NguAlfred de Zayas, World BEYOND War, Septemba 28, 2023
Ukuba “imfundiso” yoXanduva lokuKhusela (R2P) ithetha nantoni na[1], ke iyasebenza kwintlekele eyenzeka ukususela ngo-2020 kwiriphabliki yaseArmenia yaseArsakh, eyaziwa ngokuba yiNagorno Karabakh. Uhlaselo olungekho mthethweni lweAzerbaijan ngo-2020, lukhatshwa lulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olujoliswe eluntwini, njengoko kubhaliwe phakathi kwabanye yiHuman Rights Watch.[2], yaba kukuqhubeka kwembubhiso yamaOttoman nxamnye nama-Armenia[3]. Kufuneka iphandwe ngokufanelekileyo yiNkundla yaMazwe ngaMazwe e-Hague ngokulandela amanqaku 5, 6, 7 kunye ne-8 yoMthetho waseRoma.[4] UMongameli waseAzerbaijan, u-Ilham Aliyev kufuneka agwetywe kwaye agwetywe. Makungaze kubekho ukungohlwaywa kwezi zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.
Njengowayesakuba yiNgcali eZimeleyo ye-UN, nangenxa yobunzulu bohlaselo lwase-Azeri ngoSeptemba 2023, ndiye ndacebisa uMongameli weBhunga lamaLungelo oLuntu weZizwe eziManyeneyo, uMthunywa uVaclav Balek, kunye noMkomishinala oPhakamileyo weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo wamaLungelo oLuntu uVolker Turk ukuba abize intlanganiso. Iseshini eKhethekileyo yeBhunga lamaLungelo oLuntu ukumisa ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu okwenziwa yiAzerbaijan kunye nokubonelela ngoncedo loluntu lwangoko nangoko kubemi baseArmenian, amaxhoba, phakathi kwezinye izinto zokungqingwa ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nokuvalwa okuthe kwabangela ukufa ngenxa yendlala kunye nokufuduka okukhulu. Armeniya.
Lo mmandla weentaba omelene neArmenia yiloo nto iseleyo ye-3000 yeminyaka yokuhlala yeqela lesizwe sama-Armenia, esele isaziwa ngamaPersi namaGrike njengeAlarodioi, ekhankanywe nguDariyo I noHerodotus. Ubukumkani baseArmenia banda ngamaxesha amaRoma kunye nekomkhulu, i-Artashat (Artaxata) kuMlambo waseAras kufuphi neYerevan yanamhlanje. UKumkani uTiridates III waguqulelwa kubuKristu nguSt. Gregory the Illuminator (Krikor) ngo-314 waza waseka ubuKristu njengenkolo yaseburhulumenteni. Umlawuli waseByzantium uJustinian I waphinda wayilungelelanisa iArmenia yaba ngamaphondo amane waza wawugqiba umsebenzi wokuguqula elo lizwe libe liGrisi ngowama-536.
Ngenkulungwane yesi-8, iArmenia yaba phantsi kwempembelelo eyandayo yama-Arabhu, kodwa yazigcina izazisi kunye nezithethe zayo zobuKristu. Ngenkulungwane ye-11 uMlawuli waseByzantium uBasil II wayicima inkululeko yase-Armenia kwaye kungekudala emva kokuba amaTurks aseSeljuq athimba lo mmandla. Ngenkulungwane ye-13 yonke iArmenia yawela ezandleni zamaMongol, kodwa ubomi nemfundo yama-Armenia yaqhubeka isekelwe ecaweni yaye igcinwe kwimizi yoonongendi nakwiilali. Emva kokubanjwa kweConstantinople kunye nokubulawa koMlawuli wokugqibela waseByzantium, ama-Ottoman aseka ulawulo lwawo phezu kwama-Armenia, kodwa ahlonipha amalungelo kasolusapho wase-Armenia waseConstantinople. UBukhosi baseRashiya boyisa inxalenye yeArmenia neNagorno Karabakh ngowe-1813, intsalela yasala phantsi kwedyokhwe yoBukhosi baseOttoman. Ngokuqhambuka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, kwaqalisa ukutshatyalaliswa kohlanga lwama-Ottoman nxamnye nama-Armenia namanye amaqaqobana angamaKristu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga nesigidi esinesiqingatha sama-Armenia kunye namaGrike amalunga nesigidi asuka ePontos, eSmirna.[5] kunye namanye amaKristu obukumkani base-Ottoman batshatyalaliswa, imbubhiso yokuqala yenkulungwane yama-20.
