Ubungxowankulu baseMelika ngoDilika
NgoDisemba 30, 1917 uSeymour Melman wazalelwa kwisiXeko saseNew York. I-100th Isikhumbuzo sokuzalwa kwakhe sinceda ukuzisa ifa lakhe lobukrelekrele. UMelman wayeyeyona ngcinga ibalulekileyo yokwakha ngokutsha yama-20th Ikhulu leminyaka, ukuxhasa ezinye iindlela zokulwa, ubungxowankulu, kunye nokubola kwezentlalo ngokuqhubela phambili kwinkqubo yokucwangcisa inkqubo yokulwa izixhobo kunye nedemokhrasi yezoqoqosho. Ilifa lakhe lihleli libaluleke kakhulu kuba namhlanje iUnited States luluntu ekukho iinkqubo zezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko eziya enzonzobileni. Uhlengahlengiso kwezoqoqosho nakwezentlalo luluvo lokuba ezinye iindlela ezicwangcisiweyo zokulungiselela uqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye namandla enkcubeko zikhona kuyilo olwenziweyo lwamaziko kunye neenkqubo zokudibanisa ukwandisa ezi zoyilo.
Inyani yezoqoqosho iyaziwa, ichazwa yinkqubo yezoqoqosho apho i-1 etyebileyo% yabemi ilawula i-38.6% yobutyebi besizwe e-2016 ngokwe-Federal Reserve. Ezantsi i-90% ilawula kuphela i-22.8% yobutyebi. Olu xinzelelo lobutyebi luyaziwa kwaye luyilo ukudityaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwemali kuqoqosho lwaseMelika ehambelana nokuphelisa ubuhlanga kunye ukuhla "koqoqosho lokwenyani." UMelman wahlalutya le ngxaki iboshwe kwiWall Street hegemony kunye nolawulo lokuhlaselwa kwamandla omsebenzi kwisifundo sakhe se-1983 yeklasi Ingeniso ngaphandle kweMveliso. Apha uMelman ubonise indlela inzuzo- kunye namandla-anokuqokelelwa ngaphandle kokuhla komsebenzi weefektri kunye nokwenza izinto. Ngapha koko, ukunyuka kweentloko zolawulo ezinxulunyaniswa nokwandiswa okungaphezulu kwamandla okuphatha kuncede ekunciphiseni ukhuphiswano kunye nobuchule beenkampani zaseMelika.
Kwezopolitiko, uMbutho weRiphabhlikhi uvele njengombutho wamaHashe waseTrojan, uncedisa ekubuyiseni imali kurhulumente wentlalontle nasekuqhubekeni kweenjongo zelizwe lemfazwe. Inkqubo ye- Umthetho wokukhusela i-2018 Ityikitywe nguMongameli uTrump yabela malunga ne-634 yezigidigidi zeedola kwimisebenzi ephambili yePentagon kwaye yabela ukongeza i-66 yezigidigidi zemikhosi e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, eSyria nakwezinye iindawo. Imali eninzi yayifumaneka kwimikhosi, i-jet fighters, iinqanawa kunye nezinye izixhobo, nangona zikhona izigidi zabemi baseMelika abahlala kubuhlwempu (40.6 yezigidi ngo-2016). UMelman wayisingatha ingxaki yokulwa kwasemva kwemfazwe e-US mhlawumbi kweyona ncwadi yakhe idumileyo, Uqoqosho olusisigxina lweMfazwe, yaqala ukupapashwa ngo-1974. Imixholwana yale ncwadi yayi- “capitalism yaseMelika Yehla.” Uqoqosho luye lwavela njengendlela yokudibanisa imikhosi enkulu yasemkhosini enikezwe i-aerospace, unxibelelwano, i-elektroniki kunye namanye amashishini asebenza emfazweni, ndingasathethi ke ngeeyunivesithi, iziseko zomkhosi kunye namaziko ahambelana noko asebenza kuqoqosho lwezomkhosi. Le nkqubo yecandelo lobumbano, edibanisa urhulumente, iinkampani, iimanyano zabasebenzi kunye nabanye abadlali yachazwa nguMelman kwi I-Pentagon capitalism: Uqoqosho lwezoPolitiko lweMfazwe, incwadi ye-1971 eyabonisa indlela urhulumente awayengumphathi ophezulu ngayo owayesebenzisa ukuthengwa kunye namandla okuphatha ukuhambisa ezi zinto "zolawulo zincinci."
