IMfihlo, iNzululwazi, kunye neLizwe Lokubizwa ngokuba liLizwe loKhuseleko

NguCliff Conner, Inzululwazi Yabantu, UEpreli 12, 2023

Ibinzana elithi "ilizwe lokhuseleko lesizwe" liye laziwa ngakumbi njengendlela yokubonakalisa ubunyani bezopolitiko eUnited States namhlanje. Ithetha ukuba imfuneko yokugcina nobungozi Imfihlelo yolwazi ibe ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo wegunya elilawulayo. Amagama ngokwawo asenokubonakala eyinto engekhoyo, kodwa iziko, iimbono, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo osemthethweni abonisa ukuphazamisa kakhulu ubomi bomntu wonke emhlabeni. Ngeli xesha, iinzame zokugcina iimfihlo zikarhulumente eluntwini zihambe kunye nohlaselo olucwangcisiweyo lobumfihlo bomntu ngamnye ukuthintela ummi ukuba agcine iimfihlo ezivela kurhulumente.

Asikwazi ukuqonda iimeko zethu zangoku zezopolitiko ngaphandle kokwazi imvelaphi kunye nophuhliso lwezixhobo zokufihla urhulumente wase-US. Ibe—ubukhulu becala—sisahluko esihlengahlengisiweyo kwiincwadi zembali yaseMelika, intsilelo ethi umbhali-mbali u-Alex Wellerstein ngenkalipho nangokufanelekileyo wazimisela ukuyilungisa. Idatha ethintelweyo: Imbali yoBufihlo beNyukliya eMelika.

Ubungcali bezemfundo bukaWellerstein yimbali yesayensi. Oko kufanelekile kuba ulwazi oluyingozi oluveliswe ziingcali zefiziksi zenyukliya kwiProjekthi yeManhattan ngexesha leMfazwe yesiBini yeHlabathi kwafuneka ukuba luphathwe ngokufihlakeleyo kunalo naluphi na ulwazi lwangaphambili.¹

Uluntu lwaseMelika luvumele njani ukukhula kokugcinwa kweemfihlo kumaziko amakhulu kangaka? Inyathelo elinye ngexesha, kwaye inyathelo lokuqala lalungelelaniswa njengoko kuyimfuneko ukugcina iJamani yamaNazi ekuveliseni isixhobo senyukliya. “Yayiyimfihlelo epheleleyo, yenzululwazi eyabonakala ifunwa yibhombu yeathom” eyenza imbali yamandulo yelizwe lokhuseleko lwesizwe lale mihla ibe yimbali yobumfihlo befiziksi yenyukliya (iphe. 3).

Ibinzana elithi "Idatha ethintelweyo" yayiligama lokuqala lokubamba iimfihlo zenyukliya. Babeza kugcinwa ngokupheleleyo phantsi kweesonga kangangokuba nokuba ubukho babo abuzange buvunywe, nto leyo ethetha ukuba i-euphemism efana "neDatha eMiselweyo" yayiyimfuneko ukufihla umxholo wabo.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwenzululwazi kunye noluntu olutyhilwa yile mbali yinto ehambelanayo kwaye iqinisana. Ukongeza ekuboniseni indlela isayensi eyimfihlo echaphazele ngayo ulungelelwaniso lwentlalo, ikwabonisa indlela ukhuseleko lwesizwe oluye lwalungisa ngayo uphuhliso lwesayensi e-United States kule minyaka ingamashumi asibhozo idlulileyo. Oko akubanga luphuhliso oluphilileyo; oko kuye kwaphumela ekubeni inzululwazi yaseMelika ithotyelwe phantsi kwiphulo elinganelisekiyo lokulawula ihlabathi lonke.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka njani ukuba ubhale iMbali eyiMfihlo yoMfihlo?

Ukuba kukho iimfihlo ezimele zigcinwe, ngubani ovumelekileyo ukuba “angene kuzo”? Ngokuqinisekileyo uAlex Wellerstein wayengekho. Oku kusenokubonakala ngathi yimpatho-mbi enokuthiyisela imibuzo yakhe kwasekuqaleni. Ngaba umbhali-mbali othintelweyo ekuboneni iimfihlo ezingomxholo wophando lwabo unento yokuthetha?

