Ukusuka ekusungulweni kwencwadi kaTunander ethi "Imfazwe yangaphantsi kwamanzi yaseSweden" ngo-2019, eNUPI kunye (ukusuka ekhohlo) u-Ola Tunander, uPernille Rieker, uSverre Lodgaard, kunye noVegard Valther Hansen. (Ifoto: John Y. Jones)
NgoPhando uNjingalwazi Emeritus e-Prio, Ola Tunander, Amaxesha angoku, Ny Tid, isongezelelo se-Whistleblower, nge-6 kaMatshi, ngo-2021
Abaphandi ababuza ukuba semthethweni kweemfazwe zase-US, kubonakala ngathi banamava okukhutshwa kwizikhundla zabo kuphando nakumaziko eendaba. Umzekelo oboniswe apha uvela kwiZiko loPhando ngoXolo e-Oslo (PRIO), iziko ngokwembali ebelinabaphandi abagxeka iimfazwe zobundlongondlongo- kwaye ngubani ongangabizwa ngokuba ngumhlobo wezixhobo zenyukliya.
Umphandi kuthiwa ukhangela iinjongo kunye nenyaniso. Kodwa ufunda ukukhetha izihloko zabo zophando kwaye afikelele kwizigqibo ngokuhambelana noko kulindelwe ngabasemagunyeni nabaphathi, kwaye oku nangona inkululeko yemfundo ilungelelaniswe eNorway “ngenkululeko yokuthetha esidlangalaleni”, “inkululeko yokukhuthaza. imibono emitsha" kunye "nenkululeko yokukhetha indlela kunye nezinto". Kwintetho yanamhlanje yebutho labantu, inkululeko yokuthetha ibonakala incitshiselwa ekubeni nelungelo lokukhubekisa uhlanga okanye unqulo lwabanye abantu.
Kodwa inkululeko yokuthetha kufuneka ibe malunga nelungelo lokuphonononga amandla kunye noluntu. Amava am kukuba ithuba lokuvakalisa ngokukhululekileyo njengomphandi liye lancipha ngakumbi kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo. Sifike njani apha?
Eli libali lam njengomphandi. Phantse iminyaka engama-30 ndisebenza kwiZiko loPhando loXolo eOslo (IPRIO), ukusuka ngo-1987 ukuya ku-2017. Ndaba ngumphandi ophezulu emva kokugqiba isidanga sam sobugqirha ngo-1989 kwaye ndakhokela inkqubo yeZiko lomgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle kunye nokhuseleko. Ndifumene ubuprofesa bam ngo-2000 kwaye ndabhala kwaye ndahlela inani leencwadi malunga nezopolitiko zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wokhuseleko.
Emva kweMfazwe yaseLibya ngo-2011, ndabhala incwadi ngesiSwedish ngale mfazwe, malunga nendlela iinqwelomoya zebhombu zaseNtshona ezilungelelanisa ngayo ukusebenza nabavukeli bamaSilamsi kunye nemikhosi yasemhlabeni evela eQatar ukuze yoyise umkhosi waseLibya. (Ndabhala enye incwadi ngeMfazwe yaseLibya eNorway, epapashwe kwi-2018.) Amazwe aseNtshona ahlangene namaSilamsi aqatha, njengase-Afghanistan kwi-1980s. E-Libya, amaSilamsi ahlambulula abantu abamnyama baseAfrika kwaye enza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe.
Kwelinye icala, amajelo eendaba athi u-Muammar Gaddafi waqhushumbisa abantu kwaye wacwangcisa ukubulawa kwabantu eBenghazi. USenator wase-US uJohn McCain kunye noNobhala welizwe uHillary Clinton bathethe "ngeRwanda entsha". Namhlanje siyazi ukuba olu yayilulwazi olungeyonyani okanye kunokuba lulwazi olungachananga. Kwingxelo ekhethekileyo yowama-2016, iKomiti yeMicimbi yaNgaphandle yeNdlu yaseBritane yakhaba zonke izityholo zobundlobongela obenziwa ngumkhosi kuluntu kunye nezoyikiso zokubulawa kwabantu. Kwakungekho bungqina boku. Imfazwe yajika yaba “yimfazwe yobundlongondlongo”, ngamanye amazwi “olona lwaphulo-mthetho lubi kakhulu,” ukucaphula inkundla yaseNuremberg.
