Kwakuyi-1969, kwaye iMfazwe yaseMelika yaseVietnam yayibonakala ngathi ayinakuphela. Uburhalarhume obukhulu ngenxa yemfazwe buchithekile kwizitrato zesizwe kunye neenkampisi - ingqumbo ngenxa yokunyuka kwenqwaba yezingxobo ezibuyela ekhaya, ngenxa yesiporho esingapheliyo sebhombu eqhekeze kwizitulo zase-US ukuya kwiilali zasemaphandleni, nemifanekiso yokubaleka kweentsapho. ulusu lwabo lukhanywa nge-napalm, lusasazeka kwihlabathi liphela.
Amakhulu amawaka abantu babeqalisile ukumelana nemfazwe. Ukuwa kwe1969 kwabona imbali I-Moratorium uqhankqalazo, olona qhankqalazo lukhulu kwimbali yaseMelika.
Kodwa ngelixa inkanuko kunye nokuzimisela kwentshukumo yempi yomkhosi yayomelele, abanye baziva ngathi ulwazi olunzima malunga namandla asemva koomatshini bokulwa lwalungekho. Ngubani owayesenza kwaye esenza inzuzo ngebhombu, iinqwelomoya, kunye neekhemikhali ezisetyenziswa eVietnam? Umatshini wemfazwe - iifektri zawo, iilebhu zophando -zikhona e-US? Kuthetha ntoni, kwaye zithini iidolophu? Ngoobani iinkampani ezixhamlayo kwaye zaphembelela imfazwe?
Ukuba abaququzeleli kunye nomlo ohambayo we-antiwar ungabamba olu lwazi -banzi kunye nolwazi olunzulu lwemali kunye namandla omanyano emva kwemfazwe - intshukumo inokuthi ibe namandla ngakumbi, ikwazi ukujolisa kumacandelo awohlukeneyo kumatshini wokulwa ilizwe.
Lo yayingumxholo apho iNtshukumo / uPhando lweLizwe kwiMfazwe-yeMveliso-yeMveliso-okanye i-NARMIC, njengoko yayisaziwa njalo-yazalwa.
I-NARMIC yayifuna ukuphanda amandla kunye nemali ngasemva kweshishini lezokhuselo kwaye ifumane olu phando ezandleni zabaphembeleli boxolo ababemelana neMfazwe yaseVietnam ukuze bakwazi ukulwa ngempumelelo. Bafuna-njengokuba beyibeka- ukuzalisa isithuba ”phakathi“ kophando loxolo ”kunye“ nokulungelelanisa uxolo. ”Bafuna ukwenza uphando kwento - ngenxa yoko, ukusebenzisa kwabo igama elithi" isenzo / uphando "ukuchaza into abayenzileyo .
Kuyo yonke imbali yayo, abasebenzi be-NARMIC kunye namavolontiya zange bahlale nje ngokuzolileyo kwigumbi kwaye bahlaziye imithombo yolwazi, bebodwa kwihlabathi liphela. Basebenze ngokusondeleyo nabaququzeleli bendawo. Bathathe izicelo ezivela kwiitshantliziyo ukujonga iinkampani ekujolise kuzo. Baqeqeshe abantu bentshukumo ukuba benze olwabo uphando. Kwaye baqokelela ithala lencwadi elikhulu lamaxwebhu ukuze lisetyenziswe, kunye nengqokelela yeencwadana, iingxelo, ii-slideshows, kunye nezinye izixhobo zabaququzeleli.
Ibali le-NARMIC, njengebali le ISebe Lophando, yinxalenye nembali ebalulekileyo kodwa efihliweyo yendima yamandla kuphando lwamandla kwimbali yezothutho zase-US.
I-NARMIC yaqalwa kwi-1969 liqela le-antiwar Quaker eyayisebenza kunye IKomiti yeeNkonzo zaseMelika (AFSC). Baye baphefumlelwa ngumshumayeli weQuaker kunye nomtshabalalisi uJohn Woolman, ngubani xelelwe abalandeli bakhe "babone kwaye bathathe uxanduva lokungabikho kokusesikweni okumiselweyo kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho."
Lo myalezo-wokuba ingqumbo yokuziphatha ngokuchasene nengcinezelo idingeka ukuba ihambelane nokuqonda malunga nendlela iinkqubo zoqoqosho eziyila ngayo kwaye zilondoloze uxinzelelo- lwe-NARMIC yobomi bonke.