UWellerstein uyavuma “ukusikelwa umda okukhoyo ekuzameni ukubhala imbali enerekhodi ehlala ihlengahlengiswa ngoovimba.” Sekunjalo, “akazange afune okanye afune mvume yokhuseleko esemthethweni.” Wongezelela ngelithi, ukuba nemvume yokuba nemvume, akunaxabiso lilinganiselweyo, yaye kunika urhulumente ilungelo lokuhlola oko kupapashiweyo. Ukuba andikwazi ukuxelela nabani na into endiyaziyo, kunceda ngantoni ukuyazi?” (iphe. 9). Enyanisweni, ngenxa yobuninzi benkcazelo engacalulwanga ekhoyo, njengoko umthombo ophangaleleyo unikela ubungqina kwincwadi yakhe, uWellerstein uyaphumelela ekunikeleni ingxelo ecokisekileyo neneenkcukacha eziphangaleleyo ngemvelaphi yokufihlakala kwenyukliya.

Amaxesha amaThathu eMbali yoMfihlo weNyukliya

Ukucacisa ukuba sifike njani eUnited States apho bekungekho zixhobo ziyimfihlo zisemthethweni konke konke-zikhuselwe ngokusemthethweni "Iimfihlo," "iMfihlo," okanye "iMfihlo ephezulu" yolwazi-kwimeko yokhuseleko lwelizwe lonke namhlanje, UWellerstein uchaza amaxesha amathathu. Eyokuqala yayisuka kwiProjekthi yeManhattan ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi ukuya ekuvukeni kweMfazwe yoMlomo; eyesibini yanwenwela ngeMfazwe Yomlomo ephezulu ukuya kutsho phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1960; kwaye eyesithathu yayisusela kwiMfazwe yaseVietnam ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.

Ixesha lokuqala laliphawulwe ngokungaqiniseki, impikiswano, kunye nokulinga. Nangona iingxoxo ngelo xesha zazihlala zinobucukubhede kwaye zintsonkothile, umzabalazo malunga nemfihlo ukusuka ngoko ukuya phambili unokubonwa njenge-bipolar, kunye neembono ezimbini eziphikisanayo ezichazwe njenge.

imbono “eyiyo” (“ethandekayo kwizazinzulu”) yokuba umsebenzi wenzululwazi wawufuna ufundo lwenjongo yendalo kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi ngaphandle kwemida, kunye nembono “yomkhosi okanye yobuzwe”, eyayibambe ukuba iimfazwe ezizayo zazingenakuphepheka kwaye kwakunjalo. umsebenzi weUnited States ukugcina esona sikhundla sinamandla somkhosi (iphe. 85).

Spoiler alert: Iipolisi “zomkhosi okanye ubuzwe” zaphumelela, kwaye yimbali yokhuseleko lwesizwe ngamafutshane.

Phambi kweMfazwe yesiBini yeHlabathi, uluvo lokufihlwa kwezenzululwazi olunyanzeliswe ngurhulumente bekuya kuba nzima kakhulu ukuthengiswa, kwizazinzulu nakuluntu. Izazinzulu zazinoloyiko lokuba ukongezelela ekuthinteleni inkqubela yophando lwazo, ukubeka oorhulumente bangaboni ngasonye kwinzululwazi kwakuya kuvelisa abavoti abangenalwazi ngokwenzululwazi nentetho yesidlangalala elawulwa yintelekelelo, ixhala noloyiko. Noko ke, izithethe ezingokwesithethe zokuvuleleka kwenzululwazi nentsebenziswano, zonganyelwa luloyiko olunzulu lwebhombu yenyukliya yamaNazi.