Kwinkcubeko, sibona ulawulo lwezopolitiko zasemva kwenyani, apho abezopolitiko besazi ngokuxoka ukuze baqhubele phambili iinjongo zopolitiko kunye nemibono eyenza ukuba izibakala zingabinanto. Ingxelo kaDavid Leonhardt kunye noogxa bakhe The New York Times fu maneka ukuba "kwiinyanga ezili-10 zokuqala, uTrump uxelele phantse ubuxoki obuphindwe kathandathu njengo-Obama ngexesha lobongameli bakhe bonke." Ingxaki, nangona kunjalo, kukuba inkqubo yolawulo lwase-US isekwe kwiintsomi ezininzi. Umsebenzi kaMelman wawusekelwe ekuzameni ukufumanisa ezo ntsomi.
Enye yeentsomi ezamkelwa ngamaqela amaRiphabhlikhi neDemokhrasi yayiyimbono yokuba amandla omkhosi anokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kwemida. E-Vietnam, e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, i-US yazama ukoyisa imisebenzi ye-guerilla apho umkhosi ophikisayo wawufakwe kwimimandla yoluntu. Ukuhlaselwa kwezi ndawo kuyichithile imeko yasemkhosini yase-US ngokuqikelelwa kwamandla omkhosi okujongela phantsi amandla ezopolitiko e-US kuloo mmandla uhlaselwayo. IVietnam, i-US yaphulukana nezopolitiko kunye nokuhlasela ngokuchasene naloo mfazwe kwabangela imvukelo yasekhaya. E-Iraq, ukubhukuqwa kuka-Hussein kwatyhala i-Iraq kwi-Iranian orbit, ilizwe elibizwa ngokuba lutshaba oluphambili lwe-US elites. E-Afghanistan, i-US iyaqhubeka nokulwa eyona mfazwe yakhe inde ngamawakawaka aswelekileyo kwaye “akukho siphelo emehlweni. ” Xa kuziwa kubunqolobi, uMelman wabona izenzo zobunqolobi zibophelelwe kukwahlukaniswa, abantu abathile banqunyulwe kwaye bakude kunxibelelwano lwentlalo. Ngokucacileyo ukubandakanywa kwezentlalo kungayilungisa imeko enjalo, kodwa ukwehla kwezoqoqosho kunye nokungabikho komanyano kumane kusongeza izoyikiso zabanqolobi (nokuba yeyiphi na imvelaphi eyahlukeneyo).
Enye intsomi ephambili yayi amandla okucwangcisa nokugcina "abantu abasebenza emva kweshishini." A umbiko in IVeki yeShishini (Agasti 21, 2014) uqaphele ukuba phakathi ko-2001 no-2010, uqoqosho lwase-US luye lwasusa iipesenti ezingama-33 zemisebenzi yalo yokuvelisa (malunga nezigidi ezi-5.8), ezimele ukwehla ngama-42% xa kulawulwa ukwanda kwabasebenzi. Emva kolawulo lokonyuka kwenani labantu abasebenzayo ngeli xesha, iJamani ilahlekelwe kuphela yi-11% yemisebenzi yokuvelisa. Ngelixa abaphengululi bexoxa ukuba ingaba trade or esizisebenzelayo kunye nemveliso ibaluleke kakhulu ekubangeleni ukulahleka kwemisebenzi, ukuzenzekelayo kwilizwe elisebenzela ukukhusela umbutho wasekhaya womsebenzi kuya kugcina ngokucacileyo imisebenzi yokuvelisa kunabanye. Ngapha koko, ukudityaniswa koomatshini abazisebenzelayo kunye nabasebenzisana inokugcina imisebenzi, inqaku elenziwe nguMelman kumsebenzi wakhe omkhulu wokugqibela, Emva kongxowankulu: Ukusuka kwi-Managerialism ukuya kwi-Democracy Democracy. Inkxaso kaMelman yokumisa imisebenzi yasekhaya ngotyalo-mali olusebenzayo kwiziseko zophuhliso loluntu kubandakanya iindlela ezizinzileyo zamanye amandla kunye nezothutho ngobuninzi nazo ziyayiphikisa intsomi enxulumene nokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye neemarike zasimahla-zombini ezi zisilele ukuvelisa ngokuzenzekelayo imeko yentlalontle ephendulayo ekugcineni ngokupheleleyo kunye ingqesho ezinzileyo.
