka-1899. KwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, i-Australia yayithatha. KwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, iJapan yathatha. I-Bougainville ibuyele kulawulo lwase-Australia emva kwemfazwe, kodwa amaJapan ashiya imfumba yezixhobo ngasemva- yeyona nto imbi kakhulu kwezona ndlela zininzi zongcoliseko, intshabalalo, kunye nemiphumo engapheliyo yemfazwe enokushiya emva kwayo.

Abantu baseBougainville bafuna inkululeko, kodwa benziwa yinxalenye yePapua New Guinea endaweni yoko. Kwaye ngo-1960 eyona nto yoyikekayo yenzekile-imbi kakhulu eBougainville kunayo nantoni na eyakha yenzeka ngaphambili. Esi siganeko siguqule indlela yokuziphatha yobukoloniyali yaseNtshona. Kwakungekho umzuzu wokukhanyisa okanye ububele. Yayikukufumanisa okulusizi, kanye embindini wesiqithi, kweyona ndawo inkulu yobhedu emhlabeni. Kwakungalimazi mntu. Ibingashiywa kanye apho ibikhona. Endaweni, njengegolide yeCherokees okanye ioyile yaseIraq, yavuka njengesiqalekiso esisasaza uloyiko kunye nokufa.

Inkampani yaseAustralia yenkampani yeebhondi yabiba umhlaba, yaxoshe abantu kuyo, yaqala ukuyitshabalalisa, eyakha into eyona nto iphambili emhlabeni. I-Bougainville yasabela ngento abanye abanokuyijonga iimfuno ezifanelekileyo zembuyekezo. Ama-Australia ayenqaba, ahleka. Ngamanye amaxesha iimeko ezigqithiseleyo zikhohlakeleyo zigcina ezinye iindlela kunye nokuhleka okukrakra.

Apha, mhlawumbi, yayingumzuzu wokumelana ngenkalipho kunye nokuyilwa okungafunekiyo. Kodwa abantu bazamile ubundlobongela endaweni- okanye (njengoko isitsho into elahlekisayo) "babhenela kugonyamelo." Umkhosi wasePapua New Guinea waphendula kuloo nto ngokubulala amakhulu. Abantu baseBougainville baphendule kuloo nto ngokwenza umkhosi oguqukayo kunye nokulwa inkululeko. Yayiyimfazwe yobulungisa, echasene ne-impiriyali. Kwifilimu sibona imifanekiso yabalwi bohlobo oluthile olusathandwayo ngabathile kwihlabathi liphela. Yayisisilelo esoyikeka.

Umzi wenqabile ukusebenza kwi-1988. Abasebenzi babalekela e-Australia ukukhusela kwabo. Iingeniso zam zancitshiswa, kungekhona ngembuyekezo kubantu bomhlaba, kodwa nge-100%. Oku kungathi kungabonakali njengokungaphumeleli. Kodwa khawuqwalasele oko kwenzeka emva koko. Umkhosi wasePapua New Guinean wanda ubuqhetseba. Ubundlobongela buqhutywe phezulu. Emva koko umkhosi wakha i-blockade yempi yesiqithi kwaye yashiya enye into. Oku kushiywe ngabantu abasweleyo, abangahlekanga, abantu abaxhobileyo abanokholo kwigunya logonyamelo. Kwakuyi-recipe yokutshatyalaliswa kwezinto, kangangokuthi abanye babememela umkhosi, kwaye imfazwe yegazi yahlaselwa malunga ne-10 iminyaka, yabulala amadoda, amabhinqa nabantwana. Ukudlwengula kwakukho isikhali esifanayo. Intlupheko yayiyingozi. Abanye abantu be-20,000, okanye omnye wesithandathu wabemi, babulawa. Amanye amaBurgainville abanobugorha athengisa ngemithi kunye nezinye izinto ezivela kwiSolomon Islands, ngokukhusela.

Amaxesha alishumi elinesine amathethathethwano oxolo azanywa kwaye asilela. Ungenelelo "lwangaphandle" alukhange lubonakale njengenyathelo elifanelekileyo, kuba abantu bamanye amazwe bebengathembekanga njengabaxhaphazi bomhlaba. "Abagcini boxolo" abaxhobileyo ngekhe bongeze izixhobo kunye nemizimba emfazweni, njengoko "abagcini boxolo" abaxhobileyo besoloko besenza kwihlabathi liphela amashumi eminyaka ngoku. Enye into efunekayo.