Ukoyiswa kwamagunya e-Axis ngo-1945 kwazisa ukuguqulwa komgaqo-nkqubo ngokubhekiselele kutshaba oluphambili ekwakuza kugcinwa kulo iimfihlo zenyukliya. Esikhundleni seJamani, utshaba lwaluza kuba ngumhlobo wangaphambili, iSoviet Union. Loo nto yavelisa i-anticommunist mass paranoia yeMfazwe yoMlomo, kwaye isiphumo yayikukunyanzeliswa kwenkqubo enkulu yokufihlakala kwamaziko ekusebenzeni kwesayensi eUnited States.

Namhlanje, uWellerstein uthi, “ngaphezu kwamashumi asixhenxe eminyaka emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, namashumi amathathu eminyaka ukususela ekuwohlokeni kweSoviet Union,” sifumanisa ukuba “izixhobo zenyukliya, iimfihlelo zenyukliya, noloyiko lwenyukliya zibonisa yonke into ebonakala ngathi ziyinto esisigxina. inxalenye yehlabathi lethu langoku, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba uninzi lungakwazi ukucinga ngenye indlela” (iphe. 3). Kodwa njani yenzeka na lento? La maxesha mathathu akhankanywe ngasentla abonelela ngesakhelo sebali.

Eyona njongo iphambili yezixhobo zanamhlanje zokufihlakala kukufihla ubungakanani kunye nobungakanani be-US "iimfazwe zanaphakade" kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu olubandakanyayo.

Ngexesha lokuqala, imfuneko yokugcinwa kwemfihlo yenyukliya “ekuqaleni yasasazwa zizazinzulu ezazigqala isiqalekiso sokufihlakele kwizinto ezinomdla kuzo.” Iinzame zakwangoko zokuzijonga “zaguquka, ngokumangalisayo ngokukhawuleza, zaba yinkqubo yolawulo lukarhulumente kupapasho lwenzululwazi, kwaye ukusuka apho ukuya kulawulo lukarhulumente phantse. zonke ulwazi olunxulumene nophando lweathom. Kwakuyimeko yeklasi ye-naïveté yezopolitiko kunye nemiphumo engalindelekanga. “Xa iingcali zefiziksi yenyukliya zaqalisa ikhwelo lazo lokufuna imfihlo, zazicinga ukuba ziya kuba zezokwexeshana, yaye zilawulwa zizo. Babephosisile” (iphe. 15).

Ingqondo yasemkhosini ye-troglodyte icinge ukuba ukhuseleko lunokufumaneka ngokubeka yonke inkcazelo yenyukliya ebhaliweyo phantsi kwesitshixo kunye nesitshixo kunye nesoyikiso sezohlwayo eziqatha kuye nabani na ozama ukuyibhengeza, kodwa ukusilela kwaloo ndlela kwabonakala ngokukhawuleza. Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, "imfihlelo" ebalulekileyo yendlela yokwenza ibhombu yeathom yayingumbandela wemigaqo esisiseko yefiziksi yethiyori esele isaziwa ngokubanzi okanye ifumaneka lula.

Pha bekunjalo enye into ebalulekileyo yolwazi olungaziwayo- "imfihlelo" yokwenyani -ngaphambi kowe-1945: ukuba ingaba ukukhutshwa kwe-hypothetical yamandla nge-fission yenyukliya kunokwenziwa ukuba kusebenze. Uvavanyo lweathom lukaBathathu Emnye lwangoJulayi 16, 1945 eLos Alamos, eNew Mexico, lwanikela le mfihlelo ehlabathini, yaye nawaphi na amathandabuzo awayezingile acinywa kwiiveki ezintathu kamva ngokutshatyalaliswa kweHiroshima neNagasaki. Nje ukuba lo mbuzo uphendulwe, imeko yobubi yabonakala: Naliphi na ilizwe eMhlabeni linokwakha ibhombu yeathom ekwaziyo ukutshabalalisa nasiphi na isixeko eMhlabeni ngesithonga esinye.

