By IsiGqeba seZero soMgangatho weNxaxheba engeyiyo, UJanuwari 19, 2021
Ukuqala nge-18 kaJanuwari, iibhilibhodi ezine ezijikeleze iPuget Isandi ziya kubonisa esi sibhengezo senkonzo yoluntu sihlawulelweyo (PSA): IZIXHOBO ZE-NUCLEAR ZIYANGATSELWA YINTSHA YONYAKA; Bakhuphe kwisandi sePuget! Okubandakanyiweyo kwintengiso ngumfanekiso wasemanzini wase-US wenqanawa yase-Trident yase-USS uHenry M. Jackson ubuyela ezibukweni elandela indlela yesiqhelo yokuthintela ukujikeleza.
Isibhengezo sifuna ukwazisa abemi bommandla wePuget Sound malunga nokulindelwa kokungena kwesiVumelwano sokuThintelwa kwezixhobo zeNyukliya (TPNW), kwaye ikwacela abemi ukuba bamkele indima yabo noxanduva lwabo - njengabarhafi, njengamalungu oluntu lwentando yesininzi. , kwaye njengabamelwane kwiziko lenkwili yenyukliya eTrident kwiHood Canal - ukusebenza ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya.
Ezi bhodi zibhodi zine ziya kubekwa eSeattle, eTacoma, nasePort Orchard, kwaye ziyindibaniselwano phakathi, kwaye ziyahlawulwa liZiko leZero loMhlaba leNtshukumo engeyiyo World Beyond War.
Isivumelwano seBan
I-TPNW iya kuqala ukusebenza nge-22 kaJanuwari. Isivumelwano asivumeli ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kuphela, kodwa yonke into enokuthanani nezixhobo zenyukliya – isenza ukuba kungabikho semthethweni phantsi komthetho wamazwe aphesheya ukuba amazwe athatha inxaxheba “aphuhlise, avavanye, avelise, avelise, kungenjalo afumane, abe, okanye agcine izixhobo zenyukliya okanye enye inyukliya. iziqhushumbisi. ”
Ngelixa izithintelo zomnqophiso zibophelela ngokwasemthethweni kuphela kumazwe (angama-51 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku) athi abe "ngamaQela amaZwe" kwesi sivumelwano, ezo zithintelo zidlulela ngaphaya kwemisebenzi yoorhulumente. Inqaku loku-1 (e) lomnqophiso livimbela amaZwe aseMelika ekuncediseni "nabani na" owenza nantoni na kwezi zinto zingavumelekanga, kubandakanya iinkampani zabucala kunye nabantu abanokuthi bathathe inxaxheba kwishishini lezixhobo zenyukliya.
Amazwe amaninzi aya kujoyina i-TPNW kwiinyanga nakwiminyaka ezayo, kwaye uxinzelelo kwiinkampani zabucala ezichaphazelekayo kwishishini lezixhobo zenyukliya ziya kuqhubeka nokukhula. Ezi nkampani sele zijamelene noxinzelelo loluntu kunye nezezimali kungekuphela kumaqela aseMelika, kodwa nakwilizwe lawo. Ezimbini kwezona mali zisihlanu zepenshini zikhulu ehlabathini ziye zahlulwa kwizixhobo zenyukliya, kwaye amanye amaziko ezezimali alandela umzekelo wawo.
Izixhobo zenyukliya zisekhona ubukhulu becala kuba iinkampani ezibandakanyekayo kwishishini zisebenzisa amandla amakhulu kwimigaqo-nkqubo kunye nokwenza izigqibo, ngakumbi e-United States. Baphakathi kwabona banikeli baninzi kwimikhankaso yokunyulwa kwakhona kwengqungquthela. Bachitha izigidi zeedola kwii-lobbyists eWashington, DC
Umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US ngokubhekisele kwizixhobo zenyukliya uya kutshintsha xa ezo nkampani zibandakanyeka kwizixhobo zenyukliya ziqala ukuziva uxinzelelo lokwenyani oluvela kwi-TPNW kwaye baqonde ukuba ikamva labo lixhomekeke ekuhlukaniseni imisebenzi yabo kude nezixhobo zenyukliya.
I-Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor ikumgama oziikhilomitha ezimbalwa ukusuka kwizixeko zaseSilverdale nasePoulsbo kwaye ibuyela ekhaya kwindawo ekugxininiswa kuyo izixhobo zenyukliya e-US. indawo yokugcina izixhobo zenyukliya phantsi komhlaba.
Ukusondela kwethu kwelona nani likhulu lezixhobo zenyukliya ezisetyenzisiweyo kufuna ukubonakaliswa okunzulu kunye nokuphendula kwisoyikiso semfazwe yenyukliya.