I-NARMIC yayizinze ePhiladelphia. Abasebenzi bayo bokuqala babe uninzi lwabo baphumelele kwiikholeji zobugcisa ezincinci ezinje nge Swarthmore, ngaphandle kwePhiladelphia, ne-Earlham, eIndiana. Isebenze kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali olukhawulezayo, kunye nabaphandi bayo abancinci abasebenza "kwimivuzo engenanto yokuhlawulwa," kodwa bekhuthazeke kakhulu ekwenzeni uphando olunokunceda intshukumo yempi.
Eyona nto kujoliswe kuyo ephambili kwi-NARMIC yayiyimveliso yezomkhosi, eyachaza kwi-1970 incwadana -Caphula uDwight Eisenhower- "njengesihlanganisi somkhosi omkhulu nomzi mveliso omkhulu wamava aseMelika." I-NARMIC yongeze ukuba "le nyani iyinyani" "igcwele phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bethu."
Emva kokuba eli qela lisungulwe kwi-1969, i-NARMIC yaqala ukusebenza ukuphanda ubudlelwane bemveliso yezokhuselo kwimfazwe yaseVietnam. Olu phando lubangele kupapasho ezimbini zakuqala ezinempembelelo enkulu kwintshukumo yemfazwe.
Olokuqala luluhlu lweekhontraktha zokhuselo eziphezulu ze-100 e-US. Sebenzisa idatha efumanekayo kwiSebe lezoKhuselo, abaphandi be-NARMIC badibanisa ngokucwangcisiweyo iindawo ezazivelisa ukuba leliphi ilizwe elilelona likhulu lemfazwe kwaye ingakanani le nkampani inikezwe kwizivumelwano zokhuselo. Uluhlu luhamba kunye nohlalutyo oluluncedo oluvela kwi-NARMIC malunga nokufunyenweyo.
Uluhlu oluphezulu lweekhontrakthi zokhuselo ze100 luhlaziywe ngexesha ukuze abaququzeleli babenolwazi oluhlaziyiweyo - Apha, umzekelo, luluhlu oluvela kwi1977. Olu luhlu lwayinxalenye ye "Atlas ye-Milika-ye-United States" enkulu eyadityaniswa yi-NARMIC.
Iprojekthi yesibini yokuqala eyenziwa yi-NARMIC yincwadi ebizwa ngokuba yi “automated Air War.” Olu papasho lwanciphisa ngamazwi acacileyo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo kunye neenqwelomoya ezazisetyenziswa yi-US kumlo wasemoyeni nxamnye neVietnam. Ikwachonge abavelisi kunye nabavelisi bezixhobo emva kwabo.
Kodwa "uMlo oMoya oZenzekelayo" uye waya ngakumbi ekuncedeni abaququzeleli bemfazwe. Kwi-1972, i-NARMIC iguqule uphando lwaba sisilayidi kunye nefilimu yomsinga nge elishicilelwe kwaye imifanekiso - Imifanekiso yeelogo ezihlanganisiweyo, zezobupolitika, izixhobo, kunye nokwenzakala okwenziwe kwiVietnam ngesixhobo esikhoyo. Ngeli xesha, le yayiyindlela enqamlezileyo yokuzibandakanya kunye nokufundisa abantu ngesihloko semfazwe kunye nezixhobo kunye nabakhi bokuzikhusela emva kwayo.
I-NARMIC iyakuthengisa islayidi kumaqela ajikeleze i-US, abathi emva koko babeke ezabo iinkqubo kwimiboniso yabo. Ngale nto, i-NARMIC isasaze iziphumo zophando lwayo lwamandla kwilizwe liphela kwaye yanegalelo kumzabalazo wolwazi we-antiwar onokuthi uphuhlise umbono oqinisekileyo wesicwangciso malunga neenjongo zayo.
