NguDavid Swanson, World Beyond War
Kutshanje ndiye ndaphikisana noprofesa owayesilwa ngemfazwe ngesihloko esithi "Ngaba imfazwe iyimfuneko?" (yokuzonwabisa). Ndaphikisana nokuphelisa imfazwe. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba abantu bathanda ukubona impumelelo ngaphambi kokuba benze into ethile, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kwenzeka njani into enjalo, ndinike imizekelo yamanye amaziko apheliswe kwixesha elidlulileyo. Omnye unokubandakanya izinto ezinjengomnikelo wabantu, isithembu, i-cannibalism, ukulingwa kweengxaki, ukunyuka kwegazi, ukukhupha okanye isigwebo sokufa eluhlu lwamaziko abantu apheliswe ngokubanzi kwezinye iindawo zomhlaba okanye abantu abaza ukuqonda kuya kupheliswa.
Ewe, umzekelo obalulekileyo ubukhoboka. Kodwa xa ndithi ubukhoboka bebuphelile, i-mpikiswano endichasayo ngokukhawuleza yamxelela ukuba kukho iikhoboka ngaphezulu namhlanje kunokuba kwakukho ababambezeli bezilumko abacinga ukuba baqeda ubukhoboka. Le factoid ephawulekayo yathethwa njengesi sifundo kum: Musa ukuzama ukuphucula ihlabathi. Akunakwenziwa. Enyanisweni, inokuba yinto ephikisayo.
Kodwa makhe sihlolisise eli bango kwimizuzu emi-2 eyimfuneko ukuyala. Masijonge kwihlabathi liphela emva koko kugxilwe kwi-US engenakuphepheka.
Ehlabathini jikelele, bekukho malunga ne-1 yezigidigidi zabantu emhlabeni ngo-1800 xa umbutho wokupheliswa ususile. Kubo, ubuncinci iikota ezintathu okanye i-750 yezigidi zabantu babekhoboka okanye i-serfdom yohlobo oluthile. Ndithatha eli nani kwi-Adam Hochschild's Ukungcwaba iiCandelo, kodwa kuya kufuneka uzive ukhululekile ukuyilungisa ngaphandle kokutshintsha inqaku endikhokelela kulo. Aborolists banamhlanje bathi, nge-7.3 yezigidigidi zabantu emhlabeni, endaweni yokuba kubekho i-5.5 yezigidigidi zabantu ababandezeleka ebukhobokeni onokuyilindela, zikhona 21 million (okanye ndibone amabango aphezulu njenge-27 okanye i-29 yezigidi). Yinyani eyoyikisayo kumntu ngamnye kwezi zigidi ezingama-21 okanye ezingama-29 zabantu. Kodwa ngaba iyangqina ukuba ngamampunge okusebenza? Okanye ngaba utshintsho olusuka kwi-75% yehlabathi kubukhoboka luye kwi-0.3% ebalulekileyo? Ukuba ukusuka kwizigidi ezingama-750 ukuya kwizigidi ezingama-21 zabantu abangamakhoboka kungonelisi, siza kwenza ntoni ukusuka kwi-250 yezigidi ukuya kwi-7.3 zigidi abantu abahlala inkululeko?
E-United States, ngokwe-Census Bureau, bekukho i-5.3 yezigidi zabantu kwi-1800. Kubo, i-0.89 yezigidi yayingamakhoboka. Ngo-1850, bekukho abantu abazizigidi ezingama-23.2 e-US kubo abazizigidi ezi-3.2 bebengamakhoboka, inani elikhulu kakhulu kodwa ipesenti encinci ebonakalayo. Ngo-1860, bekukho abantu abazizigidi ezingama-31.4 ekwathi kubo izigidi ezi-4 zenziwa amakhoboka-kwakhona inani eliphezulu, kodwa ipesenti encinci. Ngoku bangama-325 ezigidi abantu eUnited States, ekucingelwa ukuba bangabo 60,000 zikhoboka (ndiya kwongeza i-2.2 yezigidi kuloo nani ukuze kubandakanye abo bavalelwe). I-2.3 yezigidi ezigqilaziwe okanye ziboshwe e-United States ziphuma kwi-325 yezigidi, sibheke kwinani elikhulu kune-1800 nangona lincinci kune-1850, kunye nepesenti ezincinane. Kwi-1800, iUnited States yayingu-16.8% isigqila. Ngoku i-0.7% ikhoboka okanye ivalelwe.
