Uhlaselo luka-Samuel Moyn olungenamthetho kumalungelo amaLungelo oluNtu uMichael Ratner

Ngasentla ifoto: UJonathan McIntosh, CC BY 2.5, Nge-Wikimedia Commons.

Uhlaselo olubi nolungenamthetho lukaSamuel Moyn kuMichael Ratner, Elinye lamagqwetha alungileyo oluntu ngeli xesha lethu, bekunjalo ishicilelwe kwi Uphengululo lweeNcwadi eNew York (NYRB) ngoSeptemba 1. UMoyn ubalula uRatner njengenkwenkwana ebetha isabhokhwe ukuze axhase eyakhe ithiyori eyothusayo yokuba ukohlwaya ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe kwandisa imfazwe ngokwenza kube mnandi ngakumbi. Ukhohlisa ngelithi ukunyanzelisa iiNgqungquthela zaseGeneva kunye nokuchasa iimfazwe ezingekho mthethweni kuyangqinelana. Njengoko UDexter Filkins uqaphele kwi New Yorker, “Ingcamango kaMoyn“ yayiya kuthi itshise zonke izixeko, indlela yaseTokyo, ukuba ezo ntlungu zingakhokelela ekubeni abantu abaninzi balichase igunya laseMerika. ”

UMoyn uthatha uRatner-umongameli wexesha elide weZiko lamaLungelo oMgaqo-siseko (CCR) osweleke e-2016-ukuba enze umsebenzi wokugcwalisa URasul v. Bush ukunika abantu abagcinwe ngonaphakade eGuantánamo ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuba i-habeas corpus icelomngeni ukuvalelwa kwabo. UMoyn angathanda ukuba sibafulathele abantu abahlukunyezwayo, babulawe kwaye bavalelwe ngonaphakade. Kuyabonakala ukuba uyavumelana nebango lokuqala likaGeorge W. Bush igqwetha jikelele u-Alberto Gonzales (owayeququzelela inkqubo yohlukumezo yase-US) ukuba iiNgqungquthela zase-Geneva-ezibeka ukungcungcuthekiswa njengolwaphulo-mthetho emfazweni- "zazingaqhelekanga" kwaye "ziphelelwe lixesha."

Kwingxubakaxaka yakhe, uMoyn wenza ubuxoki kunye nokumangalisa esithi "akukho mntu, mhlawumbi owenze ngaphezulu kwe [Ratner] ukwenza inoveli, inguqulelo yemfazwe esisigxina." Ngaphandle kobungqina obuncinci, uMoyn ngenkani uxela ukuba uRatner "wahlamba ubundlobongela" be "mfazwe eyaba yinto engapheliyo, esemthethweni, kunye ngoluntu.”Kuyabonakala ukuba uMoyn akazange akhe atyelele eGuantánamo, uninzi lwabantu oluyibiza ngokuba yinkampu yoxinaniso, apho amabanjwa ayekhona wangcungcuthekiswa ngokungenatarhu kwaye ibanjwe iminyaka ngaphandle kwentlawulo. Nangona u-Barack Obama wayigqibezela inkqubo ka-Bush yokuhlukumeza, amabanjwa ase-Guantánamo anyanzeliswa ngewotshi ukuba abukele.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yavumelana noRatner, uJoseph Margulies kunye neCCR kwi URasul. UMargulies, owayekhokele kweli tyala, wandixelela lonto URasul “Ayiyenzi eyabantu [imfazwe yoloyiko], kwaye ayiyenzi ibeke emgceni okanye iyenze ibe semthethweni. Ukuyibeka ngokwahlukileyo, nokuba besingazange sifayilishe, silwe, kwaye siphumelele URasul, eli lizwe beliya kuhlala likwimfazwe efanayo, engapheliyo. ” Ngapha koko, njengoko uRatner wabhala kwimbali yakhe, Ukuhambisa iBar: Ubomi bam njengeGqwetha elinamandla, i ENew York Times ebizwa URasul "Lelona tyala libaluleke kakhulu kwiminyaka engama-50."