Kodwa ngokwemigaqo yayingafani nenyani. Ukuba nemfihlelo yendlela yokwenza iibhombu zeathom kwakunganelanga. Ukwakha ibhombu ebonakalayo kufuna i-uranium ekrwada kunye neendlela zemizi mveliso zokucoca iitoni ezininzi zayo zibe yimathiriyeli enokuqhekeka. Ngokufanelekileyo, enye ingcamango yayibambe ukuba isitshixo kukhuseleko lwenyukliya yayingekokugcina ulwazi luyimfihlo, kodwa kukufumana kunye nokugcina ulawulo olubonakalayo kwimithombo ye-uranium yehlabathi. Obo buchule bezinto eziphathekayo okanye imigudu eyoyikisayo yokucinezela ukwanda kolwazi lwenzululwazi ayizange ikwazi ukulondoloza amandla eUnited States okwexesha elide.

Igunya lathatha iminyaka emine kuphela, de kwangoAgasti 1949, xa iSoviet Union yadubula ibhombu yayo yokuqala yeathom. Amajoni kunye namahlakani abo e-Congressional atyhola iintlola-kakhulu kwaye zidume kakhulu, uJulius no-Ethel Rosenberg-ngokuba imfihlo kwaye bayinike i-USSR. Nangona yayiyingxelo ebubuxoki leyo, ngelishwa yazuza ukongamela kwincoko yesizwe kwaye yavula indlela yokukhula okungenakuxelwa kwelizwe lokhuseleko lwesizwe.²

Kwinqanaba lesibini, ibali litshintshe ngokupheleleyo kwicala leCold Warriors, njengoko uluntu lwaseMelika luye lwanikezela kwiReds-Under-the-Bed obsessions yeMcCarthyism. Izikhonkwane zaphakanyiswa ngokuphindwe kaninzi njengoko ingxoxo yajika ukusuka kwi-fission ukuya kwi-fusion. Njengoko iSoviet Union ikwazile ukuvelisa iibhombu zenyukliya, umbandela waba kukuba iUnited States ifanele ilandele iphulo lenzululwazi lokufuna “ibhombu enkulu”—ethetha ibhombu ye<em>thermonuclear, okanye i<em>hydrogen. Uninzi lweengcali zefiziksi zenyukliya, kunye noJ. Robert Oppenheimer okhokelayo, wayichasa ngokukrakra le ngcamango, bephikisa ukuba ibhombu ye-thermonuclear ayiyi kuba yinto engenamsebenzi njengesixhobo sokulwa kwaye inokusebenza kuphela iinjongo zokutshabalalisa uhlanga.

Kwakhona, nangona kunjalo, iingxoxo zabona bacebisi besayensi abashushu kakhulu, kuquka u-Edward Teller kunye no-Ernest O. Lawrence, baphumelela, kwaye uMongameli uTruman wayalela ukuba uphando lwe-superbomb luqhubeke. Okubuhlungu kukuba, yaphumelela ngokwenzululwazi. NgoNovemba 1952, iUnited States yavelisa ugqabhuko-dubulo oluphindwe kamakhulu asixhenxe olunamandla kunolo lwatshabalalisa iHiroshima, yaye ngoNovemba 1955 iSoviet Union yabonisa ukuba, nayo, inokusabela ngendlela efanayo. Ugqatso lwezixhobo ze-thermonuclear lwaluqhuba.

Ithuba lesithathu lale mbali laqala ngeminyaka yoo-1960s, ngakumbi ngenxa yokuvuka koluntu ngokubanzi kuxhatshazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kolwazi oluhleliweyo ngexesha lemfazwe yase-US kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia. Eli yayilixesha lokududulwa koluntu ngokuchasene nokusekwa kweemfihlo. Ivelise uloyiso olungaphelelanga, kuquka nokupapashwa kwe The Pentagon Papers kunye nokuwiswa koMthetho weNkululeko yoLwazi.

Noko ke, le mvumelwano, ayizange ikwazi ukwanelisa abagxeki bemfihlo karhulumente yaza yakhokelela “kuhlobo olutsha lokuchasa ukufihlakala,” apho abagxeki bapapasha ngabom ulwazi oluhlelwe kakhulu “njengohlobo lwesenzo sezobupolitika,” baza bacela iziqinisekiso zoLungiso lokuQala. kwinkululeko yoshicilelo “njengesixhobo esinamandla esichasene namaziko okufihlakala okusemthethweni” (iphe. 336–337).