Amanani angenamagama akufuneki acingelwe ukunciphisa ukubothuka kwabo bangcungcuthekiswa ngoku okanye kuvalelwa. Kodwa akufuneki banciphise uvuyo lwabo bangakhotyokiyo ababenokuba babekho. Kwaye abo banokuba bebengaphezulu kakhulu kunenani elibalwe ngomzuzu omnye omileyo ngexesha. Ngo-1800, abo babekhoboka abazange baphile ixesha elide kwaye bathatyathwa ngokukhawuleza ngamaxhoba amatsha angeniswe e-Afrika. Ke, ngelixa besinokulindela, ngokusekwe kwimeko yemicimbi kwi-1800, ukubona abantu abazizigidi ezingama-54.6 e-United States begqilaziwe namhlanje, uninzi lwabo lusemasimini anobundlobongela, kufuneka siqwalasele iibhiliyoni ezongezelelweyo esiza kubona zingena Ukusuka e-Afrika ukubatshintsha abo bantu njengoko babhubha- abo babephelisile abachasi ababachasanga abo babonayo iminyaka yabo.
Ke, ngaba ndiyaphazama ukuthi ubukhoboka buphelisiwe? Ihlala kwinqanaba elincinci, kwaye kufuneka senze konke okusemandleni ethu ukuyiphelisa ngokupheleleyo-enokwenzeka ngokuqinisekileyo. Kodwa ubukhoboka buye bapheliswa kwaye buye bapheliswa ngokusemthethweni, nelayisensi, imeko eyamkelekileyo yemicimbi, ngaphandle kokuvalelwa.
Ingaba iphikisana lam eliphilileyo liphosakeleyo ukuthetha ukuba kukho abantu abangakumbi ebukhoboka ngoku kunokuba bebekhona? Ewe, eqinisweni, uphosakele, kwaye uyaphosisa ngakumbi xa sikhetha ukuqwalasela ibalulekileyo ebalulekileyo ukuba abantu abaninzi banyuke ngokuphawulekayo.
Incwadi entsha ebizwa Isizathu sekhoboka NguManisha Sinha inkulu ngokwaneleyo ekupheliseni amaziko ahlukeneyo xa ihla phezu kwabo ukusuka kwindawo ephakamileyo, kodwa akukho phepha lichithekile. Le ngxelo yenkqubo yokuqeda i-United States (kunye neempembelelo ezithile zaseBrithani) ezivela kwimvelaphi yazo kwi-War Civil War. Into yokuqala, ininzi, endibethayo ngokufunda kwesi saga esixabisekileyo kukuba ayikuphela nje kwezinye iintlanga ezaziyokwazi ukuqeda ubukhoboka ngaphandle kokulwa nemfazwe yombango; kwakungeyona nje isixeko saseWashington, DC, esiye safumana indlela eyahlukeneyo inkululeko. I-North North iqalile ngobukhoboka. Umntla wasusa ubukhoboka ngaphandle kwemfazwe yombutho.