Izinto ezizezinye ezingena kuMbutho oQhelekela enzonzobileni
UMelman ukholelwa kuguquko ekucingeni nasekusebenzeni kugxile kulungelelwaniso ngokutsha lwezoqoqosho kunye nenkqubo yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Wayekholelwa ukuba eyona nto iphambili yokuhla kwezoqoqosho ngumbutho wentando yesininzi weendawo zokusebenzela. Uthandile amaManyano oMdibaniso oMashishini aseMondragon kwingingqi yaseBasque eSpain njengomzekelo ongumzekelo wendlela enjalo. La maqumrhu adlulela ngaphaya kwenqanaba elincinci, kwaye anokuba sesichengeni, ezimele yedwa "ubusoshiyali kwifemu enye" yemodeli yoshishino lwasekhaya. IMondragon ineenethiwekhi ezahlukeneyo zeshishini, ayenzi nje kuphela inkqubo eyomeleleyo xa ijongene nokuncipha kwemfuno kumacandelo athile, kodwa ikwanyusa ukubanakho kwamanqanaba emisebenzi ukuze abasebenzi banokudluliswa ngokulula ukusuka komnye umsebenzi baye komnye xa ilahleko yomsebenzi ichaphazelekile. . UMondragon udibanisa iyunivesithi yobugcisa, ibhanki yophuhliso kunye nookopolotyeni kwinkqubo enye edibeneyo.
UMelman wayekholelwa ekubeni ukwehla kwezopolitiko nakwezoqoqosho kungabuyiselwa umva ngokubuyisela umva kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi wase-US olwalubonisa indleko ezinkulu zoqoqosho kuzwelonke. Elinye icala kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi oluyi- $ 1 trillion yayiyimali enkulu yophuhliso uMelman akholelwa ukuba inokusetyenziselwa ukuphucula amandla ezothutho e-US kunye nokuhambisa kwakhona kwezinye iindawo zokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho okuzibonakalisa kwiibhulorho eziwayo, iindlela ezingcolileyo zamanzi, kunye neenkqubo zokuhamba ezixineneyo . Unxibelelanise ukungabikho kophuhliso lwedolophu kunye nokusilela kulungiso lwendalo kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi.
Inkqubo yokwahlulahlulahlulelwano idinga izinto ezine eziphambili, ezichazwe nguMelman ngaphakathi Umbutho woMdemokhrasi: UkuHlaliswa kweziNtu kunye nokuPhenduka. Kuqala, waphumelela inkqubo ebanzi yokuphelisa izixhobo ngokubanzi (GCD) kwizivumelwano ezininzi ezazisemva kofanelwe ngu-Mongameli John F. Kennedy kwaye wachazwa kwincwadi yakhe eyaziwayo kaJuni 10, 1963 Idilesi yeYunivesithi yaseMelika. Endaweni yokuba babe nezixhobo ezaziwa ngokuba "zirhabaxa", zonke izizwe ziya kulungelelanisa uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi kunye neenkqubo zokuthelekelela amandla omkhosi. Ngokuchasene neendlela zokunciphisa ukwanda okubuza umbuzo wokuba kutheni amazwe afana neNorth Korea eza kulandela izixhobo zenyukliya (ukukhusela ngokuchasene nokuhlaselwa komkhosi wase-US). Le yayiyinkqubo ye-nyukliya kuphela kodwa kunye nokuncitshiswa kwezixhobo eziqhelekileyo.