Inkqubo yesiXhobo seNyukliya seTrident
Zisibhozo ii-Trident SSBN submarines ezithunyelwe eBangor. Iinqanawa ezithandathu zeTrident SSBN zithunyelwe kuNxweme oluseMpuma eKing Bay, eGeorgia.
Inqanawa enye yeTrident ithwala amandla otshabalalo ngaphezulu kweebhombu ze-1,200 ze-Hiroshima (ibhombu yeHiroshima yayiziikhilothi ze-15).
Inqanawa yolwandle nganye eTrident yayixhotyiselwe imijukujelwa engama-24 eTrident. Kwi-2015-2017 iityhubhu ezine zemijukujelwa zacinywa kwinkwili nganye ngenxa yesiVumelwano esitsha sokuQala. Okwangoku, inkwili nganye yaselwandle iTrident ihambisa imijukujelwa engama-20 D-5 kunye nemikhosi yenyukliya engama-90 (umndilili we-4-5 yemfazwe nganye ngomjukujelwa). Iimfazwe ziyi-W76-1 90-kiloton okanye i-W88 455-kiloton warheads.
Umkhosi wasemanzini kwangoko ngonyaka ka-2020 waqalisa ukuthumela into entsha I-W76-2 intloko yemfazwe eneemveliso ezisezantsi (malunga neekhilotoni ezisibhozo) ekukhetheni imijukujelwa yangaphantsi kolwandle eBangor (kulandela ukuthunyelwa okokuqala kwiAtlantic ngoDisemba 2019). Intloko yomkhosi yathunyelwa ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kweRussia okokuqala kwezixhobo zenyukliya, kuyingozi ukudala umbundu osezantsi ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya zase-US ezicwangcisiweyo.
Nakuphi na ukusetyenziswa kwe izixhobo zenukliya ngokuchasene nelinye ilizwe lezixhobo zenyukliya elinokuthi lenze ukuba kuphendulwe ngezixhobo zenyukliya, kubangele ukufa kunye nentshabalalo. Ngaphandle kwe iziphumo ngqo kubachasi, ukuwa okunxulumene nemitha ye-radioactive kuya kuchaphazela abantu bezinye izizwe. Iimpembelelo zabantu kunye nezoqoqosho kwihlabathi liphela ziya kuba ngaphaya kokuthelekelela, kunye nemiyalelo yobukhulu obungaphaya kweziphumo zobhubhane wecoronavirus.
UHans M. Kristensen ngowona mthombo wengcali wale ngxelo, "I-Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor… inezona zixhobo zininzi zisetyenzisiweyo e-US" (Jonga imithombo yolwazi ekhankanyiweyo) Apha kwaye AphaMnu. Kristensen ngumlawuli we IProjekthi yoLwazi lweNyukliya e I-Federation of American Scientists apho anika uluntu uhlalutyo kunye nolwazi lwangemuva malunga nemeko yenyukliya kunye nendima yezixhobo zenyukliya.
Iibhodi zebhloko ngumzamo IsiGqeba seZero soMgangatho weNxaxheba engeyiyo, Umbutho weengcambu zengca ePoulsbo, eWashington, ukuvusa ulwazi loluntu ngobungozi bezixhobo zenyukliya kwingingqi yePuget Sound.
Uxanduva lwasekuhlaleni kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya
Ukusondela kwethu kwelona nani likhulu lezixhobo zenyukliya ezisetyenzisiweyo kusibeka kufutshane nesoyikiso esiyingozi sasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Xa abemi besazi ngendima yabo kwithemba lemfazwe yenyukliya, okanye umngcipheko wengozi yenyukliya, umba awuseyonto ethatyathiweyo. Ukusondela kwethu eBangor kufuna impendulo enzulu.
Abemi kwidemokhrasi nabo banoxanduva - olubandakanya ukukhetha iinkokheli zethu kunye nokuhlala unolwazi malunga noko kwenziwa ngurhulumente wethu. Isiseko sasemanzini eBangor ziimayile ezingama-20 ukusuka edolophini yaseSeattle, kodwa yipesenti encinci yabemi kwingingqi yethu eyaziyo ukuba i-Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor ikhona.
