Inzululwazi yaseMelika: I-US kufuneka ifune ukuphelisa zonke iimfazwe

Ijoni lase-Afghan lijongile ngelixa amajoni ase-US ephanda indlu elahliweyo kwiphondo laseKandahar. Ityala: Behrouz Mehri Getty Images

NguJohn Horgan, Scientific American, NgoMeyi 14, 2021

Nazi Amabala ama-3 asekhona kwiklabhu yencwadi ezayo ekwi-Intanethi kaJohn.

Uninzi lwabafundi bam bazalwa emva kwemfazwe yase-US e-Afghanistan. Ngoku uMongameli uJoe Biden ekugqibeleni uthe: Konele! Ukufezekisa ukuzibophelela okwenziwe ngumanduleli wakhe (kunye nokongeza umhla wokugqibela), uBiden uthembise oko tsala yonke imikhosi yase-US e-Afghanistan ngoSeptemba 11, 2021, kanye kwiminyaka engama-20 emva kohlaselo olwakhuthaza uhlaselo.

Iipundits, ngokucacileyo, zisigxekile isigqibo sikaBiden. Bathi ukurhoxa e-US kuya kwenza njalo yenzakalise abafazi base-Afghanistan, nangona, njengoko intatheli uRobert Wright esitsho, iAfghanistan ehlala i-Afghanistan sele "phakathi kwezona ndawo zibi ehlabathini ukuba ngumfazi. ” Abanye bathi ibango laseMelika lokoyiswa liya kwenza kube nzima Phumelela inkxaso yongenelelo lomkhosi lwexesha elizayo. Ndiyathemba njalo.

security, oxhasa uhlaselo wase-Afghanistan, ngekhe abize imfazwe ngempazamo, kodwa ndiyakwazi. Inkqubo ye- Iindleko zeProjekthi yeMfazwe kwiYunivesithi yaseBrown uqikelela ukuba imfazwe, eyayihlala ichithele kwelasePakistan, ibulale abantu abaphakathi kwama-238,000 nama-241,000, ngaphezulu kwama-71,000 abo babengabemi. Uninzi lwabemi luye lwanikezela "kwizifo, ukuphulukana nokufikelela kukutya, amanzi, iziseko zophuhliso, kunye / okanye ezinye iziphumo ezingangqalanga zemfazwe."

I-US ilahlekelwe yimikhosi engama-2,442 kunye neekhontrakthi ezingama-3,936, kwaye ichithe i-2.26 trillion emfazweni. Leyo mali, Iindleko zeMfazwe zibonisa, ayibandakanyi "ukhathalelo lobomi kumagqala aseMelika" emfazweni kunye "nentlawulo yenzala kwixesha elizayo kwimali ebolekwe ukuxhasa imali emfazweni." Kwaye yintoni imfazwe eyenzileyo? Yenze ingxaki embi ngakumbi. Kunye no Uhlaselo lwaseIraq, Imfazwe yase-Afghanistan yaphelisa uvelwano lwe-US emva kohlaselo lwango-9/11 kunye kutshabalalise ukuthembeka kwayo.

Endaweni yokuphelisa ubunqolobi bamaSilamsi, i-US iyenza mandundu loo nto ngokubulala amawaka amaSilamsi. Cinga ngesi sehlo sika-2010, endisichazayo kwincwadi yam Isiphelo War: ngokwe ENew York Times, Imikhosi ekhethekileyo yase-US ehlasela ilali yase-Afghanistan yadubula yabulala abahlali abahlanu, kubandakanya nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo. Amangqina athi amajoni aseMelika, beyiqonda impazamo yabo, "bemba iimbumbulu kwimizimba yamaxhoba bezama ukufihla okwenzekileyo."

Okuhle kusenokwenzeka ukuza kuvela kulo mboniso woyikisayo ukuba kusenza sithethe ngendlela esinokuphelisa ngayo zonke iimfazwe phakathi kwamazwe hayi nje "imfazwe yosuku," njengombutho womzabalazo World Beyond War uyibeka. Injongo yale ncoko iya kuba kukudala intshukumo enkulu yoxolo, equka amaDemokhrasi kunye namaRiphabhlikhi, iinkululeko kunye nabalondolozayo, abantu bokholo kunye nabangakholwayo. Sonke simanyene ekuqondeni ukuba uxolo lwehlabathi, kude nokuba liphupha lombhobho, yinto efanelekileyo kunye nokuziphatha okuyimfuneko.

Njengabafundi abanjengoSteven Pinker sele uqaphele, umhlaba sele ungasenamfazwe kangako. Uqikelelo lokusweleka okunxulumene nemfazwe luyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kwindlela oyichaza ngayo imfazwe kunye nokubala amaxhoba. Kodwa uninzi loqikelelo luyavuma ukuba ukusweleka okunxulumene nemfazwe minyaka le kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo ziphantsi kakhulu-Kwi-odolo ezimbini zobukhulu-kunakwisiqingatha segazi sokuqala senkulungwane ye-20. Oku kwehla okumangalisayo kufanele kusenze siqiniseke ukuba singayiphelisa imfazwe phakathi kwamazwe kube kanye.

Kuya kufuneka sikhuthazeke kuphando olwenziwe ngabaphengululi abanjengo-anthropologist uDouglas P. Fry weYunivesithi yaseNorth Carolina eGreensboro. NgoJanuwari, yena kunye noogxa bakhe abasibhozo bapapasha isifundo kwi indalo njani “Imibutho phakathi kweenkqubo zoxolo iyayiphepha imfazwe kunye nokwakha ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kwamaqela, ”Njengokuba isihloko sephepha sisitsho. Ababhali bachonga izinto ezininzi ezibizwa ngokuba "ziinkqubo zoxolo," ezichazwe njengezihloko "zemibutho yoluntu engabamelani." Iinkqubo zoxolo zibonisa ukuba, ngokuchasene noko abantu abaninzi bakukholelwayo, imfazwe ayinakuphepheka.