Amatsha ntliziyo akhaliphileyo achasene nemfihlo aphumelele uloyiso oluthile, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha urhulumente wokhuseleko lwesizwe waba yinto egqubayo yonke kwaye engaphenduleki kunangaphambili. Kunjengokuba uWellerstein ekhalaza esithi, “kukho imibuzo enzulu ngokuphathelele ukufaneleka kwamabango karhulumente okulawula inkcazelo egameni lokhuseleko lwelizwe. . . . ukanti ke, imfihlo iqhubekile” (iphe. 399).

Ngaphandle kweWellerstein

Nangona imbali kaWellerstein yokuzalwa kombuso wokhuseleko lwesizwe icokisekile, ibanzi, kwaye inesazela, ngokulusizi ichaza indlela esifike ngayo kule ngxaki sikuyo ngoku. Emva kokubona ukuba ulawulo luka-Obama, "lothuko lwabaninzi babaxhasi babo," luye "lwelinye lawona matyala xa kufikelelwa ekutshutshiseni abavuzi kunye nabahlabi," ubhala uWellerstein, "Ndiyathandabuza ukuzama ukwandisa eli bali ngaphaya. le ngongoma” (iphe. 394).

Ukudlulela ngaphaya kwelo nqanaba bekuya kumthabatha ngaphaya kwento eyamkelekileyo ngoku kwintetho yesidlangalala eqhelekileyo. Uphononongo lwangoku sele lungenile kulo mmandla wasemzini ngokugxeka i-United States enganelisekiyo yokulawula umkhosi kwihlabathi. Ukutyhala uphando ngakumbi kuya kufuna uhlalutyo olunzulu lwemiba yemfihlo esemthethweni echazwa nguWellerstein kuphela xa edlula, oko kukuthi izityhilelo zika-Edward Snowden malunga ne-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweSizwe (i-NSA), kwaye ngaphezu kwakho konke, i-WikiLeaks kunye nemeko kaJulian Assange.

Amagama ngokuchasene neZenzo

Elona nyathelo likhulu ngaphaya kweWellerstein kwimbali yeemfihlo ezisemthethweni lifuna ukuqonda umahluko omkhulu phakathi “kwemfihlo yegama” kunye “nobumfihlo besenzo.” Ngokujolisa kumaxwebhu ahleliweyo, uWellerstein ufumana ilungelo elibhaliweyo kwaye etyeshela uninzi lwenyani eyoyikisayo yombuso wokhuseleko lwesizwe owazi konke othe wanyathela ngaphaya komkhusane wemfihlo karhulumente.

Ukutyhala eluntwini ngokuchasene nemfihlo esemthethweni uWellerstein ayichazayo ibe lidabi elicalanye lamagama ngokuchasene nezenzo. Ngalo lonke ixesha ukutyhilwa kokwaphulwa okukhulu kwentembeko yoluntu kwenzekile-ukusuka kwinkqubo ye-FBI's COINTELPRO ukuya ekuvezweni kukaSnowden kwi-NSA-iiarhente ezinetyala ziye zazisa uluntu. MEA culpa kwaye ngoko nangoko babuyela kwishishini labo elifihlakeleyo njengesiqhelo.

Ngeli xesha, "imfihlo yesenzo" sombuso welizwe lokhuseleko luqhubekile nokungohlwaywa. Imfazwe yomoya yase-US e-Laos ukusuka ngo-1964 ukuya kutsho ngo-1973-apho iitoni ezizizigidi ezibini ezinesiqingatha seziqhushumbisi zaphoswa kwilizwe elincinane, elihlwempuzekileyo-yabizwa ngokuba "yimfazwe eyimfihlo" kwaye "yeyona ntshukumo inkulu efihlakeleyo kwimbali yaseMelika," kuba. ayizange iqhutywe yi-US Air Force, kodwa yi-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).³ Elo yaba linyathelo lokuqala elikhulu ubukrelekrele bomkhosi, ethi ngoku iqhube imisebenzi eyimfihlo ye-paramilitary kunye nogwayimbo lwe-drone kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi.