Abemi baseWashington State bahlala bekhetha amagosa aseburhulumenteni axhasa izixhobo zenyukliya kwiWashington State. Kwii-1970s, uSenator uHenry Jackson waqinisekisa iPentagon ukuba ifumane isiseko sangaphantsi kolwandle iTrident kwiHood Canal, ngelixa uSenator uWarren Magnuson efumene inkxaso-mali yeendlela kunye nezinye iimpembelelo ezibangelwe sisiseko seTrident. Inqanawa yokuqala yasemanzini eTrident eza kuthiywa ngegama lomntu (kunye nowayesakuba nguSenator wase-Washington State) I-USS Henry M. Jackson (SSBN-730), ifakwe ekhaya njengeNavy Base Kitsap-Bangor.
Ngo-2012, iWashington State yamisela i- IArhente yeMikhosi yaseWashington (WMA), ikhuthazwe ngamandla ngabo bobabini iRhuluneli uGregoire kunye no-Inslee. I-WMA, iSebe lezoKhuselo kunye nezinye iiarhente zikarhulumente zisebenza ukomeleza indima ye State Washington njenge "…Iplatifomu yoQikelelo lweMandla (Amazibuko eSicwangciso-qhinga, oololiwe, iindlela kunye nezikhululo zeenqwelo moya) [kunye] neeyunithi zomoya, umhlaba kunye nolwandle ukuze kufezekiswe lo msebenzi. ” Jonga kwakhona "ingqokelela yamandla. "
I-Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor kunye nenkqubo yangaphantsi kolwandle eTrident iguqukile okoko kwafika inkwili yokuqala yeTrident ngo-Agasti 1982. isiseko siphuculwe ukuya kumjukujelwa omkhulu we-D-5 kunye ne-W88 enkulu (i-455 kiloton) yentloko yomlo, kunye nokuqhubeka okuqhubekayo kwesikhokelo semikhosi kunye neenkqubo zolawulo. Umkhosi wamanzi usandula ukuhambisa amancinci I-W76-2 "Isivuno esisezantsi" okanye isixhobo seNyukliya esineqhinga (malunga neekhilomitha ezisibhozo) kwimishini ekhethiweyo yokuphosa inqanawa e-Bangor, ngokwenza umngcipheko osezantsi wokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya.
Imicimbi
- I-US ichitha ngaphezulu izixhobo zenukliya iinkqubo kunokuba ngexesha lokuphakama kweMfazwe ebandayo.
- I-US ngoku icwangcisa ukuchitha uqikelelo $ 1.7 zezigidi ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-30 yokwakha kwakhona izixhobo zenyukliya zesizwe kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya zala maxesha.
- The New York Times ingxelo yokuba i-US, iRashiya kunye iTshayina basukela ngolunya isizukulwana esitsha esincinci kwaye esingachaphazeli izixhobo zenyukliya. Ukwakha kusongela ukuvuselela a Cold War-era iingalo ugqatso kwaye ungamiseleli ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwezizwe.
- Umkhosi wamanzi waseMelika uthi I-SSBN oomatiloshe abajikelezayo banika i-US “eyona nto isindayo kunye nonyamezelo lwenyukliya.” Nangona kunjalo, ii-SSBN kwizibuko kunye nemfazwe yenyukliya egcinwe kwi-SWFPAC kunokwenzeka Ujoliso lokuqala kwimfazwe yenyukliya. uphando imifanekiso ukusuka ku-2018 bonisa ama-subtrin amathathu e-SSBN kwindawo yokuhambisa amanzi kwiHood Canal.
- Ingozi ebandakanya izixhobo zenyukliya yenzekile ngomhla Novemba 2003 xa ileli ingene kwi-nosecone yenyukliya ngexesha lokothula imijukujelwa ngesiqhelo kwii-Explosives Handling Wharf eBangor. Yonke imisebenzi yokuphatha imijukujelwa kwi-SWFPAC yamiswa iiveki ezilithoba de iBangor iphinde iqinisekiswe ukuphatha izixhobo zenyukliya. Abaphathi abathathu abaphezulu bagxothwa, kodwa uluntu aluzange luchazelwe kude kube ulwazi lwaziswa kumajelo eendaba ngoMatshi ka-2004.
- Iimpendulo zoluntu ezivela kumagosa karhulumente kwingozi yemijukujelwa yango-2003 ngokubanzi zazikwimo ye ngaliswa kwaye kudana.
- Ngenxa yenkqubo eqhubekayo kunye nolondolozo lweemfazwe eBangor, imikhosi yenyukliya Zithunyelwa rhoqo kwiilori ezingaphawulwanga phakathi kweSebe lezaMandla i-Pantex Plant kufutshane ne-Amarillo, eTexas nakwisiseko saseBangor. Ngokungafaniyo noMkhosi wamanzi waseBangor, i DOE ngenkuthalo ikhuthaza ukulungela okungxamisekileyo.