Kwaliwe ukuphehlelelwa kwencwadi
Ndasungula incwadi yam yaseSweden yaseLibya eStockholm ngoDisemba 2012 kwaye ndacwangcisa isemina efanayo kwi-PRIO e-Oslo. Ugxa wam uHilde Henriksen Waage wayesandula ukuphehlelela incwadi yakhe Ingxabano kunye nezopolitiko zamandla amakhulu kuMbindi Mpuma yeholo egcwele pha kwi-PRIO. Ndiwuthandile lo mbono kwaye ndagqiba kunye nomlawuli wethu wonxibelelwano kunye nomphathi wam osondeleyo ukuba abambe isemina ye-PRIO efanayo kwincwadi yam. Libyenkrigets geopolitik (I-geopolitics yeMfazwe yaseLibya). Sibeka umhla, indawo kunye nefomathi. Owayesakuba yintloko yenkonzo yezobuntlola yaseNorway, uGeneral Alf Roar Berg, uvumile ukuphawula ngale ncwadi. Wayenamava asuka kuMbindi Mpuma kunye neminyaka elishumi yamava evela kwizikhundla eziphezulu kwinkonzo yobuntlola ngeminyaka yoo-1980 noo-1990. Umlingane kaBerg eUnited States wayenguMlawuli weCIA uRobert Gates, owathi ngo-2011 wayengunobhala wezokhuselo. Wayekhe watyelela naseBerg eOslo.
UGates wayengumgxeki weMfazwe yaseLibya engquzulana noNobhala welizwe uHillary Clinton. Uye wade wayimisa Umyalelo wase-US Afrika Uthethathethwano oluyimpumelelo norhulumente waseLibya. Wayengafuni thethwano, kodwa imfazwe, kwaye wafumana uMongameli uBarack Obama ukuba abandakanyeke koku. Xa ebuzwa ukuba imikhosi yaseMelika iza kuthatha inxaxheba na, uGates waphendula wathi, “Hayi nje ukuba ndikulo msebenzi.” Kungekudala emva koko, wabhengeza ukuba uyarhoxa. UAlf Roar Berg wayebaluleke kakhulu njengoko wayenjalo uGates.
Kodwa xa umlawuli wePRIO ngelo xesha, uKristian Berg Harpviken, waxelelwa ngesemina yam yaseLibya, wasabela kabukhali. Ucebise "isemina yangaphakathi" okanye iphaneli "kwi-Arab Spring" endaweni yoko, kodwa akazange afune isemina kawonkewonke kule ncwadi. Akazange afune ukudityaniswa nencwadi ebaluleke kakhulu malunga nemfazwe, kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu: wayengafuni ukugxekwa nguNobhala kaRhulumente uHillary Clinton okanye imikhosi yakhe yomhlaba evela eQatar, eyayidlale indima ebalulekileyo emfazweni. UHarpviken wayebambe iingxoxo kwi-PRIO kunye nomphathiswa wezangaphandle waseQatar. Kwaye indoda kaClinton e-Oslo, u-Ambassador Barry White, wayelundwendwe kwitheko losuku lokuzalwa lomlawuli we-PRIO.
I-PRIO yasekwa eUnited States
I-PRIO iye yaseka i-Peace Research Endowment (PRE) eUnited States. Ibhodi yayiquka uMongameli uBill Clinton oyiNtloko yeCentral Command, uGeneral Anthony Zinni. Wayekhokele ukuqhushumba kwe-Iraq ngo-1998 (i-Operation Desert Fox). Ngokunxuseneyo nokubamba isikhundla sebhodi kwi-PRE, wayengusihlalo webhodi e-USA mhlawumbi ngoyena mvelisi wezixhobo okhohlakeleyo emhlabeni, i-BAE Systems, esele ikwi-1990s yayinike iinkosana zaseSaudi izinyobo ngendlela ye-150 yezigidigidi zaseNorway. kroner ngexabiso lemali namhlanje.
Usihlalo we-PRIO esungulwe yi-PRE nguMongameli uClinton phantsi koNobhala woMkhosi uJoe Reeder, owayencedise ngenkxaso-mali ka-Hillary Clinton kamongameli. Wayesebenze kwibhodi ye-US National Defense Industrial Association kwaye sele kwangaloo nyanga inye njengokuba imfazwe yase-Iraq yaqala, wayezibandakanye ekufumaneni izivumelwano e-Iraq. Wayebambe isikhundla somthetho esisembindini kwinkampani ephembelela abantu abathi ngo-2011 bathengisa ngeMfazwe yaseLibya yabavukeli.