I-NARMIC ikhuphe nezinye izinto kwii-1970 zokuqala zaziluncedo kubaququzeleli. Isikhokelo sayo seNtshukumo kwiindibano zeStockholders sabonisa abaphembeleli indlela yokungenelela kwiintlanganiso zeshishini. Isikhokelo sayo sophando ngeZikhundla zeZiko “sahanjiswa kumaqela engingqi angaphezu kwewaka. Uqeqesho lwaMapolisa: I-Counterinsurgency Apha kunye neAroad "aphande" ukubandakanyeka kweenkampani zase-US kwimveliso yezixhobo zamapolisa kunye nokusebenzisana kweiyunivesithi kulwandiso lwamashishini oluqhubela phambili kwezemveliso. "
Kuyo yonke le nto, i-NARMIC nayo yakha idatha yebhanki yolwazi enokubangela ukuba iphandwe. I-NARMIC icacisile ukuba i-ofisi yayo inezinto “zokuqhwatywa, amanqaku, amanqaku ophando, iingxelo ezisemthethweni, udliwanondlebe kunye neziphumo zophando ezizimeleyo” kumzi-mveliso wokhuselo, iiyunivesithi, ukuvelisa izixhobo, ukuthengisa izinto zasekhaya nezinye iindawo. Babhalisa kumaphepha-ndaba amajelo kunye nemikhombandlela abantu abambalwa abazi ngayo kodwa iqulethe ulwazi oluxabisekileyo. I-NARMIC yenze ukuba ibhanki yayo yedatha ifumaneke kulo naliphi na iqela okanye umgquguli onokuyenza e-Philadelphia office.
Emva nje kweminyaka embalwa, i-NARMIC yayizenzele igama ngaphakathi kwentshukumo ye-antiwar ngenxa yophando lwayo. Abasebenzi bayo basebenze kunye, besenza umsebenzi kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu, bephuhlisa iindawo ezahlukeneyo zobungcali, kwaye, njengoko omnye umphandi esitsho, babe “nobuchule bokuqonda into eyenziwa yiPentagon.”I-NARMIC yabaphandi bahlangana kwindibano yokuqala ye-1970. Ifoto: Oovimba be-AFSC / AFSC
Kodwa kude kukuba yitanki yokucinga ephezulu, isizathu se-NARMIC yobukho bekusoloko kukwenza uphando olunxulumene kwaye kungomeleza iinzame zabaququzeleli be-antiwar. Iqela lihlala le njongo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
I-NARMIC yayinekomiti yokucebisa eyenziwe ngabameli bemibutho eyahlukeneyo yokulwa eyadibana nayo rhoqo kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ukuxoxa ngohlobo lophando olunokuba luncedo kulo mbutho. Iphinde yathatha izicelo ezingapheliyo zoncedo ngophando kumaqela e-antiwar awanxibelelana nawo. Yipamflethi ye-1970 ebhengeziweyo:
- "Abafundi abaphanda uphando lwePentagon kwizifundo ezenziwa ngamakhampasi, abafazi abangamakhwenkwe bathengisa iimpahla ezenziwe ngamashishini emfazwe, abasebenzi bephulo" I-Doves for Congress ", imibutho yoxolo yazo zonke iintlobo, amaqela oqeqesho kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi beze eNARMIC ukufumana iinyani kunye nokubonisana malunga nendlela efanelekileyo yokuqhuba. iiprojekthi. ”
UDiana Roose, ongumphandi wexesha elide weNARMIC, ukhunjulwe:
- Sifowunelwa ngamanye ala maqela sisithi, “Ndifuna ukwazi malunga noku. Siza kuba nohambo ngomso ebusuku. Ungandixelela ntoni ngeBoeing kunye nesityalo sayo ngaphandle kwePhiladelphia? ”Singabanceda ke bayikhangele… siza kuba yingalo yophando. Sikwabafundisa ukuba benze uphando.
Ewe, i-NARMIC yenze ingqinamba ngomnqweno wayo wokuqeqesha abaququzeleli bendawo ngendlela yokwenza uphando kumandla. "Abasebenzi be-NARMIC bayafumaneka kubaphandi" abazenzela ngokwakho "ukubanceda ukuba basebenzise idatha yebhanki kunye nethala leencwadi kunye nendlela yokuqulunqa ulwazi oluhambelana neeprojekthi zabo," utshilo iqela.