Iintengiso zeBillboard
Ezi ntengiso zine zeebhilibhodi ziya kuboniswaihlelwe ukusukela nge-18 kaJanuwarith ngoFebruwari 14th, kwaye Linganisa i-10 ft. 6 in. ubude nge-22 ft. 9 ubude. Iibhilibhodi zikufutshane nezi ndawo zilandelayo:
- I-Orchard yePort: I-State Highway 16, i-300 iinyawo ezantsi kwe-State Highway 3
- Seattle: Aurora Avenue North, South of N 41st Street
- Seattle: iDenny Way, eMpuma yeTaylor Avenue eMantla
- I-Tacoma: I-Pacific Avenue, iinyawo ezingama-90 ezantsi kwe-129. ISt. Mpuma
Ifoto yenkwili yolwandle kwintengiso ivela kwiwebhusayithi ye-US Navy DVIDS, kwi https://www.dvidshub.net/image/1926528/uss-henry-m-jackson-returns-patrol. Amagqabantshintshi ngefoto athi:
I-BANGOR, Hlamba (ngoMeyi 5, 2015) I-USS Henry M. Jackson (SSBN 730) ihamba ngenqanawa ukuya ekhaya kwiNavy Base Kitsap-Bangor kulandela indlela yesiqhelo yokuthintela ukujikeleza. UJackson yenye yeenkwili zemikhosi ejikelezayo ezimise esisekweni ebonelela ngomlenze osindayo we-United States. (Ifoto yaseMelika yoLwandle nguLt. Cmdr. UBrian Badura / Ukhutshiwe)
Izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nokumelana
Ngo-1970 nango-1980, amawaka abonakalisiweyo nxamnye nezixhobo zenyukliya kwisiseko seBangor kunye amakhulu babanjwa. Seattle Ubhishophu omkhulu Hunthausen waye wabhengeza isiseko sangaphantsi kolwandle iBangor "yiAuschwitz yePuget Sound" kwaye ngo-1982 waqala ukubamba isiqingatha serhafu yomdibaniso ekhalaza "ngokuqhubeka kwesizwe sethu kugqatso lwezixhobo zenyukliya."
Inqanawa enye yeTrident SSBN e-Bangor iqikelelwa ukuba ithwale malunga ne-90 yemfazwe yenyukliya. Iimfazwe ze-W76 kunye ne-W88 e-Bangor zilingana ngokulandelelana kwi-90 kilotons kunye ne-455 kilotons ze-TNT kumandla otshabalalisayo. Inqanawa enye esasazwe eBangor ilingana neebhombu zenyukliya ezilingana ne-1,200.
Ngomhla we-27 kaMeyi, 2016, UMongameli Obama uthethe eHiroshima kwaye wathi makupheliswe izixhobo zenyukliya. Uthe amagunya enyukliya “… kufuneka abenesibindi sokubaleka uloyiko, kwaye alandele ilizwe ngaphandle kwazo.” U-Obama wongeze wathi, "Kufuneka sitshintshe indlela esicinga ngayo malunga nemfazwe uqobo."
Malunga neZiko eliPhantsi leZero yeZenzo eziNgenabundlobongela
Yasekwa ngo-1977. Iziko likwiihektare ezingama-3.8 ezidibanisa isiseko sangaphantsi kolwandle eTrident eBangor, Washington. IZiko eliPhantsi leZero lokuSebenza ngokuNgenabundlobongela linika ithuba lokuphonononga iingcambu zobundlobongela kunye nokungabikho kokusesikweni kwihlabathi lethu kunye nokufumana amandla aguqulayo othando ngezenzo ezingekho mthethweni. Simelana nazo zonke izixhobo zenyukliya, ngakumbi inkqubo ye-Trident ballistic missile system.
Imicimbi ezayo enxulumene noZero:
Izishoshovu zeZiko loMhlaba ziya kubamba amabhanti kwiindawo ezigqithileyo kwezi ndawo zijikeleze iPuget Sound ngoJanuwari 22nd, umhla i-TPNW ingena ngawo ukusebenza:
- I-Seattle, i-Interstate 5 igqitha kwisitalato i-NE 145, ukuqala nge-10: 00 AM
- IPoulsbo, iSherman Hill idlula kuHola wendlela 3, ukuqala ngo-10: 00 ekuseni
- IBremerton, iLoxie Egans igqitha kuHola wendlela 3, ukuqala ngo-2: 30 PM
Iibhena ziya kuthwala umyalezo ofana neentengiso zebhodi yezaziso.
Nceda jonga www.gzcenter.org ukuhlaziywa.