Kusenokubonakala ngathi kukho unxibelelwano phakathi kokungafuni kuka-PRIO ukugxeka imfazwe yaseLibya kunye nokuncamathela kuka-PRIO kumnatha womnatha wezomkhosi-zemizi-mveliso wosapho lukaClinton. Kodwa ibhodi ye-PRE nayo yayiquka irhuluneli yangaphambili yaseRiphabhlikhi kunye noqhagamshelwano lwe-PRIO, uDavid Beasley, ngoku oyintloko yeNkqubo yokutya kweHlabathi kunye neNobel Peace Prize laurate ye-2020. Watyunjwa kwesi sikhundla nguMongameli Trump owayengummeli we-UN uNikki Haley, owathi, njengaye. U-Hillary Clinton, wayesongele ukwenza "imfazwe yobuntu" ngokuchasene neSiriya. Nokuba yayiyintoni na ingcaciso, uphando lwam kwezi mfazwe aluzange luthandeke kubunkokeli be-PRIO.
Kwi-imeyile kwi-14 kaJanuwari 2013, uMlawuli uHarpviken wachaza incwadi yam yaseSweden ngeMfazwe yaseLibya "njengengxaki enkulu". Wafuna "inkqubo yokuqinisekisa umgangatho" ukwenzela ukuba i-PRIO "ithintele ukungahambi kakuhle okufanayo" kwixesha elizayo. Ngelixa i-PRIO ifumene incwadi yam yaseLibya ingamkelekanga, ndafundisa ngeMfazwe yaseLibya kwinkomfa yonyaka ye-GLOBSEC eBratislava. Iqabane lam kwiphaneli yayingomnye wabancedisi bakaNobhala wezoKhuselo uRobert Gates. Phakathi kwabo babenenxaxheba yayingabaphathiswa nabacebisi ngenkqubo yezokhuseleko, abanjengoZbigniew Brzezinski.
Ukusasaza imfazwe kuMbindi Mpuma naseAfrika
Namhlanje siyazi ukuba imfazwe ngo-2011 yatshabalalisa iLibya kumashumi eminyaka ezayo. Izixhobo zelizwe laseLibya zasasazwa kumaSilamsi aqatha kuwo wonke uMbindi Mpuma nakuMntla Afrika. Ngaphezulu kwamawaka alishumi imijukujelwa ukusuka phezu komhlaba ukuya emoyeni ukudubulela phantsi inqwelomoya yaphelela ezandleni zabanqolobi abahlukeneyo. Amakhulu amaqhawe axhobileyo kunye nenani elikhulu lezixhobo zafuduswa ukusuka eBenghazi ukuya eAleppo eSiriya ngemiphumo emibi. Iimfazwe zamakhaya kula mazwe, eLibya, eMali naseSyria, zaba sisiphumo esithe ngqo sokutshatyalaliswa kwelizwe laseLibya.
Umcebisi kaHillary Clinton uSidney Blumenthal wabhala ukuba uloyiso lwaseLibya lunokuvula indlela yoloyiso eSyria, ngokungathi ezi mfazwe zazikukuqhubekeka nje kweemfazwe zeneoconservative ezaqala ngeIraq kwaye zaziza kuqhubeka neLibya, iSyria, iLebhanon kwaye iphele nge. Iran. Umlo ochasene neLibya ubangele ukuba amazwe afana noMntla Korea aqinise umdla wawo kwizixhobo zenyukliya. ILibya yayigqibile inkqubo yayo yezixhobo zenyukliya ngo-2003 ngokuchasene neziqinisekiso ezivela eUnited States naseBritane ukuba zingahlaseli. Abazange babe ngaphantsi, bahlasela. INorth Korea yabona ukuba iziqinisekiso zase-US-Bhritane zazingenaxabiso. Ngamanye amazwi, iMfazwe yaseLibya yaba sisixhobo sokuqhubela phambili kwezixhobo zenyukliya.
Omnye unokubuza ukuba kutheni i-PRIO, kunye nabaphengululi abaye bagxeka zonke iimfazwe zobundlobongela kwaye bengazange babe ngabahlobo abasondeleyo bezixhobo zenyukliya, ngoku ifuna ukumisa ukugxekwa kwemfazwe enjalo kwaye kwangaxeshanye ihlangene nayo. inxalenye eyingxaki ngakumbi yomkhosi-mveliso complex?