Umntla weMntla waseUnited States ebudeni bee-yokuqala ze-8 zeli lizwe wabona zonke izixhobo zokungabi nonyanzelo zifezekisa ukuzuza kwelokupheliswa kunye nokunyuswa kwamalungelo oluntu, ngamanye amaxesha kubonisa ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo oluntu okuza kubambezeleka eMzantsi ukuya kwekhulu kwinkulungwane emva kokuba ukhetho olubi lokuya kwimfazwe. Ngobukhoboka bephelile kwi-1772 eNgilani naseWales, iRiphabhlikhi emele yeVermont yayinqande ngokukodwa ubukhoboka kwi-1777. IPennsylvania yachithwa ngokugqithiseleyo kwi-1780 (yathatha i-1847). Ku-1783 Massachusetts kwakhulula bonke abantu ebukhosini naseNew Hampshire baqalisa ukugqitywa ngokukhawuleza, njengoko kwenza eConnecticut naseRhode Island kunyaka olandelayo. Kwi-1799 eNew York yagqitywa ngokugqitywa ngokugqithisileyo (yathatha i-1827). IOhio yasusa ubukhoboka kwi-1802. INew Jersey yaqalisa ukuqalisa kwi-1804 yaye yayingagqitywanga kwi-1865. Kwi1843 Rhode Island iqedile ukuqedwa. Kwi-1845 Illinois ikhulule abantu bokugqibela apho ebukhosini, njengoko kwenza iPennsylvania iminyaka emibini kamva. I-Connecticut iphelile ukuqedwa kwi-1848.
Ziziphi izifundo esinokuzenza kwiimbali zentshukumo eqhubekayo yokuphelisa ubukhoboka? Kwakukhokelwa, iphefumlelwe, kwaye iqhutywe ngabo bahluphekileyo ngaphantsi kunye nabo babesindile ebukhosini. Inkqubela yokuqeda imfa ifuna inkokheli yabalwelwe yimfazwe. Ubukhoboka bokubhubhisa intshukumo kusetshenziselwa imfundo, ukuziphatha, ukunganyaniseki, izikhwama zomthetho, i-boycotts, kunye nemithetho. Yakha amaqumrhu. Yasebenza kwihlabathi. Kwaye ukuguquka kwintlopheko (eyayiza kunye noMthetho Wezobukhoboka Abaxhamli kunye nokukhokelela kwiMfazwe Yombango) yayingeyomfuneko kwaye ibonakalise. Imfazwe khange i phelisa ubukhoboka. Ukuthandabuza kwabo babethethelela ukubayeka ukuyekisa babagcina bezimele geqe kwezopolitiko, ezinemigaqo, kunye nezithandwayo, kodwa basenokuba bawavalile amanyathelo okuya phambili (njengokuhlawulwa kwenkululeko). Balamkele ulwandiso lwentshona kunye nawo wonke umntu, emantla nasemazantsi. Izivumelwano ezenziwe kwiCongress zenze imigca phakathi komantla nomzantsi ezomeleza ukwahlula.
Abolitionists babengathandwa ekuqaleni okanye kuyo yonke indawo, kodwa babekulungele ukubeka emngciphekweni wokonzakala okanye ukubulawa ngenxa yoko kulungileyo. Bacelomngeni umgaqo "ongenakuphepheka" ngombono ohambelanayo wokuziphatha owawucel'umngeni kubukhoboka, ubungxowankulu, isini, ubuhlanga, imfazwe, nazo zonke iintlobo zokungabikho kokusesikweni. Babone kwangaphambili umhlaba ongcono, hayi eli lizwe likhoyo ngoku elinotshintsho olunye. Baphawule uloyiso kwaye baqhubekeka, kanye njengokuba ezo zizwe ziye zawaphelisa amajoni abo zinokusetyenziswa namhlanje njengemodeli yabo bonke abanye. Benza iimfuno ezithile kodwa bazipeyinta njengamanyathelo okuphelisa ngokupheleleyo. Basebenzisa ubugcisa kunye nokuzonwabisa. Bazenzele imidiya yabo. Bazamile (njengokufudukela e-Afrika) kodwa xa iimvavanyo zabo zawa phantsi, zange bayeke.
