Ukufunda kwiNguquko yaseYiputa
NguDavid Swanson
Kuthekani ukuba abantu baseUnited States baye baqonda “inguquko-mbuso” njengento engaphezulu kunesilogeni sephulo lonyulo lukamongameli?
Incwadi entsha ka-Ahmed Salah, Ubanjelwe uMlawuli oyiNtloko kwi-Revolution yaseYiputa (iMemoir), kwangethuba ibonakalisa isihloko sayo njengesibaxo, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha lencwadi isebenza ukuyingqina. USalah ngokwenene wayebandakanyeka njengaye nabani na ekwakhiweni koluntu e-Egypt ngexesha leminyaka, ekugqibeleni ekubhukuqweni kuka-Hosni Mubarak, nangona zonke iingxelo zakhe zokulwa phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo aphikisayo kufuneka abe nezinye iiakhawunti ezivela kumntu ngamnye ochaphazelekayo.
Kakade ke, ukuba nengcaphephe kwinguqulelo akufani nokuba nobuchule bokwenza umsebenzi wokwakha. Yinto eninzi kakhulu yokungcakaza, ukusebenza ukulungiselela abantu ukuba benze ngokufanelekileyo xa kwaye ukuba umzuzu uvela apho abantu bazimisele ukwenza - kwaye ke basebenze ukwakha kweso senzo ukuze umjikelo olandelayo ube nokusebenza ngakumbi. Ukwazi ukuyila loo maxesha kufana nokuzama ukulawula imozulu, kwaye ndicinga ukuba kufuneka kuhlale kunjalo de iindlela ezintsha zedemokhrasi zeendaba zibe yimithombo yeendaba ngokwenene.
USalah uqala ibali lakhe lokwakhiwa kwentshukumo kunye nesenzo esikhulu sobugebengu esathi okokuqala kwiminyaka emininzi yaphefumlela abantu baseCairo ukuba bathathe ingozi kwizitrato zokubhikisha: ukuhlaselwa kwe-US e-Iraq ngo-2003. Ngokuqhankqalaza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwase-US, abantu banakho baqhankqalazela ukusebenzelana kukarhulumente wabo urhwaphilizo kulo. Babenokukhuthazana ukuba bakholelwe into enokwenziwa malunga norhulumente owayebambe amaJiphutha ngoloyiko nangehlazo amashumi eminyaka.
Kwi-2004, abagqugquzeli baseYiputa, kuquka uSalah, benza i-Kefaya! (Kwanele!) intshukumo. Kodwa basokola ukusebenzisa ilungelo lokubonisa esidlangalaleni (ngaphandle kokubethwa okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni). Kwakhona, uGeorge W. Bush weza kuhlangula. Ubuxoki bakhe malunga nezixhobo zase-Iraq buwile, kwaye waqala ukuthetha into engekhoyo malunga nemfazwe ezisa idemokhrasi kuMbindi Mpuma. Olo rhetoric, kunye nonxibelelwano oluvela kwiSebe leLizwe lase-US, eneneni lwaba nefuthe kurhulumente wase-Egypt ukuba azibambele kwinkohlakalo yakhe ecinezelayo. Okunye ukukhwela ukuya kuhlangulo ibiziindlela ezintsha zokunxibelelana, ngakumbi amajelo kamabonakude esathelayithi afana neAl Jazeera, kunye neeblogi ezinokufundwa ziintatheli zangaphandle.
U-Kefaya kunye nelinye iqela elibizwa ngokuba yiLutsha loTshintsho olukhokelwa nguSalah wasebenzisa uburharha kunye nokusebenza kwethiyetha ukuqala ukwenza ukuba kwamkeleke ukuthetha kakubi ngoMubarak. Baye benza uqhanqalazo lukawonke-wonke olukhawulezayo, oluncinci, nolungachazwanga kwiindawo ezihluphekayo zaseCairo, beqhubeka phambi kokuba amapolisa afike. Abazange bangcatshe izicwangciso zabo ezifihlakeleyo ngokuzibhengeza kwi-intanethi, apho uninzi lwamaYiputa lwalungenakufikelela. USalah ukholelwa ukuba iintatheli zakwamanye amazwe zigqithise ukubaluleka kwe-intanethi iminyaka kuba bekulula ukuba bafikelele kuyo kunokuba basebenze ezitalatweni.