Kodwa olu phuhliso lunokubonisa uhlengahlengiso oluqhelekileyo phakathi koluntu lophando. Amaziko ophando kufuneka axhaswe ngemali, kwaye ukususela malunga nonyaka ka-2000, kuye kwafuneka abaphandi bazifumanele ngokwabo inkxaso-mali. Emva koko kwafuneka balungelelanise uphando lwabo nezigqibo zabo ukuze zihambelane namagunya ezezimali. Ngexesha lesidlo sasemini se-PRIO, kwabonakala kubaluleke kakhulu ukuxoxa ngendlela yokuxhasa ngemali iiprojekthi kunokuxoxa ngemibandela yophando.
Kodwa ndiyakholelwa ukuba kukho ezinye, ngokukodwa, izizathu zotshintsho olukhulu lwe-PRIO.
“Imfazwe Nje”
Okokuqala, i-PRIO kule minyaka ilishumi itsha nje ibizibandakanya kakhulu nomba “wemfazwe yobulungisa”, apho Ijenali yeeNqobo zokuziphatha zoMkhosi isembindini. Ijenali iye yahlelwa nguHenrik Syse kunye noGreg Reichberg (naye wahlala kwibhodi ye-PRE). Ukucinga kwabo kusekwe kumbono kaThomas Aquinas “wemfazwe nje,” ingqikelelo ekwabalulekile kwintetho yokwamkelwa kweBhaso loXolo likaMongameli uBarack Obama ka-2009.
Kodwa yonke imfazwe ifuna ukusemthethweni "kobuntu". Ngo-2003, kwathiwa iIraq inezixhobo ezitshabalalisayo. Kwaye eLibya ngo-2011, kwathiwa u-Muammar Gaddafi woyikisa ngokubulawa kwabantu eBenghazi. Kodwa yomibini yayiyimizekelo ye-disinformation. Ukongezelela, imiphumo yemfazwe ngokwemvelo ayinakwenzeka ukuqikelela. Igama elithi "imfazwe nje" lisetyenzisiwe ukususela ngo-2000 ukwenza ngokusemthethweni iimfazwe ezininzi zobundlobongela. Kuzo zonke iimeko, oku kube nemiphumo eyintlekele.
Ngo-1997, umlawuli we-PRIO ngoko uDan Smith wandibuza ukuba sifanele siqeshe uHenrik Syse, iprofayili eyaziwayo yaseNorway. Bendimazi umphathi kaSyse ngesidanga sakhe sobugqirha, kwaye bendiyibona njengombono olungileyo. Ndacinga ukuba i-Syse inokunika ububanzi obukhulu kwi-PRIO. Andizange ndicinge ngelo xesha, ukuba oku, kunye namanqaku endixoxa ngawo apha ngezantsi, ekugqibeleni kuyakukhuphela ngaphandle nawuphi na umdla kwi-realpolitik, detente yasemkhosini kunye nokubhenca ubundlongondlongo bomkhosi-kwezopolitiko.
"Uxolo lweDemokhrasi"
Okwesibini, abaphandi be-PRIO baqhagamshelwe kwi Umbhalo woPhando loPhando baye baphuhlisa ithisisi “yoxolo lwedemokhrasi”. Babekholelwa ukuba banokubonisa ukuba amazwe edemokhrasi awalwi ngokuchaseneyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwacaca ukuba kwakuxhomekeke kumxhasi, iUnited States, ukuchaza ukuba ngubani ophethe idemokhrasi okanye akunjalo, njengeSerbia. Mhlawumbi iUnited States yayingekho ngokwedemokhrasi ngokwayo. Mhlawumbi ezinye iingxoxo apho evelele ngakumbi, ezifana amaqhina kwezoqoqosho.
Kodwa kwi-neo-conservatives, ithisisi "yoxolo lwedemokhrasi" yeza kusemthethweni nayiphi na imfazwe yobundlobongela. Imfazwe echasene ne-Iraq okanye i-Libya "inokuthi ivulele idemokhrasi" kwaye ngenxa yoko uxolo kwixesha elizayo, batsho. Kwakhona, omnye okanye omnye umphandi kwi-PRIO wayixhasa le ngcamango. Kubo, ingcamango "yemfazwe yobulungisa" yayihambelana ne-thesis "yoxolo lwentando yesininzi", eyayikhokelela kwi-thesis yokuba iNtshona kufuneka ivunyelwe ilungelo lokungenelela kumazwe angewona aseNtshona.