Okwesibini, izivumelwano zokukhupha izixhobo ziya kudityaniswa nenkqubo yokuncitshiswa kohlahlo-lwabiwo mali emkhosini kunye nolunye utyalomali lolunye uluntu. Oku kuncitshiswa kunokuhlawula ukuphuculwa kwesiseko sophuhliso, kubandakanya imfuneko yokwakha kwakhona ukuthutha kwabantu kunye neesistim zamandla, umxholo ophakanyiswe ngu lo mbhali, UBrian D'Agostino kwaye UJon Rynn kuthotho lwezifundo. Olunye utyalomali lukarhulumente kwiindawo ezifunekayo zoluntu lunokubonelela ngeentengiso ezizezinye ezifunekayo ukunceda ukutshintsha utyalomali olusebenzela emkhosini kwimisebenzi yoluntu.
Okwesithathu, ukuguqulwa kweefektri zomkhosi, iziseko, iilebhu kunye namaziko amanyeneyo afana neeyunivesithi anokubonelela ngendlela yokubuyisa izixhobo ezilahlekileyo kunye nokubonelela ngenkqubo yokhuseleko kwabo basongelwa kuncitshiso lohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi. Uguquko lubandakanya ukucwangciswa okuphambili kunye nokulungisa kwakhona abasebenzi, iinjineli, abaphathi kunye netekhnoloji. Umzekelo, ngexesha elinye kwithuba lasemva kweMfazwe yaseVietnam, inkampani iBoeing-Vertol (eyenza iihelikopta ezisetyenziswa kwiMfazwe yaseVietnam) yavelisa ngempumelelo iimoto ezisendleleni ezisetyenziswa yiChicago Transit Authority (CTA).
Okokugqibela, ukungabikho kwezixhobo kuya kufuneka kubonelele ngenkqubo eyenye yokhuselo eya kugcina ukhuseleko kwangelo xesha lokuncipha kwenkcitho yezomkhosi. UMelman uxhase uhlobo lwamapolisa aluncedo kwilizwe kugcino-xolo kunye neminye imisebenzi enxulumene noko. Uye waqonda ukuba inkqubo yeminyaka emininzi yokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo iya kuhlala ishiya iinkqubo zokuzikhusela njengoko iinkqubo ezihlaselayo zaqala zabuyiselwa umva. UMelman waqonda ukuba iphulo lase-Bhritane lokuthintela izixhobo laliyimibutho yezopolitiko eyayisenza ukuba ikhohlo libe lixhoba lezopolitiko. Ngokwahlukileyo, indlela ye-GCD ishiye igumbi lokuncitshiswa okubanzi ngaphandle kokuwa kwezopolitiko okunxulunyaniswa namabango athi amazwe ashiywe engakhuselekanga ekuhlaselweni. Ukuqinisekiswa kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba ukusika kunokwenziwa ukhuseleko kwaye nakuphi na ukukopela kunokufumana amazwe azama ukufihla iinkqubo zezixhobo.
Icebo kunye namandla okuCwangcisa
Avelaphi amandla okuthoba uqoqosho kunye nokutshintsha imeko ewohlokayo? UMelman wayekholelwa ekubeni umbutho wabasebenzi ngokwabo ngokubambisana ubonelele ngesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokwenza amandla okuqala amandla oqoqosho anokuba nefuthe elibonakalayo kwezopolitiko. Wayekholelwa kwelokuba ookopolotyeni bade bafikelela kwinqanaba elithile baya kusebenza njengohlobo lwenkqubo yokuphembelela ukuhambisa inkcubeko yezopolitiko kwizinto ezinemveliso ngakumbi nezizinzileyo ngokuchaseneyo nezidlo, ezomkhosi kunye nezoqoqosho.
Owona mqobo mkhulu kuqoqosho lwentando yesininzi alubekwanga zizithintelo zobugcisa okanye ezoqoqosho, nangona kunjalo. Kuluhlu lwezifundo ezipapashwe kwii-1950s, njenge Izinto ezinamandla kuMveliso weMveliso kwaye Ukwenza izigqibo kunye nemveliso, UMelman ubonise ukuba iifemu zentsebenziswano zinokuvelisa ngakumbi kwaye zisebenze ngakumbi kunamashishini oongxowa-nkulu aqhelekileyo. Isizathu esinye yayikukuba ukuzilawula kwabasebenzi kunciphise isidingo solawulo lweendleko eziphezulu. Esinye isizathu yayikukuba abasebenzi babenolwazi oluthe ngqo lwendlela yokuthengisa kunye nokulungiselela umgangatho wevenkile, ngelixa ulwazi lwabaphathi lwalukude kakhulu kwaye kungasebenzi kangako. Abasebenzi bafundile ngokwenza kwaye banolwazi lokucwangcisa umsebenzi, kodwa inkqubo yokuhlukanisa yavala olo lwazi njengabasebenzi babethintelwe kwigunya lokwenza izigqibo nangona abasebenzi "benoxanduva" lomsebenzi wabo.