Ukubandezeleka kwabantu base-Armenia kwaye ngakumbi abemi baseNagorno Karabakh akuzange kuphele ngokuphela koBukhosi base-Ottoman, kuba iSoviet Union evukeli yafaka iNagorno Karabakh kwiRiphabhliki entsha yaseSoviet yaseAzerbaijan, nangona kukho uqhanqalazo olusemthethweni lwama-Armenia. . Izicelo eziphindaphindiweyo zokuphunyezwa kwelungelo lawo lokuzilawula ukuba yinxalenye yeArmenia yonke zakhatywa ngabalawuli baseSoviet. Kuphela kusemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union ngowe-1991 apho iArmenia yafumana uzimele-geqe yaza iNagorno Karabakh ngokufanayo yafumana inkululeko.
Apha bekuya kuba lixesha lokuba iZizwe eziManyeneyo zingenelele kwaye ziququzelele ireferenda yokuzimela kwaye iququzelele ukuhlanganiswa kwawo onke ama-Armenia. Kodwa hayi, ibutho lezizwe ngezizwe neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kwakhona zabalela abemi baseArmenia ngokungaqinisekanga ukuba amazwe alandelayo eSoviet Union aya kuba nemida esengqiqweni nezinzileyo ekhokelela kuxolo nonqabiseko lwabantu bonke. Ngokwenene, ngengqiqo efanayo njengoko iAzerbaijan yacela ukuzimela yaza yazimela kwiSoviet Union, ngokunjalo abemi baseArmenia ababephila ngokungonwabanga phantsi kolawulo lwaseAzeri babenelungelo lokuzimela geqe kwiAzerbaijan. Ngokwenene, ukuba umgaqo wokuzikhethela uyasebenza kuyo yonke into, kufuneka usebenze nakwiindawo. Kodwa abantu baseNagorno Karabakh abazange balibande eli lungelo, yaye kwakungekho mntu ehlabathini owayebonakala ebakhathalele.
Ukuqhushumba okucwangcisiweyo kweStepanakert kunye namanye amaziko asekuhlaleni eNagorno Karabakh ngexesha lemfazwe yowama-2020 kubangele ukwenzakala okukhulu kunye nomonakalo omkhulu kwiziseko ezingundoqo. Abasemagunyeni eNagorno Karabakh kwafuneka bayeke. Ngaphantsi kweminyaka emithathu kamva amathemba abo okuzilawula aye abhanga.
Uhlaselo lwase-Azerbaijani oluchasene nabemi baseNagorno Karabakh lubandakanya ukuphulwa okugqithisileyo kwenqaku le-2(4) le-UN Charter, elithintela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ngaphezu koko, bekukho ukwaphulwa okunzulu kweeNdibano ze-1949 ze-Geneva Red Cross kunye ne-1977 Protocols. Kwakhona, akukho mntu ugwetyelwe ezi zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye akubonakali ukuba nabani na uya kuba njalo, ngaphandle kokuba uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe luphakamisa ilizwi lalo ngomsindo.
Ukuvalwa kokutya kunye nokubonelela nge-Azerbaijan, ukusika i-corridor yaseLachin ngokuqinisekileyo iwela ngaphakathi kwendawo yeNgqungquthela ye-Genocide ye-1948, evimbela kwinqaku layo II c "Ukunyanzeliswa ngamabomu kwiimeko zobomi zeqela ezibalwe ukuzisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwayo ngokomzimba. ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye.”[6] Ngokufanelekileyo, naliphi na iqela likarhulumente lingawuthumela umcimbi kwiNkundla yoBulungisa yaMazwe ngaMazwe ngokungqinelana nenqaku le-IX leSivumelwano, elichaza “Iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaQela aKhontraktha ngokunxulumene nokutolikwa, ukusetyenziswa okanye ukuzaliseka kweNgqungquthela ekhoyo, kubandakanywa nezo zinxulumene noxanduva. yeLizwe ngokubulawa kwabantu okanye nangaziphi na ezinye izenzo ezichazwe kwinqaku lesithathu, ziya kungeniswa kwiNkundla yoBulungisa yeZizwe ngeZizwe ngesicelo salo naliphi na icala kwimbambano.”