Kukufika kwemfazwe yedrone, hayi umsebenzi wezomthetho kaRatner, uMargulies kunye neCCR, oye "wahlambulula" umlo wemfazwe. Ukuphuhliswa kweedrones akunanto yakwenza nokubambana kwabo kunye nayo yonke into enokwenza ukutyeba kweekhontrakthi zokhuselo kunye nokukhusela abaqhubi beenqwelo moya kwingozi ukuze amaMelika kungafuneki ukuba abone iingxowa zomzimba. Nangona kunjalo, "abaqhubi beenqwelo moya" abane-PTSD, ngelixa bebulala inani eligqithisileyo labantu kule nkqubo.

“UMoyn ubonakala ngathi ucinga ngokuchasana nemfazwe kunye nokuhlukumeza emfazweni. I-Ratner enyanisweni yi-Exhibit A yokuba azikho. Wabachasa bobabini kude kube sekupheleni, ”umlawuli wezomthetho we-ACLU uDavid Cole tweeted.

Ewe, uRatner wayengumchasi wexesha elide kwiimfazwe ezingekho mthethweni zase-US. Uzamile ukunyanzela Isisombululo saMandla eMfazwe ngo-1982 emva kokuba uRonald Reagan ethumele “abacebisi ngomkhosi” e-El Salvador. U-Ratner wamangalela uGeorge HW Bush (engaphumelelanga) ukuba afune isigunyaziso sebandla kwi-Gulf War yokuqala. Ngo-1991, uRatner waququzelela inkundla yolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye wagxeka ubundlobongela base-US, iNkundla yaseNuremberg eyayibiza ngokuba "lolona lwaphulo-mthetho luphambili." Ngo-1999, wayigxeka ibhombu ye-NATO eyayikhokelwa yi-NATO eKosovo njengelityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngo-2001, uRatner kunye noprofesa wezomthetho waseYunivesithi yasePittsburgh uJules Lobel babhala kwiJURIST ukuba isicwangciso semfazwe sikaBush eAfghanistan saphula umthetho wamazwe aphesheya. Kungekudala emva koko, uRatner uxelele intlanganiso yeNational Lawyers Guild (apho wayengumongameli odlulileyo) ukuba uhlaselo lwango-9/11 yayingezizo ezomlo kodwa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene noluntu. Ngo-2002, uRatner kunye noogxa bakhe kwiCCR babhala kwi ENew York Times ukuba "ukuthintela ubundlongondlongo sisiseko esisisiseko somthetho wamazwe aphesheya kwaye asinakuphazanyiswa sisizwe." Ngo-2006, uRatner wanikela intetho ephambili kwikhomishini yamazwe ngamazwe yophando ngolwaphulo-mthetho lolawulo luka-Bush ngokuchasene noluntu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, kubandakanya nokungekho semthethweni kwemfazwe yase-Iraq. Ngo-2007, uRatner wabhala ubungqina bencwadi yam, IRiphabhlikhi yaseCowboy: Iindlela eziNtandathu zoBugebenga bukaBush buwutyeshele umthetho, "Ukusuka kwimfazwe engekho semthethweni e-Iraq ukuya kungcungcuthekiso, nantsi ke yonke le nto — iindlela ezintandathu eziphambili zolawulo lukaBush ezenze iMelika yaba lilizwe eliphandle."

NjengoRatner, unjingalwazi wezomthetho waseCanada uMichael Mandel wacinga ukuba ibhombu yaseKosovo ichaza isigwebo sokufa sokunyanzeliswa komthetho weZizwe eziManyeneyo wokusebenzisa umkhosi ngaphandle kokuba kwenziwe ukuzikhusela okanye ukugweba iBhunga lezoKhuseleko. Inkqubo ye- ICharter uchaza ubundlongondlongo “njengokusebenzisa umkhosi ngurhulumente ngokuchasene nolawulo, ingqibelelo yommandla okanye inkululeko yezopolitiko yelinye ilizwe, okanye nangayiphi na indlela engahambelaniyo noMgaqo-siseko weZizwe eziManyeneyo.”