Ukuphelisa uzinzo
Okwesithathu, abasebenzi abaninzi be-PRIO baphenjelelwa sisifundiswa saseMelika uGene Sharp. Usebenzele utshintsho lolawulo ngokuququzelela uqhanqalazo olukhulu lokubhukuqa “ubuzwilakhe”. Olo “tshintsho lwemibala” lwaluxhaswa yiUnited States yaye lwaluyindlela yokuphelisa uzinzo olwalujoliswe ngokuyintloko kumazwe awayemanyene neMoscow okanye iBeijing. Abazange bacinge ukuba oko kutshatyalaliswa kozinzo kunokukhokelela kungquzulwano lwehlabathi ukusa kuwuphi umkhamo. USharp wayekhe wayithanda kakhulu i-PRIO yobunkokeli kwiBhaso loXolo lweNobel.
Uluvo olusisiseko lukaSharp yayikukuba ngokugxothwa kukazwilakhe nabantu bakhe, umnyango wedemokhrasi uya kuvuleka. Kwafumaniseka ukuba oku kulula. E-Egypt, iimbono zika-Sharp kuthiwa zidlale indima kwiNtwasahlobo yama-Arab kunye nakwi-Muslim Brotherhood. Kodwa ukuthatha kwabo inxaxheba kuye kwayinyusa le ngxaki. ELibya naseSyria, kwathiwa abaqhankqalazi abanoxolo bachasa ubundlobongela bobuzwilakhe. Kodwa aba baqhankqalazi "babexhaswe" ukusuka kusuku lokuqala lugonyamelo lomkhosi wabavukeli abangamaSilamsi. Inkxaso yemithombo yeendaba malunga novukelo ayizange ijamelane namaziko afana ne-PRIO, eyaba nemiphumo eyintlekele.
Inkomfa yonyaka ye-PRIO
Okwesine, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwe-PRIO kwiinkomfa zophando loxolo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye neenkomfa ze-Pugwash kwi-1980 kunye ne-1990s ithathelwe indawo ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkomfa zesayensi yezopolitiko zase-US ngokukodwa. Inkomfa enkulu, yonyaka ye-PRIO okwangoku INgqungquthela ye-International Studies Association (ISA)., ebanjwa minyaka le e-United States okanye eKhanada kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abangaphezu kwe-6,000 - ngokuyinhloko bevela e-United States, kodwa nakwaseYurophu nakwamanye amazwe. Umongameli we-ISA wonyulwa unyaka omnye kwaye sele engumMelika ukusukela ngo-1959 ngaphandle kwezinto ezimbalwa: Ngo-2008–2009, uNils Petter Gleditsch we-PRIO wayengumongameli.
Abaphandi kwi-PRIO baye banxulunyaniswa neeyunivesithi kunye namaziko ophando e-United States, anje ngeBrookings Institution kunye neJamestown Foundation (esekwe kwi.
Ngo-1984 ngenkxaso yoMlawuli weCIA ngoko uWilliam Casey). I-PRIO iye yanda "yaseMelika" kunye nabaphandi abaninzi baseMelika. Ndingathanda ukongeza ukuba iNorwegian Institute of International Affairs ( I-NUPI ), kwelinye icala, ngakumbi «yaseYurophu».
Ukusuka eVietnam ukuya eAfghanistan
Okwesihlanu, uphuhliso kwi-PRIO ngumbuzo wokwahlukana kwesizukulwana. Ngelixa isizukulwana sam safumana ii-1960s kunye nee-1970's 'i-US-iqaliswe ubhukuqo kunye nokuqhunyiswa kwebhombu eVietnam kunye nokubulawa kwezigidi zabantu, ubunkokeli bamva be-PRIO baphawulwa yimfazwe yaseSoviet e-Afghanistan kunye nenkxaso yaseMelika kubavukeli abangamaSilamsi kumlo ochasene neSoviet Union. . Ekuqaleni koo-1990, umlawuli kamva we-PRIO uKristian Berg Harpviken wayeyinkokeli yeKomiti yaseNorway yase-Afghanistan ePeshawar (ePakistan kufuphi ne-Afghanistan), apho imibutho yoncedo kwiminyaka yoo-1980 yayihlala kunye neenkonzo zobuntlola kunye namaSilamsi aqatha.