IUnited States iye yaqhushumba ekujoliswe kuko; bagqogqa apho abantwana babotshwa izandla baza badutyulwa entloko, emva koko babiza uhlaselo lwasemoyeni ukuze bafihle eso senzo; badubula abantu kunye neentatheli; kwasasazwa amacandelo “abantsundu” bemikhosi ekhethekileyo ukuze babambe ngokungekho mthethweni kwaye babulale.

Ngokubanzi, eyona njongo iphambili yezixhobo zanamhlanje zokufihlakala kukufihla ubungakanani kunye nobungakanani be-US "iimfazwe zanaphakade" kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu olubandakanyayo. Ngokutsho kwe ENew York Times ngo-Okthobha 2017, ngaphezu 240,000 amajoni US ezimiswe ubuncinane 172 kumazwe kunye nemimandla kulo lonke ihlabathi. Uninzi lomsebenzi wabo, kuquka ukulwa, wawuyimfihlo ngokusemthethweni. Imikhosi yaseMelika "yayizibandakanya ngokunyanisekileyo" kungekhona e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, eYemen naseSiriya kuphela, kodwa naseNiger, eSomalia, eJordan, eThailand nakwezinye iindawo. Eminye imikhosi eyongezelelekileyo engama-37,813 XNUMX ikwizabelo ezifihlakeleyo kwiindawo ezidweliswe ngokulula 'njengengaziwayo.' I-Pentagon ayizange inike enye ingcaciso. "⁴

Ukuba amaziko emfihlo karhulumente ayezikhusela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye, uhlaselo lwe-9/11 lwabanika zonke izixhobo abazidingayo ukuze babethe abagxeki babo kwaye benze ilizwe lokhuseleko lesizwe libe nemfihlo ngakumbi kwaye lingaphenduli. Inkqubo yeenkundla ezifihlakeleyo zokucupha ezaziwa ngokuba ziinkundla zeFISA (Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act) bezikhona kwaye zisebenza ngokwesiseko sequmrhu lomthetho eliyimfihlo ukusukela ngo-1978. Emva kwe-9/11, nangona kunjalo, amandla kunye nokufikelela kwiinkundla zeFISA akhula. ngokukhawuleza. Intatheli engumcuphi yabachaza “njengabaphantse baba yiNkundla Ephakamileyo ethe cwaka.⁵

Nangona i-NSA, i-CIA, kunye noluntu lonke lwezobuntlola befumana iindlela zokuqhubeka nezenzo zabo ezinzulu ngaphandle kokuvezwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwamagama abazama ukuwafihla, oko akuthethi ukuba izityhilelo-nokuba kukuvuza, ngokubetha impempe, okanye ngokuchazwa kwegama akukho siphumo. Banempembelelo eyongezelekayo yezopolitiko abathi abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo banqwenela ngamandla ukuyicinezela. Umzabalazo oqhubekayo ubalulekile.

WikiLeaks kunye noJulian Assange

UWellerstein ubhala “ngohlobo olutsha lwamatshantliziyo . . . ababebona ubumfihlo bukarhulumente bubububi obufanele kucelwe umngeni buncothulwe,” kodwa akakhange ayikhankanye eyona mbonakalo inamandla nesebenzayo yaloo nto: WikiLeaks. I-WikiLeaks yasekwa kwi-2006 kwaye kwi-2010 yapapasha ngaphezu kwe-75 yamawaka onxibelelwano oyimfihlo kunye nonxibelelwano malunga nemfazwe yase-US e-Afghanistan, kwaye phantse amakhulu amane amawaka malunga nemfazwe yase-US e-Iraq.