Imizekelo embalwa ekhonkrithi inika umbono wendlela iNARMIC enxibelelana ngayo nabaququzeleli basekhaya:
- Philadelphia: Abaphandi be-NARMIC bancede abaphembeleli bemfazwe ukuba bafumane ulwazi malunga ne-GE kunye nesityalo sayo sasePhiladelphia umbutho osetyenzisiweyo ekuququzeleleni kwayo. Icandelo le-GE lenzelwe izixhobo zokulwa ezazisetyenziswa nxamnye neVietnam.
- eMinneapolisAmatshantliziyo aseke iqela elibizwa ngokuba yi “Honeywell Projekthi” ukuqhankqalaza i-Honeywell, eyayinesityalo eMinneapolis esenza napalm. I-NARMIC incede abaququzeleli ukuba bafunde ngakumbi malunga nendlela eyaphuhliswa ngayo i-napalm, ngubani owayefumana inzuzo kuyo, kunye nendlela eyayisetyenziswa ngayo eVietnam. Ngo-Epreli 1970, ababhikishi bavale ngempumelelo intlanganiso yonyaka ye-Honeywell eMinneapolis.
- New England: Ushicilelo lwe-NARMIC lincede abaphembeleli baseNew England ukuba baqonde ngcono kwaye bachonge iithagethi kwingingqi yabo. “[Abantu] baseNew England bazi ukuba abahlali badlala indima enkulu ekuphuhliseni nasekuzuzeni ubugcisa beemfazwe,” kubhala i-AFSC. "ISebe lezoKhuselo lidibene eWellesley, Mass., Izixhobo zomoya bezigcinwe eBedford, Mass, kwaye iibhanki bezixhasa itekhnoloji entsha kulo lonke mmandla. Ezi zinto bezifihlakele ziyimfihlakalo de i-NARMIC yaveza unxibelelwano lwabo emfazweni. "
Emva kokuphela kweMfazwe yaseVietnam, i-NARMIC yaguqukela kwiindawo ezintsha zophando. Ngamaxesha onke e-1970s nakwii-1980s, ikhuphe iiprojekthi eziphambili kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zemfazwe yaseMelika. Ezinye zezi zinto zibonisa amava e-NARMIC avela kwiMfazwe yaseVietnam, njengemilayidi eyenziwe ukuba ihambisane nophando malunga uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi. I-NARMIC ikwapapashe neengxelo zokungenelela komkhosi ngaphakathi kuMbindi Merika kunye nendima ye-US ekuphakamiseni Ucalucalulo wase Mzantsi Afrika. Ngalo lonke eli xesha, iqela laqhubeka ukusebenza ngokusondeleyo nabaququzeleli ababandakanyeka kwiintshukumo zoqhanqalazo ezijikeleze ezi zihloko.
Omnye wemirhumo ephambili ye-NARMIC ngeli xesha yayingumsebenzi wayo kwizixhobo zenyukliya. Le yayiyiminyaka-eyokugqibela i-1970 kunye nee-1980s zokuqala - apho intshukumo enkulu yokulwa nokunyuka inyukliya yayisabambelele e-US. Ukusebenza ngokubambisana nemibutho eyahlukeneyo, i-NARMIC ibeka izinto ezibalulekileyo kwimingcipheko yezixhobo zenyukliya kunye namandla kunye nokwenza inzuzo emva kwabo. Umzekelo, i-1980 slideshow yayoUmngcipheko owamkelekileyo?Ndicacisele ababukeli ngeengozi zetekhnoloji yenyukliya. Inomboniso weengcaphephe zenyukliya kunye nobungqina obuvela kubasinde kwibhombu ye-atomic ye-Hiroshima, kwaye yayihamba namaxwebhu amaninzi.
Ngexesha eliphakathi kwe-1980s, ngokutsho komnye wabaphandi bayo, i-NARMIC yawa ngenxa yokudityaniswa kwezinto ezibandakanya ukusilela kwemali, ukuphuma kobunkokheli obusisiseko, kunye nokuncipha kokugxila kombutho ukusukela oko kwavela imiba emininzi kunye nemikhankaso.
Kodwa i-NARMIC ishiye ibali elibalulekileyo lembali, kunye nomzekelo okhuthazayo wabaphandi bamandla namhlanje abafuna ukuqhubela phambili ukuhlela iinzame zoxolo, ukulingana, kunye nokusesikweni.