Aba baphembeleli bahlala ngaphandle kwezopolitiko zonyulo kwinto abayibona njengenkqubo yorhwaphilizo engenathemba, nangona bafunda umbutho we-Otpor eSerbia owawisa uSlobodan Milosevic. Baququzelela nangona imingcipheko enkulu, kubandakanya iintlola zikarhulumente kunye nabangeneleli, kwaye uSalah, njengabanye abaninzi, wayephuma ephuma entolongweni, kwelinye icala esebenzisa ugwayimbo lokulamba de wakhululwa. USalah ubhala athi: “Nangona uluntu ngokubanzi luthanda ukuthandabuza, ukuba iiplacards eziphethe amatshantliziyo zinokutshintsha nantoni na, izixhobo zokhuseleko zaseYiputa zisiphethe njengabahlaseli. . . . Ukhuseleko lukaRhulumente lwalunabasebenzi abangaphezu kwe-100,000 abazinikele ekubekeni iliso nasekutshabalaliseni naliphi na iqela elicel’ umngeni ulawulo lukaMubarak.”
Umfutho wochaso olukhulu loluntu uye wehla kwaye wahamba ngokuhamba kweminyaka. Ngo-2007 iye yanyuswa ngabasebenzi ababeqhankqalaza abantu beqhankqalaza ngenxa yokungabikho kwesonka. Umbutho wokuqala ozimeleyo wabasebenzi eYiputa waqulunqwa kwi-2009. Amaqela ahlukeneyo asebenze ukuze aququzelele umboniso woluntu ngo-Aprili 6, 2008, apho umsebenzi uSalah waqaphela indima entsha kunye nebalulekileyo edlalwa yi-Facebook. Ukanti, besokola ukwazisa uluntu ngogwayimbo jikelele nge-6 ka-Epreli, amatsha ntliziyo afumana amandla kurhulumente owabhengeza kumajelo osasazo karhulumente ukuba akukho mntu kufuneka athathe inxaxheba kugwayimbo lukawonke-wonke olucwangcisiweyo nge-6 ka-Epreli - ngaloo ndlela besazisa wonke umntu ngobukho nokubaluleka kwalo.
USalah uchaza izigqibo ezininzi ezinzima kule minyaka, kubandakanya ukukhetha ukusebenza norhulumente wase-US kunye nokuya e-United States ukukhuthaza urhulumente wase-US ukuba abeke uxinzelelo eYiputa. Oku kubeke emngciphekweni wokonakalisa okanye konakalisa isidima sikaSalah nabantu ababethandabuza ngokuchanekileyo iinjongo ezilungileyo zase-US. Kodwa uSalah uqaphela iimeko ezibalulekileyo xa iifowuni ezivela eWashington zinokuvumela uqhanqalazo ukuba lwenzeke.
Ngasihlandlo sithile ngasekupheleni kuka-2008 uSalah uthetha negosa leBhunga leSizwe lezoKhuseleko lase-US elimxelela ukuba imfazwe yase-Iraq "yayingcolisa imbono 'yokunyuswa kwedemokhrasi'" ke ngoko uBush wayengazukwenza nto ingako ukukhuthaza idemokhrasi. Ubuncinci imibuzo emibini itsiba engqondweni: Ngaba ukudubula kwebhombu kufanele kunikeze igama elibi kunyuso lwedemokhrasi olungenabundlobongela? kwaye Kunini apho esihogweni uBush wakha wenza okuninzi ukukhuthaza idemokhrasi?
USalah kunye nabalingane bazamile ukuguqula uluhlu olukhulu lwabahlobo bakaFacebook ukuba babe ngabavukeli behlabathi bokwenyani ngaphandle kwempumelelo. Balwa bodwa kwaye bakhathazeka. Emva koko, ngo-2011, kwenzeka iTunisia. Ngaphantsi kwenyanga, abantu baseTunisia (ngaphandle koncedo lwase-US okanye ukuxhathisa kwe-US, umntu unokuqaphela) bambhukuqe uzwilakhe wabo. Bawaphefumlela amaYiputa. Le yayiyimozulu elungiselela ukuvuthuza isaqhwithi eCairo ukuba kukho umntu onokufumanisa indlela yokusefa kuyo.