Kwi-1995 bafazi baseBougainville benza izicwangciso zoxolo. Kodwa uxolo aluzange lufike lula. Kwi-1997 iPapua eNew Guinea yenza icebo lokwandisa imfazwe, kuquka nokuqesha umkhosi wamagosa aseLondon okuthiwa nguSandline. Emva koko umntu ongenakwenzeka ukuba abe neengxaki. Umphathi ophethe i-Papua New Guinea yempi wagqiba ekubeni ukongeza umkhosi wamabutho emfazweni kuya kuhlanganisa nje ukubala komzimba (kwaye uvelise iqela engenalo ntlonipho). Wayefuna ukuba abaphathi bahambe. Oku kubeka umkhosi ekuchasene noorhulumente, kwaye ugonyamelo lusasazeka ePapua New Guinea, apho i-prime minister yahla.

Emva koko omnye umntu ongenakulindeleka wathetha into enengqiqo, into ayivayo phantse yonke imihla kwimithombo yeendaba zase-US ngaphandle kokuba ithethe nzulu. Kodwa lo mfo, Umphathiswa Wezangaphandle wase-Australia, kuyacaca ukuba wayenyanisile. Uthe "akukho sisombululo somkhosi." Ewe kunjalo, ihlala iyinyani kuyo yonke indawo, kodwa xa umntu eyithetha kwaye eyithetha, inyathelo elilandelayo lokulandela kufuneka lilandele. Kwaye kunjalo.

Ngenkxaso yongameli-ntsha wePapua New Guinea, kunye nenkxaso yoorhulumente wase-Australia, urhulumente waseNew Zealand uholele ekuzameni ukwenza uxolo eBougainville. Amacala omabini emfazwe yoluntu avumile ukuthumela abathunywa, amadoda nabasetyhini, kwiintetho zentetho eNew Zealand. Iintetho zaphumelela kakuhle. Kodwa akusiyo yonke into, kwaye kungekhona wonke umntu, eya kwenza uxolo ekhaya ngaphandle kokunye.

Ukugcina uxolo kuxhomekeke kumajoni, amadoda nabafazi, ngokwenyani ebizwa ngokufanelekileyo "ngoxolo," ekhokelwa yiNew Zealand kunye nabaseAustralia, baya eBougainville, kwaye zange beze nemipu. Ukuba bebeze nemipu, ngebabeluphembelele udushe. Endaweni yokuba, iPapua New Guinea inike uxolelo kubo bonke abalwa, abagcini boxolo beza nezixhobo zomculo, imidlalo, imbeko kunye nokuthobeka. Abakhange babaphathe. Baququzelela inkqubo yoxolo elawulwa yiBougainvilleans. Babedibana nabantu ngeenyawo nangolwimi lwabo. Babelana ngenkcubeko yamaMaori. Bafunde inkcubeko yaseBougainvillean. Ngokwenene banceda abantu. Ngokwenene bakha iibhulorho. La yayingamajoni, ekuphela kwento endinokucinga ngayo kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu, endinqwenela “ukubulela ngenkonzo yabo.” Kwaye ndibandakanya ukuba iinkokeli zabo, abathi - ngokumangalisayo komnye umntu owayeqhele ukubona abantu abanjengoJohn Bolton kunye noMike Pompeo kumabonwakude- babengengabo abantu abanxanelwe igazi. Enye into ephawulekayo kwibali laseBougainville kukusilela kokubandakanyeka kwe-United States okanye iZizwe eziManyeneyo. Zingaphi ezinye iindawo zehlabathi ezinokuthi zixhamle kukusilela ukubandakanyeka?

Xa kufika ixesha lokuba abathunywa abavela eBougainville batyikitye isivumelwano sokugqibela soxolo, impumelelo yayingaqinisekanga. INew Zealand yayiphelelwe yimali yaza yajika uxolo lwagcina iOstreliya, nto leyo eyenze abaninzi bathandabuza. Abalwi bexhobile bafuna ukuthintela abathunywa ukuba bangayi kwiintetho zoxolo. Abagcini boxolo abangaxhobanga kwakufuneka bahambe baye kwezo ndawo kwaye bacenge amajoni axhobileyo ukuba avumele ukuba zibanjwe. Abasetyhini kuye kwafuneka bacenge amadoda ukuba athathe umngcipheko woxolo. Benza njalo. Kwaye yaphumelela. Kwaye kwahlala ixesha elide. Kubekho uxolo eBougainville ukusukela ngo-1998 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Umlo awukaqali. Imayini ayikavulwa kwakhona. Ihlabathi alizange lifune ubhedu. Umzabalazo awuyidingi imipu. Akukho mntu wayedinga "ukuphumelela" emfazweni.