U-Hillary Clinton wabanga ngo-2008 ukuba kwabakho imvumelwano yezopolitiko e-United States kwiminyaka yoo-1980 ngokuxhasa amaSilamsi abukhali - kanye njengokuba wayexhasa amaSilamsi eLibya ngo-2011. I-CIA yayisemva kwemfazwe yase-Afghanistan ngokuxhasa kwabo imvukelo kwangoJulayi 1980, ngenjongo yokukhohlisa iiSoviets ukuba zixhase umbutho wazo eKabul. Ngale ndlela iUnited States “yafumana ithuba lokunika iSoviet Union iMfazwe yayo yaseVietnam”, ukucaphula amazwi omcebisi wezokhuseleko kaMongameli uCarter uZbigniew Brzezinski (bona kwanoNobhala wezoKhuselo kamva uRobert Gates). UBrzezinski nguye owayebekek’ ityala ngotyando. Ngeminyaka yee-1979, kwakungaziwa ukuba yonke inkokeli yomkhosi waseSoviet yayichasene nemfazwe.
Kwisizukulwana esitsha kwi-PRIO, i-United States kunye nabavukeli bamaSilamsi babonwa njengamahlakani kwingxabano neMoscow.
Iinyani zamandla
Ndabhala dissertation yam yobugqirha ngeminyaka yoo-1980 nge-US Maritime Strategy kunye ne-geopolitics yasemntla Yurophu. Yapapashwa njengencwadi ngo-1989 kwaye yayikwikharityhulamu kwiKholeji yeMfazwe yaseMkhosini yase-US. Ngamafutshane, ndandisisifundiswa esasiziqonda “iinyani zamandla.” Kodwa ngokungqongqo ngokwesiqhelo, ndabona sele ekuqaleni 1980 ithuba detènte phakathi iibhloko zamandla ezinkulu njengoko Willy Brandt, yaye kamva Olof Palme eSweden, wabona. Emva kweMfazwe ebandayo, saxoxa kunye noonozakuzaku malunga nokufumana isisombululo esisebenzayo kulwahlulo olusempuma-ntshona kuMntla oPhezulu. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni yiBarents Region Cooperation.
Ngo-1994, ndadibanisa incwadi yesiNgesi enesihloko Ummandla waseBarents, kunye neminikelo evela kubaphandi kunye noMphathiswa Wezangaphandle waseNorway uJohan Jørgen Holst kunye nogxa wakhe waseRashiya u-Andrei Kosyrev - kunye nentshayelelo yowayesakuba nguMphathiswa Wezangaphandle uThorvald Stoltenberg. Ndikwabhale kwaye ndahlela iincwadi malunga nophuhliso kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wokhuseleko waseYurophu, kwaye ndaya kwiinkomfa kwaye ndafundiswa kwihlabathi liphela.
Incwadi yam nge-European geopolitics ngo-1997 yayikwikharityhulamu kwiYunivesithi yaseOxford. Ndathatha inxaxheba njengengcali eluntwini kuphando olusemthethweni lwenkwili yaseSweden ngo-2001, kwaye emva kweencwadi zam malunga nokusebenza kweenkwili ngo-2001 nango-2004, umsebenzi wam udlale indima engundoqo kwingxelo esemthethweni yaseDenmark. EDenmark ngexesha leMfazwe yoMlomo (2005). Ibhekiselele kum, kunye nombhali-mbali oyintloko weCIA uBenjamin Fischer, iincwadi kunye neengxelo, njengeyona galelo libalulekileyo ekuqondeni inkqubo kaMongameli uReagan yemisebenzi yengqondo.
"Incwadi yam entsha yangaphantsi kwamanzi" (2019) yasungulwa ngoFebruwari 2020 e-NUPI, kungekhona e-PRIO, kunye nezimvo ezivela kumlawuli wangaphambili kuwo omabini amaziko, iSverre Lodgaard.