Umnxeba we-intanethi wosuku loguquko nge-25 kaJanuwari wathunyelwa ngulowo owayesakuba ngumpempe wamapolisa aseYiputa ehlala eVirginia (ekwakhona, njengoko ndikhumbulayo, apho iinkokeli zomkhosi waseYiputa zazidibana ePentagon ngelo xesha - mhlawumbi ikhaya lam umbuso wawumacala omabini). USalah wayesazi kwaye wathetha nompempe. USalah wayechasene nesenzo esinjalo esikhawulezayo, kodwa ekholelwa ukuba ayinakuphepheka ngenxa yokukhuthazwa kwe-intanethi, waceba indlela yokwenza ukuba ibe yomelele ngokusemandleni.
Nokuba isenzo besingenakuthintelwa okanye akunjalo akucaci, kuba uSalah naye waphuma wabuza abantu ezitalatweni kwaye akafumananga mntu uvileyo malunga nezicwangciso. Ubuye wafumanisa ukuba abantu abahlala kwiindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo banokukholelwa kwi-propaganda karhulumente eyafika phezu kweendaba kuphela zeendaba ababenokufikelela kuzo, ngelixa abakumgangatho ophakathi babetshicela u-Mubarak. Isiganeko apho amapolisa abulala umfana okumgangatho ophakathi sabonisa abantu ukuba basengozini.
USalah ukwafumanise ukuba uninzi lwabantu abathi bazakuthatha inxaxheba kuqhanqalazo bathi bazakwenza oko kuphela ukuba wonke umntu uya kuqala. Babesoyika ukuba ngabokuqala ukungena kwindawo yembutho enkulu. Ke, uSalah kunye namahlakani akhe baye emsebenzini beququzelela amaqela amancinci amaninzi ukuba aqalise uqhanqalazo kwiindawo ezingachazwanga kwiindawo ezikumgangatho ophakathi kunye nezitrato ezincinci apho amapolisa anokoyika ukubalandela. Ithemba, elaye laphunyezwa, lelokuba iimatshi ezincinci ziya kukhula njengoko zisiya ngaseTahrir Square, nokuba ekufikeni kwesikwere ziya kuba zinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba zithathele kuyo. USalah ugxininisa ukuba, ngaphandle kobukho be-Twitter kunye ne-Facebook, yayililizwi lomlomo elenza umsebenzi.
Kodwa umntu ebeya kuluphinda njani olo hlobo lolungelelwaniso kwindawo enkulu njengeUnited States, apho abantu abakumgangatho ophakathi basasazeke kulo lonke elo xesha libangela ukuba ndidibane nomphefumlo? Kwaye yayiza kukhuphisana njani ngokuchasene nosasazo oluchubekileyo lwamajelo eendaba ase-US? USalah usenokuba ulungile ukuba abaphembeleli bakwamanye amazwe abakhe beva nge “Facebook Revolution” kwaye bazama ukuyiphinda abaphumelelanga kuba ibingeyonyani. Kodwa uhlobo lonxibelelwano olunokuqhuba uguquko luhlala lunqweneleka kakhulu - kunye neengcebiso kuyo, ndicinga ukuba, kubonakala, kungekhona kakhulu kumajelo asekuhlaleni, njengengxelo ezimeleyo, okanye mhlawumbi ngokudibanisa zombini.
USalah ujonga indlela urhulumente waseMubarak azilimaza ngayo ngokuqhawula iifowuni kunye ne-intanethi. Uxoxa ngokusetyenziswa kobundlobongela phakathi koguquko olungenabundlobongela, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweekomiti zabantu ukugcina ucwangco xa amapolisa ebaleka esixekweni. Uchukumisa ngokufutshane impazamo engakholelekiyo yokunikezela ngenguqu yabantu emkhosini. Akathethi kakhulu malunga nendima yase-US ekuxhaseni i-counter-revolution. USalah uyaqaphela ukuba phakathi ku-Matshi 2011 yena kunye nabanye abaphembeleli badibana noHillary Clinton onqabile ukubanceda.
USalah ngoku uhlala eUnited States. Sifanele simmeme ukuba athethe kuzo zonke izikolo nakwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. I-Egypt ngumsebenzi oqhubekayo, kunjalo. IUnited States ngumsebenzi ongekaqalisi.