Ukuba abasebenzi banokucwangcisa amandla ezoqoqosho kwinqanaba elisezantsi, ngokunjalo noluntu lunokucwangcisa ngokuthe ngqo amandla ezopolitiko kwinqanaba lendawo. Yiyo loo nto uMelman wabiza “i-US Emva kweMfazwe ebandayo: Ibango loLwahlulo loXolo,” intlanganiso yedolophu kazwelonke kaMeyi 2, 1990 apho izixeko ezininzi zadibana kwiintlanganiso zobuso ngobuso ukunciphisa uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi kunye notyalo-mali kwiidolophu ezifunekayo kunye Utyalomali kwezendalo kuqoqosho loxolo. Idemokhrasi yezopolitiko kweli tyala yandiswa ngonomathotholo osasazwa ngaphezulu kwePacifica nakwizikhululo ezininzi ezimanyeneyo.
Owona mqobo uphambili ekwandiseni idemokhrasi ulele kwinkqubo yezemfundo nakwimibutho yezentlalo eye yasilela ukwamkela ilifa lokuzilawula kunye nedemokhrasi yezoqoqosho. Imibutho yabasebenzi, ngelixa iyimfuneko ekuqhubeleni phambili iimfuno zabasebenzi, yayijolise kumvuzo omncinci okanye kwizibonelelo zoncedo lwentlalo. Bahlala beqhawula umtshato kwimibuzo ephathelene nendlela umsebenzi owawucwangciswe ngayo. UMelman wayekholelwa ukuba imibutho yoxolo, nangona yayiphikisana neemfazwe ezingenangqondo, "yayikhuselekile kwiPentagon." Ngokuhlala kude nenkcubeko yemveliso, khange bayiqonde inyani elula yokuba ukuvelisa kunye nokuthengisa izixhobo kuvelisa imali kunye namandla, ngaloo ndlela kufuna okungaphezulu kwenkqubo yoqhanqalazo olusebenzayo kwingqokelela yenkunzi yePentagon. Ngokwahlukileyo, umseki weMondragon, José María IArizmendiarrieta IMadariaga, yaqonda kwiphulo lokuqhushumisa amaNazi kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseSpain ukuba itekhnoloji yayiyeyona nto inamandla amakhulu. Elinye icala likaPicasso Guernica Yayiyinkqubo apho abasebenzi ngokwabo banokulawula itekhnoloji ukuba bayisebenzise, inika enye indawo kubungxowankulu kunye nabezomkhosi abahamba bodwa bengamandla obuchwephesha.
Ekugqibeleni, ngomsebenzi wakhe omkhulu wokupapasha, ubutshantliziyo nemibutho yabasebenzi kunye nentshukumo yoxolo, kunye nengxoxo eqhubekayo kunye nabaphengululi kunye nezifundiswa ezifundisayo, uMelman wabanethemba lokuba ulwazi olunolwazi lunokukhuthaza enye inkqubo yokulungiselela amandla. Nangona eyibonile indlela iiyunivesithi ezenze ngayo inkonzo kuzo zombini iPentagon kunye neWall Street (kunye nokuzibandakanya ekukhuleni kolawulo oluphezulu kunye nolwandiso kulawulo lwabo lokuphatha), uMelman usabambelele kwinkolelo yamandla ombono kunye nolunye uluvo lobulumko. Ubongameli bukaTrump buzixelile ngobuxoki izifundo zokwehla kwezoqoqosho nezopolitiko e-US. Abaphembeleli banamhlanje banokuba bubulumko ukwamkela izimvo zikaMelman zokugcwalisa isithuba samandla emva kwengxaki yolawulo olusebenzayo kunye nentshukumo esebenzayo ye-malaise. "Ukuchasana," intshukumo ye-hegemonic meme, ayisiyokwakha ngokutsha.