Kwincwadi yakhe, I-Melika ibaleka njani ngokubulala: iimfazwe ezingekho mthethweni, ukonakaliswa kwetyala kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene nobuntuU-Mandel uthi ukuqhushumba kwe-NATO Kosovo kumisela iimfazwe zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. "Uye waphula umqobo osisiseko kwezomthetho nangokwengqondo," wabhala watsho uMandel. “Xa igorha lePentagon uRichard Perle 'wabulela uThixo' ngokusweleka kweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, into yokuqala awayenzayo ukucacisa ukubhukuqwa kweBhunga lezoKhuseleko kwimicimbi yemfazwe noxolo yayiyiKosovo.”

UMoyn, uprofesa wezomthetho waseYale ozibanga eyingcali kwisicwangciso sezomthetho, akazange enze umthetho. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto ekhankanya i-International Criminal Court (ICC) kube kanye kwincwadi yakhe, Ubuninzi: Indlela iUnited States eyayiLishiya ngayo uxolo kunye neMfazwe kwakhona. Kwesinye isikhombisi, uMoyn uxoka esithi i-ICC ayijolisanga kwiimfazwe zobundlobongela, ebhala, "[I-ICC] izalisekisile ilifa laseNuremberg, ngaphandle kokuyeka ukutyikitya umlo wayo wokwaphula umthetho ngokungekho mthethweni."

Ukuba uMoyn ebeyifundile Ummiselo waseRoma eyasekwa i-ICC, wayeza kubona ukuba olunye lwazo lwaphula umthetho phantsi komthetho ulwaphulo-mthetho lobundlongondlongo, echazwa njengokucwangciswa, ukulungiswa, ukwenziwa okanye ukwenziwa, komntu okwimeko efanelekileyo yokulawula okanye ukwalathisa inyathelo lezopolitiko okanye lomkhosi kaRhulumente, wesenzo sobundlongondlongo, esisimo saso, kunye nomlinganiselo, oko kubonisa ukwaphulwa koMgaqo-siseko weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. ”

Kodwa i-ICC ayinakutshutshisa ulwaphulo-mthetho xa uRatner wayesaphila kuba ulungiso lobundlongondlongo aluzange luqale ukusebenza kude kube ngo-2018, kwiminyaka emibini emva kokuba uRatner eswelekile. Ngapha koko, i-Iraq, i-Afghanistan kunye ne-United States azilwamkelanga ezi zilungiso, zisenza ukuba kungabikho sohlwayo ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN liyalela njalo. Nge veto yaseMelika kwiBhunga, oko ngekhe kwenzeke.

UMargulies uthe “ngumgxeki kuphela ongazange amele umxhasi onokucebisa ukuba ngekungcono ukufaka isimangalo esingenamathuba okuba siphumelele endaweni yokuzama ukuthintela ukuvalelwa ngokungekho semthethweni kunye nokuvalelwa ngokungenabuntu. Eso siphakamiso siyathuka, kwaye uMichael wayekuqonda ngcono oko kunaye nabani na. ”

Ngapha koko, amatyala amathathu afakwe ngamanye amagqwetha acela umngeni kwimfazwe yase-Iraq aphoswa ngaphandle kwenkundla ziinkundla ezintathu zezibheno. Isekethe yokuqala Ulawule ngo-2003 ukuba amalungu asebenzayo emkhosini wase-US kunye namalungu eCongress babengenakho "ukuma" ukuphikisa ukuba semthethweni kwemfazwe ngaphambi kokuba iqale, kuba nakuphi na ukwenzakala kubo kuya kuba kukucinga. Ngo-2010, iSekethe yesithathu fu maneka ukuba iNyathelo loXolo lwaseNew Jersey, oomama ababini babantwana abagqibe ukhenketho oluninzi eIraq, kunye nejoni lomlo eIraq babengenakho "ukuma" ukukhuphisana nokuba semthethweni kwemfazwe kuba babengenakho ukubonisa ukuba benzakaliswe ngokobuqu. Kwaye ngo-2017, iSekethe yesithoba kubanjwe Kwityala elifakwe ngumfazi waseIraq ukuba abatyholwa uBush, uDick Cheney, uColin Powell, uCondoleezza Rice kunye noDonald Rumsfeld babekhuselekile kwizimangalo zoluntu.