Ukubhengezwa kwe-WikiLeaks malunga nentaphane yolwaphulo-mthetho olujoliswe eluntwini kwezo mfazwe kwakukhwankqisa kwaye kubi kakhulu. Ezi ntambo zoonozakuzaku ezivuzayo zazinamagama eebhiliyoni ezimbini awayeza kushicilelwa aze afikelele kwimiqulu engama-30 amawaka.⁶ Kuwo safunda “ukuba iUnited States iye yaqhushumbisa abantu ababejolise kuzo; bagqogqa apho abantwana babotshwa izandla baza badutyulwa entloko, emva koko babiza uhlaselo lwasemoyeni ukuze bafihle eso senzo; badubula abantu kunye neentatheli; zisasaze iiyunithi 'abamnyama' zemikhosi ekhethekileyo ukubamba ngokungekho mthethweni kwaye babulale,” kwaye, ngokudanisayo, nokunye okuninzi.⁷

I-Pentagon, i-CIA, i-NSA, kunye ne-US State Department bothukile kwaye bakhwankqiswa kukuphumelela kweWikiLeaks ekubhentsiseni ulwaphulo-mthetho lwabo lwemfazwe ukuze lubonwe lihlabathi. Akumangalisi ukuba bafuna ngenzondelelo ukubethelela umseki weWikiLeaks, uJulian Assange, njengomzekelo owoyikekayo wokoyikisa nabani na onokufuna ukumxelisa. Ulawulo luka-Obama aluzange lufake izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ku-Assange ngenxa yokwesaba ukubeka umzekelo onobungozi, kodwa uLawulo lweTrump lwammangalela phantsi koMthetho we-Espionage kunye namatyala aphethe isigwebo se-175 iminyaka entolongweni.

Xa uBiden wathatha isikhundla ngoJanuwari 2021, abakhuseli abaninzi boHlaziyo lokuQala bacinga ukuba uza kulandela umzekelo ka-Obama kwaye azichithile izityholo ngaku-Assange, kodwa akazange. Ngo-Okthobha ka-2021, imanyano yamashumi amabini anesihlanu enkululeko yeendaba, inkululeko yoluntu, kunye namaqela amalungelo oluntu yathumela ileta kuGqwetha Jikelele uMerrick Garland ibongoza iSebe lezoBulungisa ukuba liyeke iinzame zalo zokutshutshisa uAssange. Bathi, ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho elinxamnye naye “lisisisongelo esikhulu kwinkululeko yengcinezelo eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe.”⁸

Umgaqo obalulekileyo okhoyo ngulo ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho ukupapashwa kweemfihlo zikarhulumente akuhambelani nobukho boshicilelo lwasimahla. Yintoni u-Assange atyholwa ngayo ngokomthetho ayinakwahlulwa kwizenzo ENew York Times, i Washington Post, kunye nenani elingenakubalwa labanye abapapashi beendaba abasebenza rhoqo.⁹ Ingongoma ayikuko ukubethelela inkululeko yoshicilelo njengophawu olumiselweyo lweMelika ekhululekileyo, kodwa ukuyiqaphela njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo yentlalontle ekufuneka iqhubeke ilwelwa.

Bonke abakhuseli bamalungelo oluntu kunye nenkululeko yeendaba kufuneka bafune ukuba izityholo ezichasene no-Assange zirhoxiswe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye akhululwe entolongweni ngaphandle kokulibaziseka. Ukuba i-Assange inokutshutshiswa kwaye ivalelwe ngenxa yokupapasha ulwazi oluyinyani-"imfihlo" okanye ayikho-i-embers ezikhanyayo zokugqibela zokushicilela zamahhala ziya kucinywa kwaye urhulumente welizwe lokhuseleko uya kulawula ngokungenakuphikiswa.

Ukukhulula i-Assange, nangona kunjalo, lelona dabi licinezelayo kuphela kumzabalazo weSisyphean wokukhusela ulongamo lwabantu ngokuchasene nengcinezelo yelizwe lokhuseleko. Kwaye kubaluleke njengokubhentsisa ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe yase-US, kufuneka sijolise phezulu: ukuya Thintela ngokuphinda bakhe umbutho onamandla wokulwa imfazwe njengalowo unyanzelise ukuba kupheliswe uhlaselo lwaseVietnam.