Ngaxeshanye, lo mba kufuneka uthunyelwe kwiNkundla yoLwaphulo-mthetho yaMazwe ngaMazwe ngenxa yekhomishini ecacileyo “yoLwaphulo-mthetho lobundlobongela” phantsi kwenkcazo yeSitatimende saseRoma kunye neKampala. INkundla yoLwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka iphande iinyani kwaye ingamangaleli uMongameli wase-Azerbaijani u-Ilham Aliyev kuphela kodwa kunye neqela lakhe e-Baku, kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, uMongameli waseTurkey u-Recep Erdogan.
I-Nagorno Karabakh yimeko ye-classical yokukhanyela ngokungekho sikweni ilungelo lokuzikhethela, eliqiniswe ngokuqinileyo kwi-Charter ye-UN (amanqaku, i-1, i-55, iSahluko se-XI, iSahluko XII) kunye ne-International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Inqaku loku-1 lichaza:
“1. Bonke abantu banelungelo lokuzikhethela. Ngenxa yelo lungelo bamisela ngokukhululekileyo isimo sabo sezopolitiko kwaye balandele ngokukhululekileyo uphuhliso lwabo lwezoqoqosho, lwentlalo kunye nenkcubeko.
- Bonke abantu banokuthi, ngokwenjongo zabo, bachithe ngokukhululekileyo ubutyebi babo bendalo kunye nemithombo ngaphandle kokudlelw’ indlala kuzo naziphi na izibophelelo ezivela kwintsebenziswano yezoqoqosho yamazwe ngamazwe, ngokusekelwe kumthetho-siseko wokuncedana, kunye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Akunakwenzeka ukuba abantu bahluthwe indlela yabo yokuphila.
- AMazwe angaMalungu kuMnqophiso wangoku, kuqukwa nalawo anoxanduva lolawulo lweMimandla engaziLawuliyo kunye neTrasti, aya kukhuthaza ukufezekiswa kwelungelo lokuzenzela izigqibo, kwaye aya kulihlonipha elo lungelo, ngokuthobela amagatya Umqulu weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.”[7]
Imeko yaseNagorno Karabakh ayifani nemeko ye-Albanian Kosovars phantsi kukaSlobodan Milosevic.[8] Yintoni eza kuqala? Ingqibelelo yommandla okanye ilungelo lokuzikhethela? Umhlathi 80 weNgcebiso yeeNgcebiso zeNkundla yoBulungisa yaMazwe ngamazwe kwisigwebo saseKosovo se-22 kaJulayi 2010 ngokucacileyo wanika umba ophambili kwilungelo lokuzikhethela.[9].
Yiyo i-ultima irratio, ukungabi nangqiqo kokugqibela kunye nokungabi naxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho ukulwa nokusetyenziswa kwelungelo lokuzikhethela ngabantu baseArmenian baseNagorno Karabakh. Njengoko ndaxoxa kwingxelo yam ye-2014 kwiNdibano Jikelele[10], asilolungelo lokuzikhethela elibangela iimfazwe kodwa kukukhanyela oko ngokungekho sikweni. Ngenxa yoko, lixesha lokuqonda ukuba ukufezekiswa kwelungelo lokuzimela liqhinga lokuthintela ungquzulwano kunye nokuba ukunyanzeliswa kokuzimela kukubeka isongelo kuxolo kunye nokhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe ngenjongo yenqaku le-39 ye-UN Charter. NgoFebruwari 2018, ndathetha phambi kwePalamente yaseYurophu kulo mbandela kanye, phambi kwabaninzi abahloniphekileyo beRiphabhlikhi yase-Artsak.
Uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe alukwazi ukunyamezela ukuxhatshazwa kweAzerbaijan kubantu baseNagorno Karabakh, kuba oko kuya kumisela umzekelo wokuba ingqibelelo yomhlaba inokusekwa ngoloyiko lweSizwe kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwezixhobo ngokuchasene nentando yabantu abachaphazelekayo. Khawufane ucinge ukuba iSerbia ibinokuzama ukumisela kwakhona ulawulo lwayo phezu kweKosovo ngokuhlasela nokuqhushumbisa iKosovo. Ibiya kuba yintoni impendulo yehlabathi?
Ngokuqinisekileyo, sibona ingqumbo efanayo, xa i-Ukraine izama "ukubuyisela" i-Donbas okanye iCrimea, nangona le mimandla inabantu abaninzi baseRashiya, abangathethi kuphela isiRashiya, kodwa bazive isiRashiya kwaye banenjongo yokugcina ubuni babo kunye nezithethe zabo. Kububuvuvu ukucinga ukuba emva kokulwa imfazwe nabantu baseRussia baseDonbas ukusukela kwi-Maidan coup d'état ngo-2014, kuya kubakho nayiphi na into yokubandakanya le mimandla eUkraine. Igazi elininzi liye lachithwa ukususela kwi-2014, kwaye umgaqo "wokulungisa ukwahlukana" uya kusebenza ngokuqinisekileyo. NdandiseCrimea naseDonbas ngo-2004 njengommeli we-UN kunyulo lwepalamente nolomongameli. Ngaphandle kwesithunzi samathandabuzo, uninzi lwaba bantu ngamaRussia, abathi, ngokomgaqo, babeza kuhlala bengabemi baseUkraine kodwa ngenxa yokungathobeli umgaqo-siseko kaMaidan coup d'état kunye nokuxhokonxa intiyo ngokuchasene nayo yonke into yaseRussia eyalandela ukubhukuqwa. kaMongameli onyulwe ngokwentando yesininzi waseUkraine, uVictor Yanukovych. Urhulumente waseUkraine wophula iGatya 20 loMnqophiso Wezizwe Ngezizwe Wamalungelo Abantu Nabezobupolitika xa watshutshisa umntu othetha isiRashiya eUkraine. Urhulumente wase-Azeri uye waphula iSiqendu 20 se-ICCPR ngenxa yokuphembelela intiyo kubantu baseArmenia—kungamashumi eminyaka.
Enye ingqikelelo ekungekho mntu unesibindi sokuyiphakamisa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku: Khawufane ucinge, njengomsebenzi wobukrelekrele, ukuba urhulumente waseJamani wexesha elizayo, oxhomekeke kwiminyaka engama-700 yembali yaseJamani kunye nokuhlaliswa eMpuma-kuMbindi Yurophu, wayeza kuphinda abuyise ngamandla amaphondo amadala aseJamani. EMpuma Prussia, ePomerania, eSilesia, eMpuma Brandenburg, eyathatyathwa yiPoland ekupheleni kweWWII.[11]. Ngapha koko, amaJamani ahlala aza alima le mimandla ekuqaleni kwamaXesha Aphakathi, aseka izixeko ezinjengeKönigsberg (eKaliningrad), iStettin, iDanzig, iBreslau, njalo njalo. kumanqaku 1945 kunye ne-9 ye-Potsdam communiqué (yayingengomnqophiso), kwaziswa ukuba iPoland yayiza kufumana "imbuyekezo" emhlabeni kwaye abemi bendawo baya kugxothwa nje - izigidi ezilishumi zamaJamani ezazihlala kula maphondo, inkohlakalo. ukugxothwa[12] oko kwaphumela ekufeni kwabantu abamalunga nesigidi[13]. Ukugxothwa ngokudibeneyo kwamaJamani obuhlanga yiPoland 1945-48, ngokukodwa ngenxa yokuba babengamaJamani, yayisisenzo solwaphulo-mthetho sobuhlanga, ulwaphulo-mthetho eluntwini. Yayikhatshwa kukugxothwa kwamaJamani asuka eBohemia, eMoravia, eHungary, eYugoslavia, nto leyo eyayiquka izigidi ezihlanu eziye zagxothwa kwanokufa kwezigidi ezongezelelekileyo. Ukude nokude oku kugxothwa kunye nokonakaliswa kwabantu abaninzi baseJamani abamsulwa kumazwe abo kwaba yeyona nto imbi kwimbali yaseYurophu.[14] Kodwa, eneneni, ngaba ihlabathi liza kulinyamezela naliphi na ilinge leJamani “lokubuyisela” amaphondo alo alahlekileyo? Ngaba bekungayi kuphula inqaku le-2(4) loMnqophiso weZizwe eziManyeneyo ngendlela efanayo uhlaselo lwase-Azeri eNagorno Karabakh luye lwaphula ukuvalwa kokusetyenziswa kwamandla okuqulethwe kwi-UN Charter kwaye ngaloo ndlela kubeka emngciphekweni uxolo nokhuseleko lwezizwe ngezizwe?