UMargulies wandixelela, “intsingiselo yokuba URasul ngandlela thile ukuba iimfazwe ezingapheliyo azichanekanga. Ngenxa yemfazwe eAfghanistan, isigaba sokuqala semfazwe yoloyiko sasilwelwa phantsi, esakhokelela ekubeni i-US ibambe kwaye ibuze imibuzo amabanjwa amaninzi. Kodwa eli nqanaba lemfazwe kudala lathathelwa indawo ngumnqweno kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-NSA 'ukulawulwa kolwazi.' ”UMargulies wongeze," Ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na into, imfazwe yoloyikiso ngoku yimfazwe yokuqhubeka, ukubekwa kweliso kwihlabathi lonke kulandelwa ngokukhawuleza yidrone uqhankqalazo. Yimfazwe malunga nemiqondiso engaphezulu kwamajoni. Akukho nto in URasul, okanye nasiphi na isimangalo sokuvalelwa, sinesiphumo esincinci kweli nqanaba litsha. ”

“Kwaye kutheni umntu ecinga ukuba oko kuqhubeka nokuhlukunyezwa kuya kuqhubeka, imfazwe yoloyikiso ngeyaye yema? Esi sisiseko sikaMoyn, awunikeli ngaso ubungqina obuninzi, ”uCole, owayeligqwetha labasebenzi beCCR, tweeted. Ukutsho ukuba ayinakuphikiswa ngokunzulu yinto engekhoyo. Kwaye masicinge umzuzu ukuba ukuvumela ukungcungcuthekiswa kuqhubeke kunganegalelo ekupheliseni imfazwe. Ngaba amagqwetha afanele ajonge kwelinye icala, ancame abathengi bawo ngethemba lokuba baya kuvunyelwa ukuba baphathwe gadalala?

Kwincwadi kaMoyn enesihloko IHumane, ngokuzisola uthatha uRatner kunye noogxa bakhe beCCR bayomfaka umsebenzi "wokuhlela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe kwiimfazwe zakho." Ngalo lonke ixesha lakhe I-NYRB screed, uMoyn uziphikisa kumzamo wokuxhasa ibali lakhe, esithi u-Ratner wayefuna ukuba ngumlo kwaye u-Ratner akazange afune ukwenza imfazwe ("injongo ka-Ratner yayingekokwenza ukuba imfazwe yaseMelika ibe nobuntu").

UBill Goodman wayenguMlawuli wezoMthetho weCCR ngomhla we-9/11. "Ukhetho lwethu yayikukuceba amacebo asemthethweni acel'umngeni ekuthinjweni, ukuvalelwa, ukungcungcuthekiswa nokubulala ngumkhosi wase-US owalandela u-9/11 okanye ungenzi nto," undixelele. “Nokuba isimangalo asiphumelelanga-kwaye yayiliqhinga elinzima kakhulu-ubunokusebenzela injongo yokwazisa olu hlaselo. Ukungenzi kwanto yayikukuvuma ukuba idemokhrasi kunye nomthetho zazingenaluncedo xa bejongana nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwamandla amabi, ”utshilo uGoodman. “Phantsi kobunkokheli bukaMichael sakhetha ukwenza kunokuba siqhwalele. Andizisoli. Inkqubo kaMoyn — yokungenzi nto — ayamkelekanga. ”