Imbali kaWellerstein yemvelaphi yokusekwa kwemfihlo yase-US ligalelo elixabisekileyo kwidabi leengcamango elichasene nalo, kodwa uloyiso lokugqibela lufuna-ukuchaza uWellerstein ngokwakhe, njengoko kucatshulwe ngasentla-"ukwandisa ibali ngaphaya kwelo nqanaba," ukubandakanya umzabalazo uhlobo olutsha loluntu olulungiselelwe ukwanelisa iimfuno zoluntu.

Idatha ethintelweyo: Imbali yoBufihlo beNyukliya eMelika
Alex Wellerstein
IYunivesithi yaseChicago Press
2021
amaphepha 528

-

Cliff Conner ngumbhali-mbali wenzululwazi. Ungumbhali we Intlekele yezeNzululwazi yaseMelika (Haymarket Books, 2020) kunye Imbali yaBantu yeNzululwazi (Iincwadi zeBold Type, 2005).

amaNqaku

1. Kwakukho iinzame zangaphambili zokukhusela iimfihlo zasemkhosini (jonga uMthetho weeMfihlo zoKhuselo ka-1911 kunye noMthetho we-Espionage ka-1917), kodwa njengoko uWellerstein echaza, "abazange basetyenziswe kuyo nayiphi na into enkulu njengoko umzamo webhombu yeathom yaseMelika uya kuba" (iphe. 33).
2. Kwakukho iintlola zaseSoviet kwiProjekthi yeManhattan kwaye emva koko, kodwa ubuntlola babo abuzange bubonise ukuqhubela phambili kwesicwangciso senkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya zaseSoviet.
3. UJoshua Kurlanzick, Indawo enkulu yokuba nemfazwe: iMelika eLaos kunye nokuzalwa kweCIA yomkhosi (uSimon & Schuster, 2017).
4. Ibhodi yokuhlela yeNew York Times, "Iimfazwe zaseMelika ezingunaphakade," ENew York Times, ngo-Oktobha 22, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/22/opinion/americas-forever-wars.html.
5. U-Eric Lichtblau, “Emfihlekweni, Inkundla Yandisa Kakhulu Amandla e-NSA,” ENew York Times, Julayi 6, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/07/us/in-secret-court-vastly-broadens-powers-of-nsa.html.
6. Nawaphi na okanye onke la magama ebhiliyoni amabini ayafumaneka kwiwebhusayithi ephendliweyo yeWikiLeaks. Nali ikhonkco leWikiLeaks' PlusD, elisisishunqulelo se “Thala leeNcwadi loLuntu lweDiplomasia yase-US”: https://wikileaks.org/plusd.
7. UJulian Assange et al., Iifayile zeWikiLeaks: Ihlabathi ngokwe-US Empire (London & New York: Verso, 2015), 74–75.
8. “Ileta ye-ACLU eya kwiSebe lezoBulungisa lase-US,” i-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), nge-15 ka-Okthobha, ngo-2021. https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/assange_letter_on_letterhead.pdf; Jonga kwakhona ileta evulekileyo edibeneyo evela The ENew York Times, Guardian, Le Monde, Isibuko, yaye El País (NgoNovemba 8, 2022) ecela urhulumente wase-US ukuba ayeke izityholo zakhe ngaku-Assange: https://www.nytco.com/press/an-open-letter-from-editors-and-publishers-publishing-is-not-a-crime/.
9. Njengoko umphengululi wezomthetho uMarjorie Cohn ecacisa, “Akukho sijelo seendaba okanye intatheli eyakha yamangalelwa phantsi koMthetho woBuntlola ngokupapasha inkcazelo eyinyani, ekhuselweyo kumsebenzi woLungiso Lokuqala.” Elo lungelo, wongeza, "sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sobuntatheli." khangela UMarjorie Cohn, "u-Assange Ujongene Nokwandiswa kokubhengeza uLwaphulo-mthetho lweMfazwe yase-US," Thunti, nge-11 ka-Okthobha, 2020, https://truthout.org/articles/assange-faces-extradition-for-exposing-us-war-crimes/.