Ibali le-NARMIC ngumzekelo wendima ebalulekileyo edlalwa yophando lwamandla kwimbali yokuhamba kwezentlalo yase-US. Uphando lwe-NARMIC ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam, kunye nendlela olwalusetyenziswa ngayo ngabaququzeleli ukuthatha inyathelo, wenza i-dent kumatshini wokulwa obenegalelo ekulweni. Ikwancede ukufundisa uluntu malunga nemfazwe - malunga nokusebenza kwamandla okuzibandakanya kuwo, nangeenkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi izixhobo ezazisetyenziswa yiUS ngokuchasene nabantu baseVietnam.
Umphandi we-NARMIC u-Diana Roose ukholelwa ukuba iqela lidlale indima enkulu "ekwakheni umnyhadala owazisiweyo wenziwe waziswa ngokusisiseko sezibakala, kungekuphela nje iimvakalelo":
- Ubukho bemfazwe abenzelwa nto. Ayikhuli nje ngesiqu sayo. Kukho izizathu zokuba umlo ukhule kwaye uphumelele kuluntu oluthile, kwaye kungenxa yobudlelwane bamandla kwaye ngubani oxhamlayo kwaye ngubani oxhamlayo ... Ke kubalulekile ukuba ungazi nje ... yintoni le militarism, kwaye zeziphi izinto ezikhoyo… kodwa ke ngubani oza emva kwayo , yintoni amandla ayo okushukuma? ... Awunako ukujonga ngokuqinisekileyo ubukho bemfazwe okanye umlo othile… ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuba ziyintoni na, kwaye zihlala zifihlakele kakuhle.
Ewe, i-NARMIC yenza igalelo elibanzi ekuqaqambiseni ubunzima bezomkhosi kunye nokwenza ithagethi ebanzi yokuchasana. Ubuso be-NARMIC ububhale ngo-1970, "kubonakala ngathi akukho ngqiqweni ukuba iqela elincinci lesenzo / abaphandi bangenza kakhulu ukulwa nesigebenga se-MIC." Ungenelelo lujongwe ngokungathandabuzekiyo zizigidi zabantu, kwaye iintshukumo zoxolo zikhule zenza umtsalane wobuchule bophando - encediswa yiNARMIC, kunye nabanye - isekhona nanamhlanje.
Umbhali owaziwayo uNoam Chomsky wayenale nto ayithethayo Zincinci malunga nelifa le-NARMIC:
- Iprojekthi ye-NARMIC yayingumthombo omkhulu ukususela kwiintsuku zokuqala zokubandakanyeka okukhulu kwezomkhosi ngenkqubo eyoyikisayo neyothusayo emkhosini e-US nakwilizwe liphela. Isisikhuthazo esikhulu kwintshukumo ebanzi ebanzi yokunyanzelisa isoyikiso esoyikisayo sezixhobo zenyukliya kunye nokungenelela ngobundlobongela. Iprojekthi ibonakalise, ngokufanelekileyo, ukubaluleka kokubaluleka kophando ngononophelo kunye nohlalutyo lweenzame zomzabalazo zokulungisa iingxaki ezinzima ekufuneka ziphambi kweenkxalabo zethu.
Kodwa mhlawumbi ngaphezu kwako konke, ibali le-NARMIC lelinye ibali malunga namathuba wophando lokuhamba-inokuthi isebenze njani kunye nokuququzelela iinzame zokukhanyisa indlela esebenza ngayo amandla kunye nokunceda ekuchongeni iithagethi zomsebenzi.
Ilifa le-NARMIC liphilile kumsebenzi wokuhamba esiwenzayo namhlanje. Oko bakubiza ngokuba yintshukumo / ukwenza uphando, sinokubiza uphando lwamandla. Oko bakubiza ngokuba yimiboniso yesilayidi, sinokubiza ii-webinars. Njengabaququzeleli abaninzi namhlanje abamkela isidingo sophando lwamandla, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba simi emahlombe amaqela afana neNARMIC.
Ngaba unomdla wokufunda ngakumbi malunga namandla ophando kunye nokulungiselela okunokusebenzisana kunye namhlanje? Bhalisa apha ukudibana kunye Imephu yamandla: uPhando ngokuMelana kwakhona.
I-AFSC ikwaqhubeka nokujonga ukungqinelani kwecandelo lokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo oluntu. Jonga ezabo Phanda Website.