Intloko yophando enokwenzeka
Ukulandela ukuqeshwa kwam njengoNjingalwazi woPhando (Umphandi we-1, olingana noogqirha ababini) kwi-2000, ndabhala iincwadi kunye namanqaku kunye namanqaku avavanyayo kwiSikolo sikaRhulumente saseKennedy kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard kunye neRoyal United Service Institute. Ndahlala kwikomiti yeengcebiso kwijenali yeSikolo saseLondon sezoQoqosho nakwibhodi yeNordic International Studies Association. Ngo-2008, ndafaka isicelo sesikhundla esitsha njengomlawuli wophando eNUPI. UMlawuli uJan Egeland wayengenazo iziqinisekiso zemfundo ezifunekayo. Kwamiselwa ikomiti yamazwe ngamazwe ukuba ivavanye abo bafake izicelo. Ifumene ukuba bathathu kuphela kubo abafanelekele isikhundla: umphandi waseBelgium, u-Iver B. Neumann kwi-NUPI, kunye nam. UNeumann ekugqibeleni wasifumana esi sikhundla - njengomnye wabaphengululi abaphumeleleyo kwihlabathi ngaphakathi "kwiTheory yoBudlelwane baMazwe ngaMazwe".
Okumangalisayo kukuba, ngelixa ndandivavanywa njengokufanele ukukhokela lonke uphando kwiNorwegian Institute of International Affairs, umlawuli wam e-PRIO wayefuna ukunyanzela kum "umphathi wezemfundo". Amava afana nala anokuthi athintele abantu abaninzi kulo naluphi na uhlobo lomsebenzi obalulekileyo.
Uphando ngumsebenzi ocokisekileyo. Abaphandi badla ngokuphuhlisa imibhalo yabo yesandla esekwe kumagqabaza abalingane abafanelekileyo. Umbhalo-ngqangi emva koko uthunyelwa kwijenali yezifundo okanye umpapashi, ovumela oosompempe babo abangaziwayo ukuba bakhabe okanye bavume igalelo (“ngokuhlolwa koontanga”). Oku kudla ngokufuna umsebenzi owongezelelweyo. Kodwa esi sithethe sicokisekileyo sokufunda sasinganelanga kulawulo lwe-PRIO. Babefuna ukujonga yonke into endiyibhalileyo.
Inqaku kwi-Modern Times (Ny Tid)
NgoJanuwari 26, 2013, ndabizelwa kwi-ofisi yomlawuli emva kokuba ndifumene i-op-ed malunga neSyria eshicilelwe kwi-Norwegian yeveki iNy Tid (Amaxesha anamhlanje). Ndacaphula uMthunywa oKhethekileyo weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo eSyria, uRobert Mood, kunye nowayesakuba nguSosiba-jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo uKofi Annan, abathi amalungu amahlanu asisigxina eBhunga lezoKhuseleko aye avumelana “ngokuzinziswa kwezopolitiko eSiriya” ngoJuni 5, 30, kodwa amazwe aseNtshona aye awonakalisile “kwintlanganiso eyalandelayo” eNew York. Kwi-PRIO, ukucaphula kwam kwakungamkelekanga.
Ngomhla we-14 ngoFebruwari 2013, i-PRIO yandicela nge-imeyile ukuba ndamkele "amanyathelo okuqinisekisa umgangatho [ahambelana] nazo zonke iimpapasho ezishicilelweyo, kubandakanywa neetekisi ezimfutshane ezifana ne-up-eds [sic]". Ndandiza kwabelwa umntu owayeza kuhlolisisa amaphepha am emfundo ephakamileyo kunye nee-op-eds ngaphambi kokuba ndikhutshelwe ngaphandle kwendlu. Kwakuyinyani malunga nokudala isikhundla "njengegosa lezopolitiko". Ndimele ndivume ukuba ndaqalisa ukuba nengxaki yokulala.
Noko ke, ndafumana inkxaso koonjingalwazi abakumazwe aliqela. Umbutho wabasebenzi waseNorway (NTL) uthe akunakwenzeka ukuba kubekho umgaqo okhethekileyo kumqeshwa omnye kuphela. Kodwa oku kuzibophelela ekulawuleni yonke into endiyibhalileyo, yayinamandla kangangokuba inokuchazwa kuphela ngoxinzelelo oluvela kumaMerika. Umgqatswa wesikhundla njengoMcebisi weSizwe woKhuseleko kuMongameli uRonald Reagan, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, undixelele ukuba into endiyibhalileyo "iya kuba nemiphumo" kum.