Rhoqo, iinkqubo zoxolo zivela kwixesha elide lokulwa. Imizekelo ibandakanya umanyano lwezizwe zaseMelika zaseMelika ezaziwa ngokuba yindibano yamaIroquois; izizwe zala maxesha kwibhanti ephezulu yeBrazil Xingu River; izizwe zaseNordic zaseMantla Yurophu, ezingakhange zilwe zodwa ngaphezulu kweenkulungwane ezimbini; iinkantoni zaseSwitzerland nezikumkani zase-Italiya, ezazimanyene kumazwe abo ngenkulungwane ye-19; kunye ne-European Union. Kwaye masingalibali amazwe aseMelika, angakhange asebenzise amandla abulalayo omnye komnye ukusukela ngo-1865.

Iqela likaFry lichonga izinto ezintandathu ezahlula uxolo kwiinkqubo ezingenaluxolo. Oku kubandakanya "ukubonwa ngokubanzi; unxibelelwano oluqinisekileyo kwezentlalo; ukuxhomekeka amaxabiso nemilinganiselo engalwi; Iintsomi, amasiko, kunye neempawu ezingezizo ezokulwa; nobunkokheli boxolo. ” Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ngokwezibalo, Fry, et al., Ifunyenwe, kukuzibophelela ekwabelwana ngako "kwimilinganiselo nakwimilinganiselo engeyiyo eyokulwa," enokwenza imfazwe ngaphakathi kwenkqubo “Ayicingeki. ” Akekeliswe sithi. Njengoko iqela likaFry lisitsho, ukuba iColorado kunye neKansas babandakanyeka kwimpikiswano yamalungelo amanzi, "badibana enkundleni ngaphandle kwibala lomlo."

Iziphumo zakhe zingqina isiphelo endifikelele kuso ngelixa ndibhala Isiphelo War: oyena nobangela wemfazwe yimfazwe. Njengembali yezomkhosi UJohn Keegan wayibeka, Imfazwe ayiveli ikakhulu indalo yethu njengemfazwe or ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo kodwa "kumlo wemfazwe ngokwawo." Ngenxa yoko ukuphelisa imfazwe, akufuneki senze nantoni na, njengokuphelisa ubungxowankulu nokwenza urhulumente wobusoshiyali wehlabathi, okanye ukucima “iijoni zemfazwe”KwiDNA yethu. Sifuna nje ukulahla umkhosi njengesisombululo kwiingxabano zethu.

Kulula ukuthetha kunokwenza. Nangona imfazwe yehlile, ubukhosi buhlala zimiliselwe kwinkcubeko yale mihla. "[T] izenzo zamagorha ethu azifihli kumazwi eembongi zethu," ingcali ngemvelaphi yabantu UMargaret Mead wabhala ngo-1940. "[I] iithoyi zabantwana bethu zijongwa njengezixhobo zejoni."

Izizwe zehlabathi zichithe phantse $ 1.981 trillion kwi "defense" kwi-2020, inyuke nge-2.6 yepesenti ukusuka kunyaka ophelileyo, ngokwe-Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.

Ukuhamba ngaphaya komkhosi, izizwe kufuneka zichaze indlela yokunciphisa imikhosi yazo kunye nezixhobo ngendlela eqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye kunye nokwakha ukuthembana. I-US, ebala iipesenti ezingama-39 zenkcitho yomkhosi wehlabathi, kufuneka ikhokele indlela. I-US ingabonisa ukholo oluthembekileyo ngokuzibophelela ekunciphiseni uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lokuzikhusela ngesiqingatha, yithi, 2030. Ukuba ulawulo lweBiden luthathe eli nyathelo namhlanje, uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwalo luya kudlula olweTshayina kunye neRussia zidityaniswe ngumda ophilileyo.

Ukuphawula ukuba abo babesakuba ziintshaba bahlala bengamanyano ekuphenduleni isoyikiso ekwabelwana ngaso, Fry, et al., Khombisa ukuba zonke izizwe zijamelene neengozi zobhubhane kunye notshintsho lwemozulu. Ukuphendula kwikonsathi yezi zisongelo kunokunceda amazwe ahlakulele "uhlobo lomanyano, intsebenziswano kunye noxolo ezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zoxolo." Imfazwe phakathi kwe-US ne China, Pakistan kunye ne India kunye ne Israel ne Palestine zisenokungacingeki njengokuba zinjalo namhlanje phakathi kweColorado ne Kansas. Xa izizwe zingasoyiki, ziya kuba nezixhobo ezininzi zokuzinikela kukhathalelo lwempilo, imfundo, amandla aluhlaza kunye nezinye iimfuno ezingxamisekileyo, zisenza ungabikho mbambano wabantu. Kanye njengokuba imfazwe izala imfazwe, uxolo luzala uxolo.

Ndiyathanda ukubuza abafundi bam: Ngaba singayiphelisa imfazwe? Ngokwenyani, ngumbuzo ongalunganga lowo. Umbuzo olungileyo ngulo: Njani Ngaba siyayiphelisa imfazwe? Ukuphelisa imfazwe, yeyiphi yenza izilo zethu, kufanelekile ukuba ibe sisinyanzelo sokuziphatha, njengokuphelisa ubukhoboka okanye ukuthotyelwa kwabasetyhini. Masiqale ukuthetha ngoku malunga nendlela yokwenza ngayo.