Inkcazo edabukisayo malunga nemeko yokuziphatha kwethu, ngokungahloniphi imilinganiselo yethu yobuntu, ukuba abaninzi bethu babandakanyeka kulwaphulo-mthetho lokuthula kunye nokungakhathali kumaxhoba aseArmenian aseAzerbaijan.[15].
Sibona i-classical case apho kufuneka kusebenze umgaqo we-Responsibility to Protect yamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa ngubani oza kuyibiza kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo? Ngubani oya kufuna ukuphendula kwiAzerbaijan?
[1] Imihlathi ye-138 kunye ne-139 yeSigqibo seNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo 60/1 yomhla wama-24 kuOktobha 2005.
[2]https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/11/azerbaijan-unlawful-strikes-nagorno-karabakh
https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/19/azerbaijan-armenian-pows-abused-custody
[3] UAlfred de Zayas, I-Genocide against the Armenians and Relevance of the 1948 Genocide Convention, iHaigazian University Press, eBeirut, ngo-2010
I-Tribunal Permanent des Peuples, Le Crime de Silence. Le Genocide des Arméniens, Flammarion, eParis ngo-1984.
[4] https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf
[5] Tessa Hofmann (ed.), I-Genocide yamaGrike ase-Ottoman, Aristide Caratzas, New York, ngo-2011.
[6]
https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf
[7] https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights
[8] A. de Zayas « ILungelo leLizwe, ukuCocwa kohlanga kunye neNkundla yamaTyala oLwaphulo-mthetho kwiYugoslavia yangaphambili » IForam yoMthetho woLwaphulo-mthetho, uMqulu 6, iphe.
[9] https://www.icj-cij.org/case/141
[10] A/69/272
[11] UAlfred de Zayas, I-Nemesis ePotsdam, Routledge 1977. De Zayas, Impindezelo Eyoyikekayo, Macmillan, 1994.
De Zayas "uMthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye noTshintsho lwaBantu abaninzi", Ijenali yoMthetho yeHarvard yaMazwe ngaMazwe, ivol. 16, iphepha 207-259.
[12] UVictor Gollancz, Imilinganiselo Yethu Esesichengeni, eLondon ngo-1946, eGollancz, Kweyona Jamani iMnyama, eLondon ngo-1947.
[13] Iinkcukacha-manani Bundesamt, Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste, eWiesbaden, ngo-1957.
Kurt Böhme, Gesucht Wird, Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, eMunich, ngo-1965.
Ingxelo yeKhomishoni yoNcedo oluHlangeneyo ye-International Red Cross, i-1941-46, i-Geneva, i-1948.
Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Dokumentation der Vertreibung, Bonn, ngo-1953 (imiqulu esi-8).
Das Schweizerische Rote Kreuz – Eine Sondernummer des deutschen FlüchtlingsproblemsNr. 11/12, eBern, ngo-1949.
[14] A. de Zayas, 50 Iithisisi zokugxothwa kwamaJamani, Inspiration, London 2012.
[15] Jonga udliwanondlebe lwam lweBBC eNagorno Karabakh, nge-28 kaSeptemba 2023, ukuqala ngomzuzu 8:50. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w172z0758gyvzw4