Ixesha elalandelayo, labonakala lingaqhelekanga. Nanini na xa ndiza kwenza intetho kumaziko omgaqo-nkqubo wezokhuseleko, la maziko aye aqhagamshelwa ngoko nangoko ngabantu abathile ababefuna ukuyiyeka loo ntetho. Ndifunde ukuba ukuba uphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuba semthethweni kweemfazwe zase-US, uya kunyanzelwa ukuba uphume kuphando kunye namaziko eendaba. Eyona ntatheli idumileyo yaseMelika uSeymour Hersh wakhutshelwa ngaphandle The New York Times kwaye emva koko INew Yorker. Amanqaku akhe malunga nokubulawa kwabantu eMy Lai (Vietnam, 1968) kunye no-Abu Ghraib (Iraq, 2004) babenempembelelo enzulu eUnited States. Kodwa uHersh akasakwazi ukupapasha kwilizwe lakhe (jonga ushicilelo lwangaphambili lwe-Modern Times kunye nesi songezo se-Whistleblower p. 26). UGlenn Greenwald, osebenze no-Edward Snowden kwaye owaseka Ukuthintela, wakhutshelwa ngaphandle kwemagazini yakhe ngo-Okthobha ka-2020 emva kokuphononongwa.
Inkxaso yemibutho yabasebenzi
Ndifumene isikhundla esisisigxina kwi-PRIO ngo-1988. Ukuba nesikhundla esisisigxina kunye nenkxaso evela kumbutho wabasebenzi mhlawumbi yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kuye nawuphi na umphandi ofuna ukugcina iqondo elithile lenkululeko yezemfundo. Ngokwemithetho ye-PRIO, bonke abaphandi "banenkululeko epheleleyo yokuthetha". Kodwa ngaphandle komanyano onokukuxhasa ngokugrogrisa ngokuya enkundleni, umphandi ngamnye akanalizwi lincinane.
Ngentwasahlobo ka-2015, abaphathi bePRIO bagqiba kwelokuba ndithathe umhlala-phantsi. Ndathi oku akukho kubo kwaye kufuneka ndithethe nemanyano yam, i-NTL. Umphathi wam osondeleyo waphendula wathi akunamsebenzi ukuba umanyano luthini. Isigqibo malunga nomhlalaphantsi wam sasisele senziwe. Yonke imihla, inyanga yonke, wayengena eofisini yam ukuze axoxe ngokuthatha kwam umhlala-phantsi. Ndaqonda ukuba oku kwakungenakwenzeka.
Ndathetha nowayesakuba ngusihlalo webhodi yePRIO, uBernt Bull. Uthe “akufuneki ucinge nokucinga ngokudibana nabaphathi uwedwa. Kufuneka uze nomanyano kunye nawe». Ndiyabulela kubameli abambalwa be-NTL abalumkileyo, abaye baxoxisana ne-PRIO iinyanga, ndafumana isivumelwano ngoNovemba 2015. Sagqiba ukuba ndiza kuthatha umhlala-phantsi ngoMeyi 2016 ngokutshintshiselana nokuqhubeka njengoNjingalwazi woPhando we-Emeritus "kwi-PRIO" ngokufikelela ngokupheleleyo " ikhomputha, inkxaso ye-IT, i-imeyile kunye nokufikelela kwithala leencwadi njengoko abanye abaphandi benayo kwi-PRIO”.
Ngokuphathelele umhlalaphantsi wam, i-semina ethi «Sovereignty, Subs and PSYOP» yahlelwa ngoMeyi 2016 e-Oslo. Isivumelwano sethu sasindinike ithuba lokungena kwiofisi nasemva kokuba ndithathe umhlala-phantsi. Ngexesha lentlanganiso nomlawuli ngowama-31 kweyoKwindla 2017, i-NTL yenza isindululo sokuba imvumelwano yendawo yeofisi yam yandiswe kude kube sekupheleni kuka-2018, njengoko ngoku bendifumene inkxaso-mali efanelekileyo. Umlawuli we-PRIO uthe kufuneka adibane nabanye ngaphambi kokuba athathe isigqibo. Kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva, wabuya emva kokuba eye eWashington ngeveki. Uthe ukwandiswa kwekhontrakthi akwamkelekanga. Kuphela kusemva kokuba iNTL iphinde yasoyikisa ngokuthabatha amanyathelo asemthethweni, safikelela kwisivumelwano.
